Chapter 1: Answers to Review Problems

Section 1.1

4 4
1) a)
Kp =
( PNO )(P ) H2
2 4
(P ) (P )
N2 H 2O

0.5
b)
Kp =
(P ) O2

(P )CO2

3
c) K p = ( PXe )

2) a) 4 HCl(g) + O2(g)
2 H2O(g) + 2 Cl2(g)

b) 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)
2 H2O2(g)

3) a) Homogeneous Kp =
(P ) NOF3
2 3
(P ) (P )
NO F2

b) Heterogeneous 1
Kp = 0.5
(P )O2

2
c) Heterogeneous
Kp =
(P )
SO2
3
(P )O2

d) Heterogeneous 2
K c = Ca 2 +   F− 

2
 H 3O +  SO32− 
e) Homogeneous Kc =
[ H 2SO3 ]

Chapter 1 - 1
4) Equilibrium obtained from reactions 1) and 2):
Cl2(g) + 3 F2(g)
2 ClF3(g)
c) is the correct expression for the equilibrium constant.

K1
5) a) i) is okay, ii) is reversed ∴ K3 =
K2
1
b) Both i) and ii) are reversed and multiplied by 2 ∴ K3 = 2
( K 2 × K1 )
c) i) is okay, ii) is multiplied by 2
∴ K 3 = K1 × K 22

6) Reaction has been reversed.

1
∴K p = = 0.0204
49

7) Reaction has been reversed and multiplied by 3.

1
∴ Kc = 3
= 2.19
( 0.77 )

8) a) 2 H2(g) + CO(g)
CH3OH(g)

PCH3 OH
b) Keq = 2
( ) (P PH 2 CO )
PCH3 OH
c) Keq = 2 Kp = 6.08 x 10―7 kPa―2
(P ) (P H2 CO )
d) Reaction is: 2 CH3OH(g)
4 H2(g) + 2 CO(g)

Kp = 2.705 x 1012 kPa4

Chapter 1 - 2
9) ΔHorxn = ―190 kmol―1

10) What is ∆Ho for this reaction? Given: Kc = 0.77 at 1020K ; let this be K2
K1 = 0.291

11)

Graph for Q. 11
5
4
y = 20000x - 18
3
2
ln K

1
0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
-1
-2
-3
1/T (K)

Equation of a straight line: y = mx + b; so m = 20000; b = -18

What is b (the y-intercept) equal to? Determine ΔSo from b.

ΔSo = ―149.7 Jmol―1K―1

What is m (the slope of the line) equal to? Determine ΔHorxn from m.
ΔHorxn = ―166.3kJmol―1

12) ΔHorxn = ―47.5kJ

13) K = 6.45 x 10―4

14) T = 308 K

Chapter 1 - 3
Section 1.2 Detailed solutions are shown for 1) and 2).

1) a) Equilibrium is: AgBr(s)
Ag+(aq) + Br―(aq)

Initial: solid 0 0
Equilibrium: solid – x x x

Solubility = 1.3 x 10―4 gL―1 = Amount of AgBr that dissolves.

1.3 ×10−4 gL−1

Solubility = −1
= 6.92 ×10−7 molL−1 = " x "
187.8 gmol
Ksp = [Ag+][Br―] = (x)(x) = x2 = (6.92 x 10―7)2 = 4.79 x 10―13

b) Equilibrium is: SrF2(s)
Sr2+(aq) + 2 F―(aq)

Initial: solid 0 0
Equilibrium: solid – x x 2x
Solubility = 0.13 ―1
gL = Amount of SrF2 that dissolves.
0.13gL−1
Solubility = −1
= 1.03 ×10−3 molL−1 = " x "
125.6 gmol

Ksp = [Sr2+][F―]2 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3 = 4(1.03 x 10―3)3 = 4.43 x 10―9

2) a) Equilibrium is: MgCO3(s)
Mg2+(aq) + CO32―(aq) Ksp = 1.0 x 10―15

Initial: solid 0 0
Equilibrium: solid – x x x

Ksp = [Mg2+][CO32―] = 1.0 x 10―15 = x2 Solubility = x

∴ x = 1.0 ×10−15 = 3.16 ×10−8 molL−1

b) Equilibrium is: Mn(OH)2(s)
Mn2+(aq) + 2 OH―(aq) Ksp = 2.0 x 10―13

Initial: solid 0 0
Equilibrium: solid – x x 2x

Ksp = [Mn2+][OH―]2 = 2.0 x 10―13 = 4x3 Solubility = x

2.0 × 10 −13
∴x = 3 = 3.68 ×10−5 molL−1
4

[OH—] = 2x = 7.36 x 10―5

pOH = 4.13, ∴ pH = 9.87
Chapter 1 - 4
3) What is the equilibrium for CaF2? What is the Ksp expression?
If [Ca2+] = 0.070 M, what is the maximum [F―] possible?
[ F―] = 2.2 x 10―5 M

4) What is the equilibrium for SrF2(s)? What is the Ksp expression? Watch the units of solubility!
Ksp = 2.62 x 10―9
Note: If your calculator gives you 0.000000002, you must convert to scientific notation, not
just count decimal places!

5) Ion Product refers to the product of the ion concentrations in the solution.
Solubility Product refers to the product of the ion concentrations in a saturated solution at
equilibrium.
Q will be equal to the solubility product at the point where precipitation of solid just begins.

6) a) Incorrect; at equilibrium, the Ion Product is equal to Ksp. The two ion concentrations are
not necessarily equal.
b) Incorrect; while the presence of the common ion (in this case Cl―) causes the
equilibrium to shift to the left, thereby reducing the amount of PbCl2 that dissolves, Ksp
does not change.
c) Incorrect; if the pH of the solution is increased, the amount of OH― in solution increases.
This will act as a common ion, reducing the solubility of the metal hydroxide.

7) What is the equilibrium for MnS? What is the Ksp expression? What is the [ S2―] ?
Set Ion Product = Ksp ; What is [Mn2+]?
Mass MnCl2 = 2.5 x 10―11 g

8) What is the precipitation reaction?

What are the ion concentrations after the two solutions have been mixed?
What is the subsequent equilibrium? What is the Ksp expression?
Ksp = 1.72 x 10―7

9) What precipitation reaction is possible?

What are the ion concentrations after the two solutions have been mixed?
What is the Ion Product?
Ion Product > Ksp, so a precipitate will form.

Chapter 1 - 5
10) a) What is the [ OH―] ? How does this relate to the solubility of Cd(OH)2?
Mass Cd(OH)2 = 2.66 x 10―3 g
b) What does the solubility of Cd(OH)2 tell you? Try setting up a ratio to determine the
volume of water necessary to dissolve 1.0 g of Cd(OH)2?
Volume = 375.9 L
c) What is the Ksp expression?
Ksp = 2.39 x 10―14

11) a) What is the precipitation reaction? Is there a Limiting Reagent?

Mass AgCl = 0.358 g = 358 mg
b) What is the [Cl―] in excess after the reaction? How does this affect the equilibrium?
[Ag+] = 6.8 x 10―9 M

12) What is [ OH―] ?

What is the equilibrium for Pb(OH)2? What is the Ksp expression?
[ Pb2+] = 1.05 x 103 M

13) What is the precipitation reaction?

What are the ion concentrations after the two solutions have been mixed?
What is the subsequent equilibrium? What is the Ksp expression?
Ksp = 9.91 x 10―13

14) What is the equilibrium for BaF2? What is the Ksp expression?
How does the [F― ] relate to the solubility of BaF2?
Ksp = 1.69 x 10―6
What is the solubility of BaF2 in gL―1? What does this solubility tell you?
Volume = 0.763 L

15) a) What is the equilibrium for AgOH? What is the Ksp expression?
What is [OH―] ? pOH = 3.85
pH = 10.15
b) If [Ag+] = 0.50 M, what is [OH―]? pOH = 7.40
pH = 6.60

16) What is the equilibrium for Fe(OH)3? What is the Ksp expression?
What is [OH―]? pOH = 12.33
pH = 1.67

Chapter 1 - 6
Section 1.3 Detailed solutions are shown for Q. 1.

1) i) a) Equilibrium is: HCOOH(aq)
H+(aq) + HCOO―(aq)

Initial: 0.120 M 0 0
Equil: 0.120 – x x x

 H +   HCOO -  ( x )( x ) x2
Ka = → 1.9 x 10−4 = =
[ HCOOH ] 0.120 − x 0.120 − x

∴ x = 1.9 x 10 −4 × 0.120 = 0.004775 =  H + 

∴ pH = 2.32
b) Equilibrium is: HNO2(aq)
H+(aq) + NO2―(aq)
Initial: 1.00 M 0 0
Equil: 1.00 – x x x

 H +   NO 2 -  ( x )( x ) x2
Ka = → 4.5 x 10−4 = =
[ HNO2 ] 1.00 − x 1.00 − x
∴ x = 4.5 x 10−4 ×1.00 = 0.02121 =  H + 
∴ pH = 1.67

c) Equilibrium is: NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq) + OH―(aq)

Initial: 0.500 M 0 0
Equil: 0.500– x x x

 NH 4 +  OH -  ( x )( x ) x2
Kb = → 1.8 x 10−5 = =
[ NH3 ] 0.500 − x 0.500 − x
∴ x = 1.8 x 10−5 × 0.500 = 0.00300 = OH − 
∴ pOH = 2.52 and ∴ pH = 11.48

Chapter 1 - 7
 d) Equilibrium is: CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(l)
CH3NH3+(aq) + OH―(aq)
Initial: 1.20 M 0 0
Equil: 1.20 – x x x

CH 3 NH 3+  OH -  −4 ( x )( x )x2

Kb = → 6.4 x 10 = =
[ CH3 NH 2 ] 1.20 − x 1.20 − x
∴ x = 6.4 x 10−4 × 1.20 = 0.02771 = OH − 
∴ pOH = 1.56 and ∴ pH = 12.44

ii) a) Conjugate base is formate ion; HCOO―

K 1.0 × 10 −14
Kb = w = −4
= 5.26 x 10−11
Ka 1.9 x 10

b) Conjugate base is nitrite ion; NO2―

Kw 1.0 × 10−14
Kb = = = 2.22 x 10−11
Ka 4.5 x 10−4

c) Conjugate acid is ammonium ion; NH4+

Kw 1.0 × 10−14
Ka = = −5
= 5.56 x 10 −10
Kb 1.8 x 10

d) Conjugate acid is methylammonium ion; CH3NH3+

Kw 1.0 × 10−14
Ka = = = 1.56 x 10−11
Kb 6.4 x 10−4

2) What is this species? Strong or weak? Acid or base?

What is the equilibrium? What is the Ka or Kb expression?
What is the [H+]? What is Ka ? In the Ka expression, what is unknown?
What is the [CH3CH2COOH]?
Mass CH3CH2COOH = 110.1 g

3) What is the equilibrium? What is the Ka expression? What is the [H+]?

In the Ka expression, what is unknown?
Ka = 9.89 x 10―3

Chapter 1 - 8
4) i) pH = 3.73, % Ionization = 0.0187%
ii) pH = 4.73, % Ionization = 0.187%
When a weak acid is diluted, the pH increases.
The % ionization increases.

5) What is the equilibrium? What is the Kb expression?

In the Kb expression, what is unknown? What is the [OH―]?
[OH―] = 5.09 x 10―3 M
pOH = 2.29, pH = 11.71, % Ionization = 1.45%

6) a) HCOOH; Ka = 1.9 x 10―4 , pKa = 3.72

HF; Ka = 6.7 x 10―4 , pKa = 3.17
HC2O4―; Ka = 5.2 x 10―5 , pKa = 4.28

b) HF > HCOOH > HC2O4― (strongest acid to weakest acid)

c) Conjugate base of HCOOH is formate ion, HCOO―

Conjugate base of HF is fluoride ion, F―
Conjugate base of hydrogen oxalate ion is oxalate ion, C2O42―

d) HCOO―: Kb = 5.26 x 10―11

F―: Kb = 1.49 x 10―11
C2O42―: Kb = 1.92 x 10―10

C2O42― > HCOO― > F― (strongest base to weakest base)

7) What is the equilibrium? (Generic for HA in this case.) What is the Ka expression?
What is the initial [HA]? What is the [H+]?
Ka = 1.25 x 10―2

8) What is the equilibrium? What is the Kb expression? What is the [OH―]?

In the Kb expression, what is unknown? What is [NH3]?
[NH3]= 0.128 M
Mass NH3 = 21.80 g

Chapter 1 - 9
9) Detailed solutions are shown for this question.
a) HCOOK(aq)
HCOO―(aq) + K+(aq)
HCOO― is the conjugate base of the weak acid HCOOH. It will behave like a weak base.
Equilibrium is: HCOO― (aq) + H2O(l)
HCOOH(aq) + OH―(aq)
Initial: 0.500M 0 0
Equil: 0.500– x x x

Kw 1.0 × 10 −14 −11 x2

Kb = = = 5.26 x 10 =
Ka 1.9 x 10 −4 0.500 − x
∴ x = 5.26x 10−11 × 0.500 = 5.13 × 10−6 = OH − 
pOH = 5.29, ∴ pH = 8.71
x 5.13 ×10 −6
% Hydrolysis = × 100% = ×100% = 1.03 × 10−3%
0.500 0.500

b) NH4Br(aq)
NH4+(aq) + Br―(aq)

NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH3. It will behave like a weak acid.
Equilibrium is: NH4+(aq)
H+(aq) + NH3(aq)
Initial: 0.250M 0 0
Equil: 0.250 – x x x

Kw 1.0 × 10−14 −10 x2

Ka = = = 5.56 x 10 =
Kb 1.8 x 10−5 0.250 − x
∴ x = 5.56x 10 −10 × 0.250 = 1.18 ×10 −5 =  H + 
∴ pH = 4.93
x 1.18 × 10−5
% Hydrolysis = ×100% = × 100% = 4.72 × 10−3%
0.250 0.250

10) What are HCl and NH3? Acid or base? Weak or strong?
What is the reaction? Is there a limiting reagent? What species are present after the reaction?
What are the molarities of the species present after the reaction?
Do the species present after the reaction participate in an equilibrium? If so, what is it?
What equilibrium constant applies to this particular equilibrium? Ka or Kb?
Does a value for Ka or Kb need to be determined?
What is [H+] or [OH―]?
pH = 5.20

Chapter 1 - 10
11) What is the initial [HA]? What is [HA] at equilibrium?
Read the question carefully!
 A − 
= 0.30 is the ratio of these species at equilibrium.
[ HA ]
Ka = 1.38 x 10―2

12) What is (NH4)2SO4? What ions does it produce when it dissolves?

Which one is a weak species? What is the [NH4+]?
What is the equilibrium? What is the Ka or Kb expression?
What is [H+] or [OH―]?
pH = 4.78

13) What is the equilibrium? What is the Ka expression? What is the [H+]?
In the Ka expression, what is unknown?
[HCOOH] = 3.69 x 10―5 M
% Ionization = 87.5%

14) The stronger base is ethylamine.

What is the equilibrium? What is the Kb expression? What is the [OH―]?
[OH―] = 1.47 x 10―2 M
pH = 12.17
% Ionization = 2.94%

15) What is the equilibrium? What is the Ka expression? What is the [H+]?
What is K1?
a) [H+] = 5.01 x 10―3 M= [Citrate ion]
[Citric Acid]eq = 0.0316 M
Note: These are all equilibrium concentrations.

b) Total molar concentration of citric acid = dissociated and undissociated.

[Citric Acid]initial = 0.0316 + 0.00501 = 0.0366 M

c) % Ionization = 13.7%

d)Assume 1 L of lemon juice. What is the mass of citric acid?

What is the mass of 1 L of lemon juice? (Use the density)
% by mass of citric acid in lemon juice = 0.622%

Chapter 1 - 11
16) When comparing acidity, the strongest acid is the one which has the most stable conjugate
base. A conjugate base that is stabilized by resonance is more stable than one which is not
resonance stabilized.
a) In the example of citric acid, all three COOH groups have the potential to become
COO― groups which would all be stabilized by resonance. The boxed COOH group is
bonded to a C atom which is also bonded to an O atom. The other two COOH
groups are bonded to a C atom which are bonded to two more H atoms. The O atom is
more electronegative than the H atoms and because of this will stabilize the O― of the
COO― group by pulling electrons away from it.
b) The *OH group is much less acidic than the three COOH groups because there is no
possibility of resonance stabilization of the O― which would result from the
deprotonation of the OH group.

17) a) Trifluoroacetic acid is a stronger acid than trichloroacetic acid. This is due to the higher
electronegativity of fluorine.
b) Incorrect; tricholoracetate is a stronger base than is trifluoroacetate.
c) Correct; the weaker the acid, the more positive the ΔGo of ionization.
d) Incorrect; the stronger the acid, the more stable its conjugate base, not the acid itself.

18) a) BCl3 is a Lewis acid.

b) PF3 is a Lewis base.
c) H2O is a Lewis base.
d) SO2 will act as a Lewis acid when combined with OH–.
e) Cu2+ is a Lewis acid.
f) Br― is a Lewis base.

19) a) Fe3+ is a Lewis acid; H2O is a Lewis base.

b) CO2 is a Lewis acid; H2O is a Lewis base.
c) Cu2+ is a Lewis acid; NH3 is a Lewis base.
d) AlCl3 is a Lewis acid; Cl― is a Lewis base.
e) N2H4 is a Lewis base; H3O+ is a Lewis acid.

20) What are the two equilibria? What are the Ka expressions for each?
What is the [H+] in each equilibrium? What is the total [H+]?
a) pH = 3.69
[H2CO3] ≈ 0.100 M
[HCO3―] = 2.05 x 10―4 M
[CO32―] = 4.8 x 10―11 M
First Dissociation: % = 0.204%
Second Dissociation: % = 2.35 x 10―5%

Chapter 1 - 12
 b) What is [H+]? Which dissociation accounts for this [H+]?
What is the equilibrium?
[H2CO3] = 1.75 x 10―5 M
[HCO3―] = 2.51 x 10―6 M
[CO32―] = 4.8 x 10―11 M
Total concentration of carbon containing species = 1.75 x 10―5 M

c) What reaction produces carbonic acid? How many moles of carbonic acid are necessary?
How does this relate to the amount of CO2 required?
Volume of CO2 required = 0.448 mL

d) What is Na2CO3? What ions does it produce when it dissolves? What is CO32―?
What is the equilibrium? What is the Ka or Kb expression?
What is [H+] or [OH―]?
pH = 11.66

21) a) What is the molarity of ascorbic acid? What is the equilibrium. What is the Ka expression?
What is [H+]?
pH = 2.67
b) [C7H8O52―] = K2 = 1.6 x 10―12

22) What is the [H2SO3]?

a) H2SO3(aq)
H+(aq) + HSO3―(aq)
b) What is [H+] ?
% Ionization = 33.9%
c) K1 = 1.74 x 10―2
d) [SO32―] = K2 = 6.2 x 10―8 M

23) What is the1st Equilibrium? What is the Ka expression?

Is the approximation valid? Must use quadratic to solve for x.
At equilibrium:
[H2SO3] = 0.1132 M
[H+] = [HSO3―] = 0.0368 M
[SO32―] = K2 = 6.2 x 10―8 M
pH = 1.43

Chapter 1 - 13
Section 1.4

1) What is the definition of a buffer solution? Remember that the species which make up a buffer
may be simply mixed together, or one of them may be produced by means of an acid-base
reaction.
The logic for each of these combinations is laid out in detail here. These are the thought
processes you must use each time you are trying to identify a buffer solution.

a) Reaction of weak acid (in excess) with strong base will produce the conjugate base of the
weak acid, resulting in a buffer solution.
b) Moles of C6H5COONa (conjugate base of C6H5COOH) = moles HClO4 (strong acid)
This reaction will produce C6H5COOH, but as there is no excess C6H5COO―, the resultant
solution will not be a buffer solution.
c) moles (CH3)2NH (weak base) = 0.125
moles (CH3)2NH2Cl = 0.0525 = moles (CH3)2NH2+ (conjugate acid of (CH3)2NH)
The mixing of these two species will produce a buffer solution.
d) moles CH3NH3Cl = 0.0375 = CH3NH3+ (conjugate acid of CH3NH2)
moles KOH (strong base) = 0.0125
Reaction of these two species will produce CH3NH2 with CH3NH3+ in excess; a buffer
solution.
e) moles NH4NO3 = 0.046 = moles NH4+ (conjugate acid of NH3)
moles HNO3 (strong acid) = 0.022
No reaction between these two species (both acids) will occur; this is not a buffer
solution.

2) a) A buffer solution contains two components, either a weak acid and its conjugate base, or
a weak base and its conjugate acid.
b) The pH of a buffer depends only on the ratio of the concentrations of the two
components, so it is unaffected by dilution.
c) If strong acid is added to a buffer mixture, it is removed by reaction with the basic
component, while added strong base is removed by reaction with the acidic component.

3) What are HCOOH and HCOOK? To what equilibrium do they belong? What is the Ka or Kb
expression for this equilibrium? What is [H+] in this equilibrium?
a) pH = 4.12
b) The pH of a buffer is unaffected by dilution with water.
c) Will a reaction occur on addition of the NaOH? What is the reaction? What species are
present after the reaction? What is the equilibrium after the reaction? What is the Ka or
Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is [H+] in this equilibrium?
pH = 4.50

Chapter 1 - 14
4) What are NaNO2 and HNO2? To what equilibrium do they belong? What is the Ka or Kb
expression for this equilibrium? Do you know [H+] in this equilibrium?
Mass NaNO2 = 11.35 g

5) a) What is NH3? What is the equilibrium? What is the Ka or Kb expression for this equilibrium?
Can you calculate [H+] or [OH―]?
pH = 11.17
b) What is NH4Cl? Is it a participant in the equilibrium for NH3?
Can you calculate [H+] or [OH―] once the NH4Cl is added to the NH3?
pH = 9.12
Change in pH from adding NH4Cl = 11.17 – 9.12 = 2.05 pH units.
c) The pH of the buffer solution is unaffected by dilution with water.
d) What is HCl? Will a reaction occur when HCl is added to the solution? What is the
reaction? What species are present after the reaction? What is the equilibrium after the
reaction? What is the Ka or Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is [H+] or [OH―] in
this equilibrium?
pH = 8.13

6) a) What is the equilibrium involving these two species? Is this an acidic buffer or a basic buffer?
What is the Ka or Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is the [H+]? (Given an acidic
pH, always determine [H+])
Mass CH3COONa required = 7.01 g

b) What is the equilibrium involving these two species? Is this an acidic buffer or a basic buffer?
What is the Ka or Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is the [OH―]? (Given a basic
pH, always determine [OH―])
Mass NH4NO3 = 12.2 g

7) a) What is the equilibrium involving these two species? Is this an acidic buffer or a basic buffer?
What is the Ka or Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is the [H+]? (Given an acidic
pH, always determine [H+])
Mass CH3COONa required = 73.8 g

b) i) What is HCl ? Will a reaction occur when HCl is added to the solution? What is the
reaction? What species are present after the reaction? What is the equilibrium after the
reaction? What is the Ka or Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is [H+] or [OH―] in
this equilibrium?
pH = 4.93; decrease of 0.07 pH units

Chapter 1 - 15
 ii) What is NaOH? Will a reaction occur when NaOH is added to the solution? What is the
reaction? What species are present after the reaction? What is the equilibrium after the
reaction? What is the Ka or Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is [H+] or [OH―] in
this equilibrium?
pH = 5.07; increase of 0.07 pH units

8) a) Will there be a reaction between HF and NaOH? If so, what is the reaction? What species
are present after the reaction? What is the equilibrium after the reaction? What is the Ka
or Kb expression for this equilibrium? What is [H+] or [OH―] in this equilibrium?
pH = 3.14

b) The scenario at this point in the titration is exactly the same reaction (with the same
numbers of moles!) as in a).
pH = 3.14

c) What species are actually present in this solution? What are their concentrations after
mixing? What is the equilibrium involving these two species? What is the Ka or Kb
expression? What is [H+] or [F―]?
pH = 0.48
% Ionization = 0.216%

9) a) Incorrect; mixing of two bases will not produce a buffer solution.

b) Correct; dilution does not affect the ratio of the weak species to the conjugate species.
c) Incorrect; a buffer works best of the ratio of the weak species to the conjugate species is
roughly 1:1. If the ratio gets larger (or smaller) than a power of 10 (approximately), the
solution will not be an effective buffer solution.

10) What is the Ka expression for this equilibrium? What is the [H+] ?
 H 2 PO4 − 
= 0.64
 HPO24− 

11) a) What equilibrium involves Na2CO3 and NaHCO3? What is the Ka expression for this
equilibrium? What is [H+]?
pH = 10.03
b) What equilibrium involves H2CO3 and NaHCO3? What is the Ka expression for this
equilibrium? What is [H+]?
pH = 7.06

Chapter 1 - 16
12) a) What is the equilibrium for Cu(OH)2(s)? What is the Ksp expression?
What is the pH of a neutral solution? How can this be used in the Ksp expression?
[Cu2+] = 1.6 x 10―5 M

b) If a precipitate were to form (which we don’t want!), what is [Cu2+] ?

At that point, what is [OH―] ? What is [H+]?
[H2SO4] = 1.26 x 10―5 M

13) a) What are the equilibria for CaCO3 and Li2O3? What ions are present in each equilibrium?
b) Will HCl react with one of the ions in the above equilibria? Which one? What is the reaction?
Does this reaction cause a shift in the equilibrium?
The reaction takes the CO32― out of solution, which disturbs the equilibrium.
In order to restore equilibrium, of the solid carbonate must dissolve.
c) What is [CO32―] in each of the equilibria from a)?
What is NH4+ ? Will NH4+ react with CO32― ? What is the reaction? What is the subsequent
equilibrium ?
When equilibrium is reached the [CO32―] will be reduced to the point where the more
soluble Li2CO3 will dissolve. CaCO3 is much less soluble; it will not dissolve.

14) What are acetic acid and NaOH? Acid or base? Weak or strong?
Will there be a reaction? What is the reaction? What species are present after the reaction?
Is an equilibrium established after the reaction? What is it? What is the Ka or Kb expression?
What is [H+] or [OH―] at equilibrium? (Be sure to use molarities of all species in the
equilibrium.
[OH―] = 7.86 x 10―6 M
pH = 8.90

15) The Ka and Kb values needed may be found on Tables 1.3.1 and 1.3.2
Pick a volume of one species; based on molarities, calculate the volume of the other.

a) What are HNO2 and NaOH? Acid or base? Weak or strong?

Will there be a reaction? What is the reaction? What species are present after the reaction?
Is an equilibrium established after the reaction? What is it? What is the Ka or Kb expression?
What is [H+] or [OH―] at equilibrium? (Be sure to use molarities of all species in the
equilibrium.
[OH―] = 1.36 x 10―6 M
pH = 8.13

Chapter 1 - 17
 b) What are CH3NH2 and HCl? Acid or base? Weak or strong?
Will there be a reaction? What is the reaction? What species are present after the reaction?
Is an equilibrium established after the reaction? What is it? What is the Ka or Kb expression?
What is [H+] or [OH―] at equilibrium? (Be sure to use molarities of all species in the
equilibrium.
[H+] = 2.04 x 10―6 M
pH = 5.69

16) As the titration proceeds, the base that has been added reacts with H+ from the acid. As both acids have
the same concentration, they will both have the same number of H+ ions. It will take the same amount
of base to titrate each acid.

17) a) Weak base with strong acid; at equivalence point, pH < 7; use bromophenol blue
b) Strong base with strong acid; at equivalence point, pH = 7; use any indicator as they will
all change colour very close to the equivalence point.
c) Strong base with weak acid; at equivalence point, pH>7; use o-cresolphthalein

Chapter 1 - 18