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OSI Stands for Open System Interconnection Model.

OSI qualifies standards for th


e exchange of information among systems that are open to one another.

Principles of OSI Model:-

i) A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed.


ii) Each layer should perform a well-defined function.
iii) The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye towards defining in
ternationally standardized protocols.
iv) The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow acros
s the interfaces.
v) The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not
be thrown together in the same layer out of necessity and small enough that the
architecture does not become unwieldy.

The OSI Model is based on the layered approach and is made up of 7 layers. Each
layer is discussed in brief as given below:-

Layer 1 : PHYSICAL LAYER :-

This layer transmits data over a physical medium. Data are sent bit by bit.

Protocol:- No protocols are used in this layer.

Services:- Ethernet (CSMA/CD), Token Ring (Token Passing), and other communicat
ions occur.

Functions :- Repeaters and multiplexers are used in this layer.Bits are sent acr
oss the wire.

Layer 2 : DATA LINK LAYER :-

This layer sends data from network layer to physical layer. It manages physical
layer communications between connecting systems. Data frames are sent between la
yers.

Protocol:- HDLC, asynchronous LLC and synchronous


. transmissions. Uses LLC flow control.

Services:- Ethernet, Token Ring, and other communications


occur here via frames. (802.2) Manages link control and define
s SAP s (Service Access Points).
MAC (802.3,802.4,802.5,802.12 ) communicates with adapter card
.

Functions :- Switches, brouters and bridges are used in this layer using the MA
C sublayer.

Layer 3 : NETWORK LAYER :-

This layer translates system names into addresses. This layer is responsible for
addressing, determining routes for sending, managing network traffic problems,
packets switching, routing, data congestion, and reassembling data.
Datagrams are sent between layers.

Protocol:- IPX, IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP, RIP, OSPF, EGP,


IGMP, NetBEUI, DLC, and DecNET.

Services:- (i) Software and hardware addresses and packet


routing between hosts and networks (IP/ IPX).
(ii) Software addresses to hardware addresses are
resolved (ARP/ RARP ).
(iii) Sends messages and reports errors regarding
packet delivery (ICMP).
(iv) Reports host group membership to local
multicast routers (IGMP).

Functions :- Routers and Brouters are used in this layer.

Layer 4 : TRANSPORT LAYER :-

This layer is responsible for packet handling. It ensures error-free delivery. R


epackages messages, divides messages into smaller packets, and handles error han
dling. Segments of message fragments are sent between layers.

Protocol:- SPX, TCP, UDP, and NetBEUI

Services:- (i) TCP/ SPX :- Connection oriented


communication for applications to ensure error free delive
ry.
(ii) UDP :- connectionless communications and does not guaran
tee packet delivery between
transfer points.

Functions :- Gateways are used in this layer.

Layer 5 : SESSION LAYER :-

This layer allows applications on connecting systems to establish a session. Thi


s provides synchronization between communicating computers. Messages are sent be
tween layers.

Protocol:- N/A

Services:- Telnet, FTP use TCP, TFTP, NFS, SNMP,


SMTP use TCP.

Functions :- Gateways.

Layer 6 : PRESENTATION LAYER :-

This layer translates data into a form usable by the application layer. The redi
rector operates here. It is responsible for protocol conversion, translating and
encrypting data, and managing data compression.
Messages are sent between layers.

Protocol:- NCP

Services:- Telnet, FTP use TCP, TFTP, NFS, SNMP, SMTP use TCP.

Functions :- Gateways

Layer 7 : APPLICATION LAYER :-


This layer allows applications to use the network. It handles network access, fl
ow control and error recopvery.
Messages are sent between layers.

Protocol:- SMB, NCP

Services:- Telnet, FTP use TCP, TFTP, NFS, SNMP,SMTP use TCP.

Functions :- User interface with application and Gateways.

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