8 Salts 2010

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
A. SYNTHESISING SALTS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
 state examples of salts used in daily life,
 explain the meaning of salt
 identify soluble and insoluble salts,
 describe the preparation of soluble salts,
 describe the purification of soluble salts by recrystallisation,
 list physical characteristics of crystals,
 describe the preparation of insoluble salts,
 write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of salts,
 design an activity to prepare a specified salt,
 construct ionic equations through the continuous variation method
 solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or products in stoichiometric reactions
Activity 1 : Meaning and uses of Salts
1. A salt is an ……………………..……… formed when the ……………….. ion, from an ……………

is replaced by a ……………. ion or an …………………..ion.
2. Example of salts : Complete the table below
Acid Formula of Salt Formula Cation Anion

acid
Sodium chloride NaCl Na+ Cl-
Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2
Sodium ethanoate CH3COONa
3. Match the following salts with their uses.
Salts Uses
Barium sulphate BaSO4   Fungicide

Calsium sulphate CaSO4   Bleaching agent
Iron sulphate FeSO4   Paint for yellow line on road
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3   X-ray ‘meals’ in hospital
Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4   Nitrogenous fertilizer
Sodium chloride NaCl   Toothpaste
Sodium hydrogen carbonate   Iron tablets, for anaemia
patient
Sodium nitrite NaNO2   Baking powder
Sodium hypochlorite   Preserve food
NaOCl
Tin(II) fluoride SnF2   A flavouring
Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4   Plaster of Paris for broken
bone
1
Activity 2 : Identify soluble and insoluble salt.
Ba2+ NO3 -
SO4 2-
Ca2+
Pb2+
Water
2+ Na+
Pb K+ CO3 2-
Ag+ Cl- NH4+
Hg+
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s)
1. All ………………. , ………………., and …………………. salts are soluble in water.
2. All ………………. salts are soluble in water.
3. All sulphate salts are soluble in water except …………….. sulphate, …………. sulphate and
………… sulphate.
4. All chloride salts are soluble in water except …………….. chloride , …………. chloride and
………… chloride.
5. All carbonate salts are insoluble in water except …………….. carbonate, …………. carbonate
and ………… carbonate
6. State whether each of the following salt is soluble or insoluble in water
No Formula of Salt Solubility ( , X ) No Formula of Salt Solubility ( , X )

1 PbCO3 21 MgCO3
2 NaCl 22 KCl
3 CaSO4 23 (NH4)2SO4
4 AgNO3 24 Cu(NO3)2
5 K2CO3 25 SnCO3
6 FeCl3 26 CaCl2
7 Na2SO4 27 BaSO4
8 NH4NO3 28 KNO3
9 CuSO4 29 Ag2CO3
10 PbCl2 30 MgCl2
11 ZnCO3 31 ZnSO4
12 Ca(NO3)2 32 Ba(NO3)2
13 Na2CO3 33 FeCO3
14 AgCl 34 NH4Cl
15 PbSO4 35 Fe(NO3)3
16 Pb(NO3)2 36 MgSO4
17 (NH4)2CO3 37 BaCO3
18 HgCl2 38 ZnCl2
19 Na2SO4 39 FeSO4
20 NaNO3 40 Mg(NO3)2
Ba2+
2 2+
CaPb 2+
2+
Na+
PbAg+ K+ -
NO 3 +
Hg2+ Water NH4
Activity 3 : Write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of soluble salts
1. Complete these general equation for preparing soluble salts.
a. metal + acid  …………… + …………………….
b. metal oxide (or metal hydroxide) + acid  …………… + ……………………
c. alkali + acid  …………… + …………………….
d. metal carbonate + acid  …………… + ……………… + ……………………….
2. Using the general equations in question 1, complete the following chemical equation. It may also
be necessary to balance the equation.
a. Mg + H2SO4  …………… + …………………….
b. (i) CuO + HCl  …………… + ……………………
(ii) Zn(OH)2 + HNO3  ................................... + .........................
c. NaOH + HCl  ………………….. + ……………………….
d. MgCO3 + H2SO4  …………… + ……………… + ……………………….
3. Deduce the identity of the acid, metal, salt, or other product by filling in the missing details in this
table of preparation of soluble salt
Method of Reactants Salt Formed Other

Preparation Product
a) metal + acid Magnesium + ……………… Magnesium chloride Hydrogen
b) metal oxide + acid Copper(II) oxide + sulphuric ……………………… …………….

acid
c) metal carbonate + ……………… + ……………… Zinc sulphate Water +

acid …………….
……………..
d) metal hydroxide + ……………… + ……………… Potassium nitrate ……………

acid
f) alkali + acid ……………… + ……………… Sodium chloride ……………
3
4. Name the reactants which are needed to prepare the following soluble salts:
(a) Copper(II) sulphate : ……………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Zinc chloride : …………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Potassium nitrate : ……………………………………………………………………………..
(d) Ammonium sulphate : ……………………………………………………………………………..
(e) Magnesium nitrate : ……………………………………………………………………………..
5. Rewrite each of the following chemical equation as ionic equation. Shown below is an example
where a chemical equation can be simplified into an ionic equation.
Example : Chemical equation : Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Zn + 2H+ + SO42-  Zn2+ + SO42- + H2

(s) (aq) (aq) (aq) (aq) (g)
Ionic equation : Zn(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Zn2+ (aq) + H2(g)
a. Chemical equation : Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2O
Ionic equation : .........................................................................................................................
b. Chemical equation : MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2O
Ionic equation : ........................................................................................................................
c. Chemical equation : NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
Ionic equation : .......................................................................................................................
d. Chemical equation : CuCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  CuSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Ionic equation : .......................................................................................................................
4
Activity 4 : Write out the procedure for the preparation of soluble salts of sodium, potassium and
ammonium
Soluble salt Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Name two chemical
substances to prepare 1. …………..…………………………..
the salt
2. ………………………………………
Chemical equation
Procedure: (Diagram) Description
Describe the physical

characteristics of the
crystals that you obtained
5
Activity 5 : Write out the procedure for the preparation of soluble salts (not sodium, potassium or
ammonium salt)
Soluble salt Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4
Name two chemical
substances to prepare 1. …………..…………………………..
the salt
2. ………………………………………
Chemical equation
Describe the purification

process of the crystals
6
Activity 6 : Write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of insoluble salts
1. Insoluble salts can be prepared by ………………….. method through ……………………………..

reaction. In this reaction, two different aqueous solution mutually exchange their …….. to form
………………………….
Soluble salt solution + Soluble salt solution  Insoluble salt MX

containing cation M+ containing anion X-
Chemical equation : AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) + NaNO3(aq)
Ionic equation : Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl (s)
2. Preparation of insoluble salts

Example 1: Barium sulphate, BaSO4
Solution 1: ……………………………………... Solution 2: ……….………………………………….
Chemical equation : ………………………………………………………………..……………………..
Ionic Equation : …………………………………………………………………………………………….
Observation : White precipitate formed
Example 2: Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3
Solution 1: …………………………………….. Solution 2: ……………………………………….
Chemical equation : …………………………………………………………………………………….
Ionic Equation : ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Observation : ……………….. precipitate formed
Example 3: Lead(II) chromate(VI), PbCrO4
Solution 1: …………………………………….. Solution 2: …………………………………….
Chemical equation : ………………………………………………………………………………….
Ionic Equation : ………………………………………………………………………………………..
Observation : ……………….. precipitate formed
Activity 7 : Describe the preparation of insoluble salts
7
Lead(II) iodide, PbI2
Insoluble salt
Name two chemical
substances to prepare the 1. …………..…………………………..
salt
2. ………………………………………
Chemical equation
Ionic equation
8
Activity 8 : Construct ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate through the
continuous variation method,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fixed the volumes

Test tube 2… 2.cm3 of lead (II) nitrate
of potassium at 5.0 cm3.
chromate (VI), test
tube 3…3 cm3
varying the
volumes of
potassium chromate
(VI)…
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows seven test tubes for the reaction between lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO 3)2 0.5 mol dm-3 and
potassium chromate(VI) K2CrO4 0.5 mol dm-3.
(a) Calculate the number of moles of lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO 3)2 and potassium chromate(VI) K2CrO4
used in test tubes 1-7. Using a ruler, measure the height of lead(II) chromate(VI) precipitate
formed. Record all these in Table 1as well as complete Table 1.
Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 /cm3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
No of mole of Pb(NO3)2
Volume of K2CrO4 /cm3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
No of mole of K2CrO4
Height of precipitate / cm
Colour of solution above

precipitate
Table 1
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(b) Based on Table 1, draw a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of lead (II) nitrate
solution on the graph paper.
(c) On the graph that you have drawn in (b),

(i) mark and write the minimum volume of potassium chromate(VI) solution needed for complete
reaction with 5.0 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of chromate(VI) ions that has reacted with 1 mole of Pb2+. ions.
(iii) Write the formula of lead(II) chromate.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What can you observed about the height of the precipitate in Figure 1?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(e) What is your inference based on your answer in (d)?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Activity 9 : Solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or products in

stoichiometric reactions
Example 1 : A student prepares copper (II) nitrate by reacting copper (II) oxide with 100 cm3
1.5 mol dm-3 nitric acid. Calculate the mass of copper (II) oxide need to react
completely with the acid. [Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64 ; O, 16]
Solution :
Chemical equation : CuO + 2HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
Mole ratio : 1 mole 2 mole 1 mole 1 mole
Number of moles of HNO3 = 1.5 x 100 = 0.15 mol

1000
Mole ratio of CuO : HNO3 = 1 : 2
Number of mole of CuO = 1 x 0.15 = 0.075 mole

2
Mass of CuO = 0.075 x (64 + 16) = 6 g
Question :
1 Excess zinc powder is added to react completely with 50 cm 3 of 2.0 mol dm 3 hydrochloric acid.
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
(b) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used.
(c) Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas liberated at room conditions.

[Molar volume: 24 dm 3 mol 1 ]
2 Excess of magnesium carbonate powder, MgCO 3, is reacted with 100 cm 3 of a 1 mol dm -3

sulphuric acid H2SO4 , What is the mass of magnesium sulphate formed?
[Relative atomic mass : Mg =24, O=16, S = 32 ]
3. 0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. Given that
the relative molecular mass of H=1, Mg = 24, CI =35.5 and 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm 3 at room
temperature and pressure.
Fnd the (a) mass of salt formed (b) volume of gas produced
11
Example 2 : A sample of insoluble lead (II) sulphate is prepared by mixing 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
lead (II) nitrate solution and y cm 3 of 1.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16 ; S, 32 ; Pb, 207]
(a) Calculate the volume, y, of the sulphuric acid needed to react completely with the
lead (II) nitrate solution.
Solution :
Chemical equation : Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO  PbSO4 + 2 HNO3
Mole ratio : 1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole
Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 1.0 x 50 = 0.05 mol

1000
Mole ratio of Pb(NO3)2 : H2SO4 = 1 : 1
 Number of mole of H2SO4 reacted = 0.05 mol

1.5 x y = 0.05 mole
1000
y = 0.05 x 1000 = 33.33 cm3
1.5
(b) Calculate the mass of lead (II) sulphate obtained.
Solution :
Number of mole of PbSO4 = Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.05 mol
Mass of PbSO4 = 0.05 x (207 + 32 + 4 x 16) g
= 15.15 g
Question
4. A sample of insoluble silver chloride is prepared by mixing 50 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate
solution and z cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm 3 sodium chloride solution.
[Relative atomic mass: Ag 108; Cl 35.5]
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride.
(b) Calculate the volume, z, of the sodium chloride needed to react completely with the silver
nitrate solution.
(c) Calculate the mass of silver chloride obtained.
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B. SYNTHESISING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALTS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
 state examples of salts used in daily life,
 explain the meaning of salt
 identify soluble and insoluble salts,
 describe the preparation of soluble salts,
 describe the purification of soluble salts by recrystallisation,
 list physical characteristics of crystals,
 describe the preparation of insoluble salts,
 write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of salts,
 design an activity to prepare a specified salt,
 construct ionic equations through the continuous variation method
 solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or products in stoichiometric reactions
Activity 10 : Qualitative Analysis
1. Qualtitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique used to identify the …….. that are present
in a salt by analysing its ………………. and ……………………. properties.
2. Make inferences on the following substances based on their colour: (use formula of substance when
writing your answer. Make it is correct!)
Colour (solid or solution) Substance or cation or anion

Green powder Salt: Cation
Blue powder Cation:
Brown powder Cation:
Black powder Two metal oxides:
Yellow powder when hot and white when
cold
Brown powder when hot and yellow when
cold
Blue solution Cation:
Pale green solution Cation:
Brown solution Cation:
Solid : White 6 cations :
Solution : colourless
Solid : White 4 anions :
Solution : colourless
3. Complete the following table
Salts Solubility in water Colour

Insoluble white
Copper(II) carbonate
Iron(II) sulphate
Soluble Brown
Lead(II) sulphate
Magnesium carbonate
Zinc chloride
Ammonium carbonate
Insoluble Yellow
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Activity 11 : Confirmatory Tests for gases,
Tests For Gases Complete the observation for the confirmatory test for gases
Gas Method Diagram Observation

Carbon Bubble the gas produced into lime
dioxide water
Heating
Carbonate
salts
Oxygen Insert a glowing splinter into the

test tube
Nitrogen Observe the colour of gas

dioxide produced. Bring a piece of moist
blue litmus paper to the mouth of
the test tube
Chlorine Observe the colour of the gas.

Bring a piece of moist blue litmus
paper to the mouth of the test tube
Ammonia Dip a glass rod into concentrated

hydrochloric acid and bring a drop
of acid to the mouth of the test
tube .
/place moist red litmus paper at
the mouth of the test tube
Bring a lighted splinter to the

Hydrogen mouth of the test tube.
Mg + HCl release
hydrogen gas
Hydrogen Dip a glass rod into concentrated

chloride ammonia solution and bring a drop
of ammonia to the mouth of test
tube
14
Activity 12 : Action of Heat On Carbonate Salts
Carbonate salts (except Na+ & K+ ) decompose on heating giving off carbon dioxide gas and
residue metal oxide
Metal oxideColourCopper (II)

oxideBlackZinc oxideHot: yellow ;
Cold: WhiteLead (II) oxideHot:
brown ; Cold: YellowIron(III) Lime water
oxideBrown turn chalky
Activity : Complete the chemical equation and observation for the action of heat on carbonate salt
Carbonate salt Action of heat

Potassium carbonate K2CO3 , Not decompose by heat
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Metal Carbonate  metal oxide + carbon dioxide
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
Observation : White solid formed. Gas liberated turn lime

water chalky
Magnesium carbonate
MgCO3  ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Aluminium carbonate
Al2(CO3)3  ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3  ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Lead(II) carbonate
PbCO3  ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Copper(II) carbonate
CuCO3  ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
15
Activity 13 : Action of Heat On Nitrate Salts
Nitrates Salts - Decompose on heating liberate nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas except NaNO3
and KNO3 which liberate oxygen gas only
Brown gas Colourless gas
turn moist relighted glowing
blue litmus splinter (O2 )
Heat to red Heat
(NO2)
Activity: Complete the chemical equation and observation for the action of heat on nitrate salt
Nitrate salts Action by Heat
Metal Nitrate  metal nitrite + oxygen
Potassium nitrate
2KNO3  2 KNO2 + O2
Observation : white solid formed, gas released relighted glowing

splinter
Sodium nitrate
2NaNO3  ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Metal Nitrate  metal oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen
Calcium nitrate
2Ca(NO3)2  2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
Observation : white solid formed, Brown gas which turns moist blue
litmus red released. Another gas released relighted
glowing splinter
Magnesium nitrate
Mg(NO3)2  ……….. .. + …. ……… + ……………
Observation : ………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2  ……….. .. + …. ……… + ……………
Observation : ………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Lead(II) nitrate
Pb(NO3)2  ……….. .. + …. ……… + ……………
Observation : ………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Copper(II) nitrate
Cu(NO3)2  ……….. .. + …. ……… + ……………
Observation : ………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
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Activity 14 : Confirmatory Tests for Anions,
1. Write the ionic equation for the following reactions.
Effervescence – CO2
CO3 2- + Dilute
Lime water turns milky
acid
Ionic equation : …………………………
Cl- + HNO3 White precipitate

Anions
+ AgNO3 Ionic equation : …………………………
SO4 2- + HCl White precipitate

+ BaCl2 Ionic equation : …………………………
NO3 - + H2SO4 Brown ring

+ FeSO4
+ concentrated H2SO4
2. Which anion produce the following observations?

Add AgNO3
a) Add BaCl2 b)
solution + HNO3
solution + HCl acid
acid
Inference :
Inference :
White White
precipitate precipitate
formed
Salt K1 Salt K2
c) d)
Add FeSO4 solution Add sulphuric acid
+ concentrated sulphuric
acid
Inference :
Brown ring Inference : Effervescence,
formed Gas bubbles,
terhasil Gas turn lime
water chalky
Salt K4
Salt K3
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Activity 15: Reaction of Cations with alkali solution
1. Positive ions are identified by their reactions with a. sodium hydroxide NaOH solution
b. Ammonia solution NH3
2. In these reactions, the cations (positive metal ions) produce different coloured precipitate which
may or may not be soluble in excess alkali
5 drops of alkali
(NaOH or NH3)
Look for See if

Solution of Precipitate
precipitate
cations dissolves
Q1 State whether each of the following precipitate is soluble or insoluble in excess alkali.
NaOH solution Ammonia Solution NH3

A little In excess A little In excess
Soluble ( , X ) Soluble ( , X )
Ca2+ White precipitate No change
Zn2+ White precipitate White precipitate
Al 3+ White precipitate White precipitate
Pb 2+ White precipitate White precipitate
Mg2+ White precipitate White precipitate
Cu 2+ Blue precipitate Blue precipitate
Fe 2+ Green precipitate Green precipitate
Fe 3+ Brown precipitate Brown precipitate
Q2 Which anion produces the following observations?

Add 5 drops of NaOH solution Add excess NaOH solution
a)
Inference 2 :
No white precipitate White
formed , when precipitate
heated Dissolves in
Alkali gas released White excess NaOH
(ammonia) released precipitate solution alkali
Inference 1 formed
Inference 3:
White precipitate
does not dissolve
in excess NaOH
Salt K5 solution
b) Add 5 drops of NH3 solution

Add NH3 solution in excess
Inference5 :
No White White precipitate
precipitate Dissolve in
formed White excess NH3
precipitate
Inference 4 formed White Inference 6:
precipitate
does not
dissolve in
Salt K6
18
2+ 3+ 2+ +
Activity 16 : Confirmatory Tests for Fe , Fe , Pb and NH4
(A) The table shows how confirmatory tests are conducted for ammonium ion, NH4+ , Iron(II) ion,
Fe2+ , Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ , and lead(II) ion, Pb2+ . Complete the confirmatory tests and observation.
Cation Name of Reagent Observation
Add a few drops of …………………… ……………… precipitate is formed

to the test tube containing 2 cm3 of
Pb 2 lead(II) nitrate solution ( Pb 2 ions) which ………………..in the hot water
Add 2 cm3 of distilled water and boil
the mixture. Cool the contents using and is ……………… on cooling
running water from the tap.
Add a few drops of ……………………
Fe 2 to the test tube containing 2 cm3 of ……………….. precipitate is formed
iron(II) sulphate solution ( Fe 2 ions)
Add a few drops of ……………………

Fe 3 to the test tube containing 2 cm3 of ……………….. solution is formed
iron(III) sulphate solution ( Fe 3 ions)

NH 4
Add a few drops of …………………… ……………….. precipitate is formed
to the test tube containing 2 cm3 of

ammonium chloride solution ( NH 4
ions)
The diagram below shows the flow chart for the chemical test of Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions.
Test I Light blue

Potassium Fe2+ ions
Solution hexacyanoferrate(II) precipitate
contains K4Fe(CN)6
Fe2+ ions or
Fe3+ ions. Dark blue
precipitate Fe3+ ions
Test II
Potassium
Solution No change
thiocyanate Fe2+ ions
contains KSCN
Fe2+ ions or
Fe3+ ions. Blood red
solution Fe3+ ions
Based on the flow chart, explain how to differentiate Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Activity 17 : Qualitative analysis to identify salts
(A). Identify the salt S1

The following tests were carried out to identify salt S1. Based on the observations given for
each test, state its inference. Finally, identify salt S1
Test Observation Inference

1. Heat S1 strongly in a test Brown gas and gas relight
tube. Identify any gas a glowing splinter
liberated. liberated.
Residue is brown when hot
and yellow when cold
2. Dissolve a spatulaful of Residue dissolve in acid to
S1 in distilled water. produce colourless
Divide into four portions and solution
carry out the following tests:
(a) add NaOH solution until White precipitate, dissolve
excess. in excess NaOH solution
(b) add NH 3 solution until White precipitate, insoluble
excess in excess ammonia
solution
(c) add potassium iodide Yellow precipitate formed
solution
(d) add dilute H 2 SO4 ,
followed by FeSO4
solution. Carefully add about
Brown ring formed
1 cm 3 of oncentrated
H 2 SO4
(A). Conclusion for salt S1 : …………………………………………………………………….
(B). Identify the salt S2

The following tests were carried out on an aqueous solution of salt S2. Based on the
observations given for each test, state its inference. Finally, identify salt S2.
Test Observation Inference

1. Pour about 2 cm 3 of S2 White precipitate,
into a test tube. Add dissolve in excess
NaOH solution until excess NaOH solution
2. Pour about 2 cm 3 of S2 White precipitate,
into a test tube. Add dissolve in excess
NH 3 solution until excess ammonia solution
3. Pour about 2 cm 3 of S2 into a test No change
tube. Add dilute HNO3 , followed
by silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution
4. Pour about 2 cm 3 of S2 into a test White precipitate
tube. Add dilute HCl solution,
then add BaCl2 solution
(B). Conclusion for salt S2 : ……………………………………………………………………..
Activity 18 : plan qualitative analysis to identify anions

20
Rajoo works in a laboratory. He noticed that there are two large bottles. However both the labels
have fallen off. He found four labels beside the bottles. i.e ‘Sodium Chloride Solution’, ‘Sodium
Carbonate Solution’, ‘Sodium Sulphate Solution’ and ‘Sodium Nitrate Solution’. So he has to carry out
confirmatory test to identify the anion in both the solutions.
Complete the graphic organizers describing four tests and their results. The charts can then be used
by Rajoo to distinguish which bottle contains which solution.
CHART A: SODIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM NITRATE
Result 1 Test 1 Result 1

Add dilute HNO3
(or any dilute acid)

Add dilute H2SO4
followed by …………
SODIUM CARBONATE
solution. SODIUM NITRATE

Carefully add 1 cm3 of
……………………
H2SO4

Add dilute HNO3,
followed by
……………
…………., solution
Test 4
Add dilute HCl,
Result 4 followed by Result 4
……………
……………. solution
21
CHART B: SODIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM SULPHATE
SODIUM SULPHATE
SODIUM CHLORIDE
Add dilute HNO3
(or any dilute acid)

Add dilute H2SO4
followed by …………
solution.
Carefully add 1 cm3 of
……………………
H2SO4

Add dilute HNO3,
followed by
……………
…………., solution
Test 4
Add dilute HCl,
Result 4 followed by Result 4
……………
……………. solution
22

8 Salts 2010

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8 Salts 2010

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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT

Activity 1 : Meaning and uses of Salts

1. A salt is an ……………………..……… formed when the ……………….. ion, from an ……………

2. Example of salts : Complete the table below

Acid Formula of Salt Formula Cation Anion

3. Match the following salts with their uses.

Barium sulphate BaSO4   Fungicide

Activity 2 : Identify soluble and insoluble salt.

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s)

1. All ………………. , ………………., and …………………. salts are soluble in water.

2. All ………………. salts are soluble in water.

6. State whether each of the following salt is soluble or insoluble in water

No Formula of Salt Solubility ( , X ) No Formula of Salt Solubility ( , X )

1. Complete these general equation for preparing soluble salts.

a. metal + acid  …………… + …………………….

b. metal oxide (or metal hydroxide) + acid  …………… + ……………………

c. alkali + acid  …………… + …………………….

d. metal carbonate + acid  …………… + ……………… + ……………………….

a. Mg + H2SO4  …………… + …………………….

b. (i) CuO + HCl  …………… + ……………………

(ii) Zn(OH)2 + HNO3  ................................... + .........................

c. NaOH + HCl  ………………….. + ……………………….

d. MgCO3 + H2SO4  …………… + ……………… + ……………………….

Method of Reactants Salt Formed Other

a) metal + acid Magnesium + ……………… Magnesium chloride Hydrogen

b) metal oxide + acid Copper(II) oxide + sulphuric ……………………… …………….

c) metal carbonate + ……………… + ……………… Zinc sulphate Water +

d) metal hydroxide + ……………… + ……………… Potassium nitrate ……………

f) alkali + acid ……………… + ……………… Sodium chloride ……………

(a) Copper(II) sulphate : ……………………………………………………………………………..

(b) Zinc chloride : …………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Potassium nitrate : ……………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Ammonium sulphate : ……………………………………………………………………………..

(e) Magnesium nitrate : ……………………………………………………………………………..

Example : Chemical equation : Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Zn + 2H+ + SO42-  Zn2+ + SO42- + H2

Ionic equation : Zn(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Zn2+ (aq) + H2(g)

a. Chemical equation : Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2O

Ionic equation : .........................................................................................................................

b. Chemical equation : MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2O

Ionic equation : ........................................................................................................................

Ionic equation : .......................................................................................................................

Ionic equation : .......................................................................................................................

Soluble salt Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Procedure: (Diagram) Description

Describe the physical

Procedure: (Diagram) Description

Describe the purification

1. Insoluble salts can be prepared by ………………….. method through ……………………………..

Soluble salt solution + Soluble salt solution  Insoluble salt MX

Ionic equation : Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl (s)

2. Preparation of insoluble salts

Chemical equation : ………………………………………………………………..……………………..

Ionic Equation : …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Observation : White precipitate formed

Example 2: Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3

Solution 1: …………………………………….. Solution 2: ……………………………………….

Chemical equation : …………………………………………………………………………………….

Ionic Equation : ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Observation : ……………….. precipitate formed

Example 3: Lead(II) chromate(VI), PbCrO4

Solution 1: …………………………………….. Solution 2: …………………………………….

Chemical equation : ………………………………………………………………………………….