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Ê he protection system is one of the important aspect on which major

manufacturers are concentrating. The companies like L& T, SIMENS etc. The

protection system not only provides durability to the equipment but also avoid

hazards. The protection system is one of the major fields in the electrical

engineering. There are different types of protection systems out of that very

common and important one is the over temperature protection system. Normally

all the electrical equipment has one electrical winding or coil in which current

passes in turn generate heat. Any fault in the system creates mor e current

through the coil as a result the coil gets heated up. In case or transformers there

are 29 over temperature relays used to protect over heating of windings and

cooling oil. Similarly in the large DC and induction motors, the stator and rotor

windings are provided with over temperatu re protection system. The

Transformer windings are over heated due to over load, inadequate - cooling

facility so this system can protect the transformer from flashover. The motors

draw over current due to rotor blockage or short circuit or the windings. The

system is basically designed with a temperature sensor, which read the

temperature of the winding and compares with a set point and takes a decision

to trip the protective relay.



 
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The electrical windings are normally protected against over temperature. The

maximum allowable temperature range for the windings may be less then 150

degree centigrade to 200 degree centigrade. In this range of temperature,

thermister is quit suitable and reliable. Thermister is a semiconductor bid

which has negative temperature coefficient. The theory and the characteristics

of the Thermister is as follows.

Ê
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Thermisters are temperature-sensing devices that are similar to RTD¶s in that

their resistance changes as temperature changes. The major difference is that

for most thermisters that Sensor Tec Inc. manufactures, the resistance decreases

as temperature increases which is just opposite for RTD's. Thermisters are an

inexpensive alternative to RTD's when temperature ranges are below

150°C(302°F)Unlike RTD's, which have relatively few different resistances and

have established standards, thermisters are somewhat unregulated and offer

100' s of different resistances and curves. Each thermister element manufacturer

offers many different curves and resistances. This makes duplication of existing

probes difficult. Most thermisters have base resistances, which are much higher
than RTD's. They also use 25°C as the base temperature (RTD¶s use O°C). One

of the greatest advantages of using a thermisters sensor is the large change

in resistance to a relatively small change in temperature. This makes them very

sensitive to small changes in temperature. Tolerances are not as tight as RTD

tolerances but the high degree of resolution helps offset this difference.

Thermisters and RTD's are not linear so the control algorithm 'TIs are not

simple but with today's technology this is not much of a factor. Thermisters can

be used from temperatures of -80°C to 300°C. Thermisters are made by

sintering various metal oxides together, attaching leads and packaging them in a

small epoxy coated body. These style thermiste rs are normally limited to a

maximum temperature of m
 Some of the higher temperature thermisters;

which are glass coated, can be used up to 300°C. Thermister can normally be

packaged in the same manner as Ê
s. Most standard sheath sizes and

terminations apply to thermisters as well as RTD's. Thermiste rs are almost

always a 2-wire circuit because lead wire resistance is a small factor of overall

resistance. A 1O, OOO-ohm thermister might change several ohms with 1-

degree change in temperature so 1 or 2 ohms of lead wire resistance means very

little. To duplicate most existing applications, a workin g sample must be tested

at several different temperatures to determine a resistance curve. Consult

Sensor Tec when trying to retrofit existing thermister applications.

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c*+,"+-..$+"-. - In this we are using Transformer (12-0-12) v / 1 mA, Ie

7805
7812, diodes IN 4007, LED
Yresistors. Here 230V, 50 Hz ac signal is

given as input to the primary of the transformer and the secondary of the

transformer is given to the bridge rectification diode. The r
of the diode is

given as 
to the IC regulator (7805 &7812) through capacito r (1 000~/35v).

The 
of the IC regulator is given to the LED through resisters.

c*+,"."-./ - When ac signal is given to the primary of the

transformer, due to the magnetic effect of the coil magnetic flux is induced in

the coil (primary) and transfer to the secondary coil of the transformer due to

the transformer action." Transformer is an electromechanical static device

which transformer electrical energy from one coil to another without changing

its frequency". Here the diodes are connected in a bridge fashion. The

secondary coil of the transformer is given to the bridge circuit for rectification

purposes. During the +ve cycle of the ac signal the diodes D2

Y D4 conduct

due to the forward bias of the diodes and diodes D 1

YD3 does not conduct

due to the reversed bias of the diodes. Similarly during the -ve cycle of the ac

signal the diodes Dl & D3 conduct due to the forward bias of the diodes and the
diodes D2
YD4 does not conduct due to reversed bias of the diodes. The

output of the bridge rectifier is not a power dc along with rippled ac is also

present. To overcome this effect, a capacitor is connected to the 
of the

diodes (D2 & D3). Which removes the unwanted ac signal and thus a pure dc is

obtained. Here we need a fixed voltage, tha t's for we are using IC regulators

(7805 & 7812)."Voltage regulation is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage

regardless of changes in load current." This IC's are designed as fixed voltage

regulators and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output current in excess of

lA, The 
of the bridge rectifier is given as input to the IC regulator through

capacitor with respect to GND and thus a fixed 
is obtained. The r
of the

Ie regulator (7805 & 7812) is given to the LED for indication purpose through

resistor. Due to the forward bias of the LED, the LED glows ON state, and the

r
are obtained from the pin no-3. Here the LED is used for indication.

Reversed bias of the diodes. Similarly during the -ve .cycle of the ac signal the

diodes D 1 & D3 conduct due to the forward bias of the diodes and the diodes

D2 & D4 does not conduct due to reversed bias of the diodes. The output of the

bridge rectifier is not a power dc along with rippled ac is also present. To

overcome this effect, a capacitor is connected to the 
of the diodes (D2 &

D3). Which removes the unwanted ac signal and thus a pure de is obtained.

Here we need a fixed voltage, that's for we are using IC regulators (7805 &

7812)."Voltage regulation is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless

of changes in load current." This Ie's are designed as fixed voltage regulators
and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output current in excess of lA. The


of the bridge rectifier is given as input to the Ie regulator through capacitor

with respect to GND and thus a fixed 
is obtained. The r
of the IC

regulator (7805 & 7812) is given to the LED for indication purpose through

resistor. Due to the forward bias of the LED, the LED glows ON state, and the


are obtained from the pin no3. Here the LED is used for indication.

VY  
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In this section our aim is to detect under and over temperature, for that we needs

a temperature sensor 8.S a (THERMISTOR) for sensing the temperature and for

comparing the temperature we needs a comparator (LM393) which compares

the two input voltage and gives the corresponding outputs according to the

temperature. In the temperature sensor is a circuit that converts temperature to

the corresponding voltage.

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The temperature sensor (THERMISTOR) one end of the terminal of the

thermister is connected to a V cc and the other end terminal is connected to the

GND through a series connected resistances, which forms a voltage divider

network. At constant room temperature, the corresponding voltage will be

available at the output. If the temperature increases the corresponding voltage

will increase according to the increase in temperature. That output signal is

given to the comparator for comparing the voltage. If the comparator input is

connected to the inverting terminal (+)reference value is greater than the non-

inverting terminal (-), the comparator output is high i.e. ON condition.

Similarly, if the comparator input is connected to the non-inverting terminal (-)

reference value is greater than the inverting terminal (+), the comparator output

is low i.e. OFF condition. But, here both of the comparator input of inverting

and non-inverting of both of the comparator is connected to the temperature

sensor and the set value input inverting and non -inverting of both of the

comparator through a variable resistance (l0k). That output signal is given to the

LED indicator section for indication purpose for the availability of the signal at

the output of the comparator.

 
)

 At constant room temperature suppose in 30°C, the output at the of the sensor

circuit that forms a voltage divider network gives a corresponding voltage

suppose 3V. Ê
Y voltage goes to the input of both of the comparator. In the

first comparator we have set the voltage say 3.5Vto the non -inverting terminal.

In this case non-inverting terminal is greater than the inverting terminal. That

means output of the comparator is LOW.


the temperature increases, the corresponding voltage will increase say 4.5V.

That voltage goes to the input of the comparator. In the comparator we have set

the voltage say 3.5Vto the non -inverting terminal. In this case inverting terminal
is greater than the non- inverting terminal. That means output of the first

comparator is —
— Ythis means that over temperature has occurred. That

output goes to the Monostable multivibrator through a NOT gate (signal

conditioning 1:0).

VY

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@
Y 

YYIt is also called as a one-shot multi vibrator.

This circuit requires an external triggering pulse to change the state of the

output, hence its name one -shot multi vibrator. It is a pulse generating circuit in

which the duration of the pul se is determined by the RC network connected

externally to the 555 timers. 

m rstable state the outputs of the circuit is approximately zero or at logic low

level. When an external trigger pulse is applied, the output is forced to go high.

The external RC network connected to the timer determines the time output

remains high. At the end of the timing interval, the output automatically reverts

back to its logic low state. The output stays low until the trigger is applied.

Then the cycle repeats.

-.-/" -*"-.  When the output is low i.e. the circuit is in a

stable state, transistor Q 1 is on and capacitor C is sported to ground. However,

upon application of a -ve trigger pulse to pin -2, transistor Q 1 is turned OFF

which releases the short circuit across the external capacitor C and drives the

high. The capacitor C now starts charging up towards V cc through a RA.Y

When the 'voltage across the capacitor equals ÷V cc~ Comparator l;s 


Switches .From low to high which in turn drives the r
to low state via the 


the flip-flop. At the same time, the output of the flip-flop turns transistor Q l ON,

enhances capacitor C rapidly discharges to the transistor. The output of the

Monostable remains low until. A trigger pulse again applied. Then the ^ ^


repeat the time during which the r
remains high is given by Y

Tp =1.1 R, C

When the IR signal is transmitter the sensor at the R *R section catches the

signal and that signal to trigger pin -2 of IC 555,which in turn trigger the ckt and

thus the output remains high. Its remains high until the charging and dis -

charging of capacitor through the resistor and C values decides the ON time.

VY
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Normally~ the output of the ›

will remains low whenever the input goes to

high-to low transition as input, the flip-flop will remains high It will remain

high or it will be in that state, the output will not change. Similarly when again

the same high to low transitions occurs, the flip -flop wills goes to low, in this

way the process goes ON & OFF the output. That ouput signal goes to the relay

and buzzer driver.

 VY

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The relay driver is design by using a BC547 transistor .The relay used here

having the specification as follows

VY Coil resistance =4000nm

VY Coil voltage=12Vdc 

VY Contact capacity=230V, 7 A

The above specification indicates that the coil requires 12V dc and 200rnA current de.

The TTL/CMOS can't supply more then ë
 current. So driver section is very much

required. BC547 has a typical current gain of 200 and maximum current capacity of

1A. So a typical base current of 200)  can trigger to on the relay.

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These are very much reliable devices and widely used on field. The operating

frequency of these devices are minimum 1 0 -20ms. That is 50H z -100Hz. The

relay which is used here can care 25rnA currents continuously. The

electromagnetic relay operates on the principle magnetism. When the base

voltage appears at the relay driver section, the driver transistor will be driver

transistor will be driven into saturation and allow to flow current in the coil of

the relay, Which in turn create a magnetic field and the magnetic force

produced due to that will act against the spring tension and close the contact
coil. Whenever the base voltage is withdrawn the transistor goes to cutoff .So

110 current flow in the coil of the relay. Hence the magnetic field disappears

so the contact point breaks automatically due to spring tension. Those contact

points are isolated from the low voltage supply, so a high volta ge switching is

possible by the help of electromagnetic relays.

The electromagnetic relays norm. ally having 2 contact points. Named as

normally closes (NC), normally open (NO). Normally closed points will so a

short CKT path when the relay is off. Normally open points will so a short CKT

path when the relay is energized.



VY 
  )

The buzzer driver consists of a buzzer

Y its driving ckt. It works on the

principle of transistor action (Transistor acts as a switch). When the base

voltage is high, the transistor comes to saturation i.e. in ON condition, which

drives the buzzer because a small emitter current will flow. Similarly, when the

base voltage is low, the transistor does not come to saturation i.e. OFF

condition, which does not drives the buzzer. 

Y
Y

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)

This project is designed with time bound but it can be expanded to

achieve multiple protection system in one system. In this project the

system is designed to protect the device but no control action is

included, it may be included in future expansion.

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)

This project is tested in the laboratory for its satisfactory operation

and found to be quite stable and reliable. The errors and precession

observed is well above the laboratory standard.







 



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mY A free listing for inventors who'd like to submit their patented

and patent pending inventions
http://www.patentees.orq

mY National Association of Patent Practitioners

A non-profit organization for patent practitioners and those
working in the field of patent law
http://www.napp.orq

mY Invent Net: The Inventors Network The first web-based

inventors' organization http://www.inventnet.com

mY invent Now
A non-profit organization that creates a wide range of
programs,' places, content-including the National Inventors
Hall of Fame--in order to celebrate and foster the practice of
invention
http://www.inventorq

mY M. Kezunoic, "A Survey of Neural Net Application to

Protective Relaying and Fault Analysis", Eng. Int. Sys., `

No.4, Dec. 1997.

mY T. Dalstain, D. J. Sobajic, "Neural Network Approach to

Fault Identification in Electric Power System", Cleveland,
Ohio, 11-120ct. 1993, pp. 290-299.

mY T. Dalstain, and B. Kulicke, " NeuralNetworkApproach to

Fault Classification for High Speed Protective Relaying",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, ` 10, No.2,
Apr.1995,pp.1002-1011.
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