VERSATILE PLASMA ANTENNA

Rajneesh kumar1 and D.Bora2

Institute for Plasma Research
Bhat, Gandhinagar
INDIA

Abstract

An electromagnetic azimuthally symmetric surface wave driven plasma column

is formed in a 35 cm long and 3 cm diameter glass tube with the help of a 100 to
400 watt radio frequency (RF) source operating between 3.7 MHz and 32 MHz.
Plasma column is formed with different gases such as argon, air, nitrogen and
oxygen. It is observed that plasma density decreases away from the RF exciter,
placed at one end of the glass tube. It is also observed that the plasma column acts
as a monopole antenna. By changing external operating parameters, plasma
column is transformed to finite number of cylindrical or spherical striations and
other structures (helical or spiral) only in the case of argon gas, during
experiment. It is shown that the distribution of induced current with surface wave
changes with the structure of plasma column. It is observed that all these
structures of plasma column perform as antenna. Each cylindrical striation acts as
small plasma column having surface wave induced current and act as an antenna.
It is termed as antenna element or radiating element of array plasma antenna.
Various parameters of antenna elements are studied. Experimental results are
discussed in this paper.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.kraj@ipr.res.in
2.dbora@ipr.res.in

1
I. INTRODUCTION
It has been known that surface wave can propagate along the
interface between a plasma column and its surrounding dielectric tube (glass) [1-
4]. In 1970s, the interest in such waves shifted to their use as a means of
sustaining a plasma column. It had been identified in ref.[5] that discharge can be
produced by surface wave. The properties of the surface wave sustaining a
plasma column have been investigated. Dispersion and attenuation characteristics
of such wave have been measured [6]. Surface wave launchers extend the use of
Surface Wave Discharge (SWDs) from RF to microwave frequency range [7], the
operating frequency band now running from 1 MHz up to 10 GHz.
Plasma columns in such devices are stable and reproducible because
monopole wave propagation (azimuthal wave number m = 0) can be achieved.
The properties of the SWDs depend only on the amount of power absorbed per
unit length of the plasma, composition and gas pressure, dimensions of the
discharge tube, wall material and the wave mode. The axisymmetric surface wave
propagates along cylindrical plasma columns for frequencies lower than plasma
frequency. The surface wave induced current along the plasma column is very
similar to that propagating on a metallic dipole antenna [8]. It has been observed
that the length of plasma column increases as the square root of the applied RF
power and that the proportionality constant can be predicted from a simple global
model within accuracy of 15%. It has also been shown that the conductivity
profile along the column is essentially linear. Model calculations based on the
conductivity profile established lead to an efficiency around 60 % for 0.85 m
plasma antenna at 100 MHz. [9]. Computer model and measured results for the
radiation pattern of plasma antenna has been reported [10]. Some experiment have
demonstrated that plasma antenna can be efficient and generate sufficiently low
noise as to be useful for narrow frequency band (3-30 MHz) and very high
frequency (30 – 300 MHz) communications [11].
This paper presents, that striations are formed in surface wave driven
plasma column in our experiment. A detailed experimental study of stationary

2
striations, which is different from earlier work[12] has been conducted. These
stationary striations are small cylindrical plasma columns sustained by a surface
wave. Other structures ( Helical and spiral) of plasma are also found. The current
distribution on the plasma column changes with the structure of plasma column.
These different plasma structures act as antenna with varying characteristics
therefore it is named a Versatile Plasma Antenna. The experiment are presented
for showing that versatile plasma antenna can be used for communication.

This paper is organized as follows. The experimental set up is given in Section II.
Section III gives the experimental measurements and results for surface wave and
surface wave driven plasma column as well as different structures, which are
performing as an antenna. Section IV is conclusion.

II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

A 100-400 Watt radio frequency source (3.7 MHz to 32 MHz) is used to
form an RF discharge in various gases, in a 35cm long and 3 cm diameter glass
tube. The glass tube is connected to a combined system of rotary and diffusion
pump. The system is evacuated to a base pressure of 5 × 10-5 mbar, then filled
with argon gas to various working pressures. The discharge is initiated by a single
capacitive coupler of length 3.5 cm mounted at one end of the tube. This
capacitive coupler is EM shielded. Plasma column is also formed with different
gases such as air, nitrogen and oxygen. Experiments are performed for different
plasma conditions. Surface wave is driven by 5 MHz-32 MHz frequency and 100-
400 watts input power by RF generator. Hence the column is called the surface
wave driven plasma column is shown in Fig.1.
This plasma column acts as antenna due to surface wave induced current. The
experiment is done for showing that plasma column act as antenna, which can be
used for communication. Fig.2 shows the block diagram of communication
system with plasma antenna. In this system plasma antenna is used for
communication. . Duplexer is connected 5cm above from the capacitive coupler
because 5cm is the calculated minimum distance where measurements are not

3
affected by EM radiation by capacitive coupler. Duplexer is the combination of
Rx filter of insertion loss 0.2 dB for 49 MHz and 80 dB isolation for 46 MHz and
Tx filter of insertion loss 0.2 dB for 46 MHz and isolation 80 dB for 49 MHz.
The speech or information signal of frequency 300 Hz to 3400 Hz is
generated through MIC. This signal is amplified and filtered by Audio amplifier
and filter. The tone signal of 6 KHz generated through decoders according to hand
shaking signals from singling circuit. The speech signal and handshaking signal
are mixed and fed to variac diode of X-tal oscillator for frequency modulation.
Basic frequency is 49/4 MHz, therefore oscillator frequency 12.25 MHz. This
signal is passed in frequency multiplier by 4. Therefore carrier frequency is 49
MHz is amplified and fed Tx filters of Duplexer. From plasma antenna, 46 MHz
passes through Rx filters of duplexer. This 46 MHz signal send to Mixer. Mixer is
consists of Lower oscillator (LO) which is 10.7 MHz higher than through Low
Noise Amplifier(LNA). Lower oscillator (LO) is 10.7 MHz high than RF input
and mixed. Lower oscillator gives 10.7 MHz to Intermediate frequency (IF) filter
and amplifier at 46 MHz, 10.7 MHz frequency is filtered and amplified and again
it is given to second Mixer to get 455 KHz using Lower oscillator of (10.7 MHz +
544 KHz = 11.155 MHz) 11.155 MHz and IF of 455 KHz. Now 455 KHz IM
carries information which is discriminated to get 6 KHz and 300 to 3400 Hz.
Audio filter will block 6 KHz and allow 300 – 3400 Hz to go to audio amplifier
and amplified signal send to Loudspeaker. Notch filter will block all other
frequencies than 6 KHz to go to tone decoder to give signal for ring or ON/OFF
or Hook status.

III. MEASURMENTS AND RESULTS

(1) CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASMA COLUMN
The plasma column of different gases is characterized by using standard
Langmuir probe of length 5mm and radius 0.3mm. Plasma density and electron
temperature is measured. The probe is inserted from a end of the glass tube. The
probe is manually biased from –100 to +100 volts. By evaluating the slope of the
I-V characteristics, the electron temperature is obtained. The measured value of

4
the density is computed from measured ion saturation current. Plasma density and
electron temperature are typically measured as 5.6 × 1010 per cc and 5.5 eV
respectively. The plasma density and temperature of all gases such as oxygen,
nitrogen, air and argon are observed to be almost same for same external
parameters and probe position. Fig.3 shows that density profile along the axis of
the glass tube. It is measured by changing the position of the probe from one end
to the other. The plasma density decreases away from the RF exciter, placed at
one end. The plasma density is 8 × 1010 per c.c. at 5 cm. and 4 × 1010 per c.c. at 30
cm, away from the RF exciter.

(2) SURFACE WAVE DRIVEN PLASMA COLUMN

The plasma is formed by rf field ( 5 MHz to 32 MHz) at the capacitive coupler.
Surface wave excites at the interface of plasma and glass tube. There is no
external magnetic field. The plasma column of length of 35 cm is formed by
surface wave discharge. This surface wave is driven by 5 to 32 MHz frequency
and 100 to 400 watts input power by rf generator. Hence the column is called the
surface wave driven plasma column. The characterization of surface wave in our
system is given below.
The length of plasma column depends on input power used to drive the
surface wave. Fig 4 shows that the length of plasma column (0 cm to 35 cm)
increases with input power (0 to 40 watt), at constant working pressure. The
length of plasma column also depends on working pressure (.02 mbar to .05
mbar) at constant input power, which is shown in Fig.5. the field components of
surface wave are measured by standard dipole probe and loop probe on the
surface of glass tube, that magnitude of electric and magnetic field decreases
along the axis of plasma column which is shown in (Fig.6). Azimuthal field
pattern of the plasma column is measured by moving probe in the horizontal plane
around the plasma column in 15 degree increment from 0 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 0 .at different
heights ( 5cm,10cm,15cm,50cm) from the end of plasma column where the
source is situated. Fig.7 shows surface wave field intensity as a function of the
azimuthal angel φ . It is observed to be reasonably axisymmetric so azimuthal

5
wave number is m=0 The power level of fundamental harmonic decays along the
axis of plasma column. This indicates damping or attenuation of the wave inside
the dielectric, which is measured by disc probe on the surface of glass tube using
spectrum analyzer. Fig.8 shows that the power level at 5 MHz decreases from –8
dBm to –15 dBm along the axis of the plasma column. The above experimental
results show that axisymmetric electromagnetic surface wave is propagating along
the interface of plasma and glass tube. It deposits wave power to the plasma to
form a 35 cm long plasma column.

(3) PLASMA COLUMN AS MONOPOLE ANTENNA

This surface wave driven plasma column acts as an antenna due to associated
surface current with surface wave. Surface current is distributed on the interface
of plasma and glass tube. The axial current distribution on the surface of plasma
column is shown in Fig.9, which is measured by using shielded and calibrated
Rogowaski coil which is mounted on the outer surface of the glass tube. The
magnitude of surface current depends on the plasma electron density, which is
decreasing along the axis of plasma column. As fig.9, shows the surface current
decreases along the axis of plasma antenna. This surface current which is
generated by 5 MHz driven frequency that generates electromagnetic field with
several harmonics which are shown in Fig.10.
As seen clearly, higher order harmonics vanish away from the plasma
antenna due to decay of power into medium (Fig.11), measured by spectrum
analyzer. There are 20 harmonics on the surface of plasma antenna having higher
power than background power level (-80 dBm) but 60 cm away from the antenna,
there are only 2 harmonics have higher power than background power. The
elevation pattern (Fig.12) of our plasma antenna is measured by moving the probe
in an arc over the plasma Antenna Under Test (AUT) with 15-degree increment
from 0 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90 0 at different vertical planes and having 15 degree increment in
horizontal plane. The azimuthal pattern (Fig.7) is also measured by moving the
probe in horizontal plane by 15 degree from 0 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 0 at different heights
(5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 50cm) from source end of the antenna. Both these patterns are

6
also measured in similar way for SS304 and copper metallic antenna of similar
dimensions as the plasma antennae. Patterns are similar for the three antennae.
The Rayleigh criterion is usually taken as minimum distance from the
AUT to the far field where pattern measurements should be made. It is usually
taken to be greater then, 2L2/ λ where L is the largest AUT dimension. For our
largest effective antenna length (35 cm), this is about 4 mm for 5 MHz harmonic
so both patters are measured in far field region. The system dimension is much
less then wavelength (a<< λ , L<< λ ) where “a” is diameter (3 cm) and L is the
length of plasma antenna (35 cm). This plasma antenna will act as a monopole
wire antenna.
(4) STRIATIONS IN PLASMA COLUMN
By changing external operating parameters such as working pressure (.03 mbar to
0.3 mbar), driven frequency (3.7 MHz to 32 MHz), input power (70 watt to 400
watt), background pressure (10-3 mbar to 10-6 mbar) and length of glass tube (5 cm
to 30 cm), plasma column is transformed to finite number of cylindrical or
spherical striations (balls), helical plasma with rotation and plasma with spiral
shape. These states are visibly different and are shown in photographs (Fig.13,
14,15). These different structures in plasma column are transformed from a stable
uniform inhomogeneous steady state (plasma column) to unstable nonuniform
inhomogeneous state, which again diffuses to stable nonuniform inhomogenous
observed steady state.
(5) STATIONARY STRIATIONS AS ARRAY PLASMA ANTENNA
At critical value which is the combination of input power and working pressure
(Fig.16) these cylindrical striations are separated from each other. The separation
between striations will be vanished at lower and higher value then the critical
value. Now each cylindrical striation forms a short length plasma column having
associated surface current so each cylindrical plasma element of plasma column
acts as a short antenna. These segments or elements of plasma antenna are called
antenna elements. The axial current distribution on the antenna elements is shown
in Fig.17. These different formations in the plasma are visible at different
pressures or power, keeping all other remaining parameters constant.

7
The parameters of antenna elements can be controlled such that number and
length of elements vary by changing the working pressure, power, driven
frequency and length of glass tube. Fig.18 shows that the number of antenna
elements increase with driven frequency and input power. The number of
elements vary from six to ten by operating at 5MHz, 100 watts of power to 32
MHz and 400 watts of power. Fig.19 shows that the number of elements are
increasing from one to six while the length of glass tube is varied from 5 cm to 30
cm. The length of first antenna element varies with driven frequency. It is 5 cm at
5 MHz and 2 cm at 32 MHz, which is shown in (Fig.20). The length of antenna
elements decreases along the antenna axis (Fig.21). This structure of plasma
antenna acts as a planner array antenna. Some other structures (Helical and Spiral)
are also found in our experiment, are shown in Fig.14 and 15. These structures of
plasma act as antenna, which can be called Helical plasma antenna and spiral
plasma antenna.
(6) EXPERIMENTS FOR VERSATILE PLASMA ANTENNA
Qualitative observations have been confirmed that the plasma antenna can be used
for transmitting and receiving audio signals or TV (video) information.
Two experiments, given below to show that plasma structures act as receiving /
transmitting antenna over the range 10 to 250 MHz for a range of RF power levels
and hence different effective length and structures for antenna.
(I) Jamming capabilities of EM waves of this antenna has been qualitatively
tested with standard FM radio receivers at 91.90 MHz. This FM channel could be
received in the absence of plasma column even though rf generator is kept ON.
But the effective range is measured as 170 cm away from plasma antenna when
plasma is formed, the reception of FM radio channel is cut off. This experiment is
performed by all structures of plasma antenna.
(II) The audio noise level is measured on the loudspeaker output terminal. The
noise level is measured with different structures of plasma antenna, which formed
as working pressure and without plasma in glass tube. The noise level is reduced
from 15.2 mV to 8.7 mV, Fig.22 shows clearly, the noise level is reducing with
pressure and plasma antenna structure is also changing with pressure so the

8
planner array antenna and helical plasma antenna performs better than the
monopole plasma antenna. This plasma antenna acts as a receiver when audio
frequency (300-3400 Hz) which is converted to carrier frequency (46-49 MHz)
through frequency multiplier and RF amplifier so the plasma antenna works as
Tx/Rx antenna. Plasma antenna is used for communication. The communication
range of our monopole plasma antenna is measured to be 45 meters, which is
increased up to 60 meters with varying pressure or different structure of plasma
antenna, In comparison the communication range with a similar metallic telescope
antenna is measured as 50 meters. The communication range increases with
different structures. All these structures of plasma act as antenna. Different type
of antenna structures are formed in a single system by changing the external
parameters, so it can be named as a versatile plasma antenna.

9
IV. CONCLUSION
Plasma column is formed with the help of a 100-400 watt radio frequency
source operating between 3.7 to 32 MHz. The discharge is initiated at one end of
the tube. The plasma column is formed in a 35cm long and 3cm diameter glass
tube with different gases such as air, argon, nitrogen, and oxygen driven by the
azimuthally symmetric (m=0) electromagnetic surface wave. The plasma
parameters (electron density = 5.6 × 1010 per. cc and electron temperature is 5.2
ev ) are almost similar for all gases. The plasma column acts as monopole antenna
(Fig.8, 13) due to surface wave induced current at the interface of plasma-glass
dielectric(Fig.9).
By varying operating parameters plasma column is transformed in to
finite number of cylindrical or spherical striations (balls) and other structures
(Helical or spiral), which is possible only in argon gas. Each cylindrical striation
is identified as a small plasma column having surface wave induced current and
acts as an antenna. It is termed as antenna element or radiating element of array
plasma antenna (Fig.17). The number and length of radiating elements can be
controlled by Input power, driven frequency, working pressure and length of glass
tube. The surface wave induced current or surface current distribution changes
with the structure of plasma column. All these structures of plasma column
perform as receiving and transmitting antenna (Fig.22).
Detail of physical characteristics and analysis of different structures as plasma
antenna will be discussed in future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The authors would like to thank to R.G Trevedi and other RF group members at
the Institute for their kind help at various stages of the experiment.

10
REFERENCES:
[1].A.W.Trivelpiece and R.W.Gould, J.Appl.Phys.,30, 1784(1959)
[2]. A.W.Trivelpiece , slow-wave propagation in plasma waveguids, San
Francisco University Press)
[3]. A.Shivarova and I. Zhelyazkov, Plasma Phys., 20,1049(1978).
[4]. M. Moisan , A. Shivarova and A. W. Trivelpiece, Plasma
Phys.,24,1331(1982)
[5]. D. R. Tuma, Rev.Sci.Instrum.,41, 1519(1970)
[6]. Z. Zakrzewski, M. Moisan, V. M. M. Glade, C. Beaudry and P. Leprince,
Plasma Phys.,19,77(1977).
[7]. M. Moisan and Z. Zakrzewski, Rev.Sci.Instrum.,58,1895(1986).
[8]. G. G. Borg, J. H. Harris, D. J. Miljak and N. M. Martin, Apll.Phys.Lett., 74,
3272(1999).
[9]. A. P. Whichello, J. P. Rayner and A. D. Cheetham, Proc.11th Int. Conf.
Plasma Physics, Sydney, Australia, 396(July-2002).
[10]. J. P. Rayner, A. P. Whichello, and D. Cheetham, IEEE Trans.Plasma
Sci.,32(1), 269 (2004).
[11]. G. G. Borg, J. H. Harris, N.M. Martin, D. Thorncraft, R. Milliken, D. G.
Miljak, B. Kwan, T. Ng. and J. Kircher, Phys. Plasmas, 7,2198 (July 2000)
[12]. H. S. Robertson and J. J. Herring, Phys. Fluids 12, 836 (1969).

11
 LIST OF FIGURE CAPTION

Figure.1 Surface wave driven plasma column.

Figure.2 Block digram of communication system
Figure.3 Axial density profile
Figure.4 Variation in length of plasma column with input power at different
constant working pressure
Figure.5 Variation in length of plasma antenna with working pressure at constant
input power,w = 35 watt.
Figure.6 Axial electric field profile on the surface of plasma antenna.
Figure.7 Azimuthal field pattern of plasma antenna at different heights from the
one end of the plasma antenna.
Figure.8 Variation in power level of fundamental harmonic at f = 5MHz along
the axis of plasma column.
Figure.9 Current distribution on the surface of plasma column at different
working pressure.
Figure.10 Variation in power level of different harmonics
Figure.11 The number of harmonics as a function of radial distance.
Figure 12 Elevation field pattern of plasma antenna at different vertical plans
having 15 degree increment in azimuthal plan.
Figure.13 Planar array plasma antenna
Figure 14 Helical plasma antenna
Figure.15 Spiral plasma antenna
Figure.16 Critical values of input power and working pressure to form plasma
antenna elements.
Figure.17 Current distribution on the surface of planar array plasma antenna.
Figure.18 Variation in number of plasma antenna elements with driven driven
frequency.
Figure.19 Variation in the number of antenna elements along the length of glass

12
 tube.
Figure.20 Variation in length of plasma antenna elements with driven frequency.
Figure.21 Variation in length of antenna elements as a function of number of
antenna elements.
Figure.22 Variation in noise level with working pressure

13
Fig.1 Surface wave driven plasma column.

Fig.3 Axial density profile

14
 40

length of plasma column (cm) 35

30

25 p=.03 mbar
p= .04 mbar
20
p= .05 mbar
15 p= .075 mbar
10 p= .1 mbar

-5
0 20 40 60 80 100

Input power (watts)

Fig.4 variation in length of plasma column with input power
at different cosntant working pressure and the length
of glass tube is 35 cm.

35.0
length of plasma antenna (cm)

34.5

34.0

33.5

33.0

32.5

32.0

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

working pressure (mbar)

Fig.5 Variation in length of plasma antenna with
working pressure at constant input power,w=35 watt
and the length of glass tube is 35 cm.

15
 900

800

700
Wave field Ez (A.U)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
5 10 15 20 25 30

Axial distance (cm)

Fig.6 Axial electric field profile on the surface of plasma antenna.

90
1.0 120 60
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 150 30
0.5
0.4 h=5cm
0.3
0.2
0.1
180 0
0.1
h=10 cm
0.2
0.3 h=15cm
0.4
0.5
0.6 210 330
0.7
0.8
h=50cm
0.9
1.0 240 300
270
Fig.7 Azimuthal field pattern of plasma antenna at different heights
from the source of the plasma antenna

16
 -8

-9

-10
power level (dBm)

-11

-12

-13

-14

-15

-16
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

axial distance (cm)

Fig.8 Variation in power level of fundamental harmonic at f =5MHz
along the axis of plasma antenna.

16
p=.02 mbar
p=.03 mbar
14
p=.04 mbar
surface current (A.U)

p=.05 mbar
12
p=.10 mbar
p=0.2 mbar
10

4
5 10 15 20 25 30

Axial position(cm)
Fig.9 Current distribution on the surface of plasma column
at different working pressure.

17
 -35

-40
Power level(dBm) of harmonics

-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70

5 10 15 20 25 30

Frequency(MHz)
Fig.10 Variation in power level of different harmonics.

22

20

18
Number of harmonics

16

14

12

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Radial distance (cm)

Fig.11 Number of harmonics as a function of radial distance.

18
 90
19
120 60
18
17
16
15 150 30
14
13
12
11
10
180 0
10
11
12
13
14
15 210 330
16
17
18
240 300
19
270

Fig.12 Elevation field patern of plasma antenna at different

vertical planes having 15 degree increment in azimuthal plane.

19
Fig.13 Planer array plasma antenna

Fig.14 Helical plasma antenna.

Fig.15 Spiral plasma antenna

20
 50

48
Input power (watt)

46

44

42

40

38

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Working pressure (mbar)

Fig.16 Critical value of input power at various working pressures to form
plasma antenna elements.

12

10
Surface current (A.U)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Axial distance (cm)

Fig.17 Current distribution on the surface of planar
array plasma antenna

21
Number of plasma antenna elements

10

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Driven frequency (MHz)

Fig.18 Variation in number of plasma antenna elements
with driven frequency.
N u m b e r o f a n te n n a e le m e n ts

5 10 15 20 25 30

l e n g t h o f g la s s t u b e (c m )
F ig . 1 9 V a ri a t io n in t h e n u m b e r o f a n t e n n a e l e m e n t s a lo n g
t h e le n g t h o f g l a s s t u b e

22
 5.0

antenna element (cm) 4.5

Length of First plasma

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Driven frequency (MHz)

Fig.20 Variation in length of plasma antenna elements
with driven frequency.

6
p = 0.03 mbar
p = 0.04 mbar
length of antenna elements (cm)

5
p = 0.05 mbar
p = 0.075 mbar
4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Number of antenna elements

Fig.21 Variation in length of antenna elements as a
a function of number of antenna elements at different
working pressur.

23
 16

15

14
Noise level (a.u)

13

12

11

10

8
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Working pressure (mbar)

Fig.22 Variation in noise level with working pressure

24
Plasma Antenna
Mixer 10.7 MHz Mixer 455 KHz
IF Filter IF amp. IF Filter IF amp Audio filter
LNA FM
46MHz 455 KHz 300-3400 Hz
(56.7 MHz) (11.155 MHz) Descremenatore
LO LO
Rx

Duplexer Notch filter

6 KHz
Audio
Tx 49 MHz Amplifier
Tone Signaling
RF decoder
6 control ckt.
amp
Loudspeaker
(300-3400)Hz

FM Oscillator Audio filter Audio Amp.

MIC
(300-3400)Hz
Frequency Multiplier 12.25 MHz 6KHz
Signaling
circuit
X- tal Oscillator Tone Generator

Fig.2 BLOCK DIGRAM OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

25
26