INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Digital Tools in the Interdisciplinary

Orthodontic Treatment of Adult Patients
Alexandru S. Ogodescu, Cosmin Sinescu, Emilia A. Ogodescu, Meda Negrutiu, and Elisabeta Bratu

referred to orthodontists not only to correct their primary

Abstract—Orthodontic treatment of adult patients with complex
dental problems is done in interdisciplinary teams where different
specialist of dental medicine have to manage a vast quantity of data.
In such complicated cases good diagnostic tools and easy
communication are essential. Computer science has an increasing
impact in almost every aspect of the orthodontic practice, research
and education. The paper will present, discuss and evaluate the
applications of computer technology in interdisciplinary orthodontics
like digital photographs, virtual study models, cone beam computed
tomography, three-dimensional craniofacial imaging, communication,
virtual reality, software for prediction and treatment planning, video
imaging, manufacture of orthodontic appliance, web-based digital
orthodontic records and network-attached storage device. In
conclusion all this digital tools and the new digital paradigm will
change the way of imaging, diagnosing, documenting and will propel
well the interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment of adult patients in
the future.
malocclusions but also for adjunctive orthodontic treatment to
correct problems brought on by periodontal disease,
edentulous areas or hopeless teeth. The number of adult
patients is continuously growing and today represents more
than 40% of new patients in most orthodontic offices [2].
Unlike orthodontics for children and adolescents, for adults
that often have mutilated dentition with association of primary
and secondary dento-maxillary malocclusions with various
diseases of the stomatognathic system, the therapeutically
targets and rules are not the same as in the growing patients.
In the management of compromised adult malocclusions the
orthodontist must interact interdisciplinary with the
periodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon and the restorative
dentist to perform excellence [3, 4].
Fig.1 Adult patient with advanced periodontal disease and dento-

Keywords—Interdisciplinary adult orthodontics, computerized

diagnostic tools, digital patient records, virtual reality, simulation and
manufacture in orthodontics, network-attached storage.

I. INTRODUCTION

T HE evolution of dental specialties allowed for an

enhancement in the quality of treatment performed to adult
patients. maxillary malocclusion before (left) and after (right) the
In the past orthodontics was performed mainly to children interdisciplinary therapy
and adolescents, generally in solo practice in relative isolation.
Now, the orthodontist has emerged as a member, and By respecting protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration
frequently the leader, of an interdisciplinar team seeking to rigors many cases that initially seem to be compromised could
improve the overall results for adult patients with complex reach a functional and aesthetic balance (Fig.1, Fig.2)
dental problems [1].
In the last years an increasing number of adults have been

Manuscript received November 23, 2010.

Alexandru S. Ogodescu is with the Department of Paedodontics-
Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy
“Victor Babes” Timisoara, Romania (phone: 0040-356-104998; e-mail:
ogodescu@yahoo.com ).
Cosmin Sinescu is with the Department of Dental Materials and Dental
Technologies, School of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Fig.2 Periodontally compromised adult patient with secondary
“Victor Babes” Timisoara, Romania (e-mail: minosinescu@yahoo.com). dento-maxillary malocclusions before (left) and after (right) the
Emilia A. Ogodescu is with the Department of Paedodontics-Orthodontics, interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment
School of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”
Timisoara, Romania (e-mail: emi1aug@yahoo.com).
Meda Negrutiu is with the Department of Dental Materials and Dental This new concept of interdisciplinary collaboration between
Technologies, School of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy orthodontics and other specialties of dental medicine is best
“Victor Babes” Timisoara, Romania (e-mail: minosinescu@yahoo.com). synthesized by the word TEAM (Fig.3).
Elisabeta Bratu is with the Department of Paedodontics-Orthodontics,
School of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” T.E.A.M. = TOGETHER EVERYONE ACHIEVES MORE
Timisoara, Romania (e-mail: ortoebratu@umft.ro ).

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II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

Computer technology is having an increasing impact on the
practice of orthodontics, with digital imaging and radiography,
three-dimensional virtual models and various CAD-CAM
technologies affecting everyday practice. Virtual reality will be
used in telemedicine, education, patient care, treatment
planning and a host of other areas. The applications are only
limited by our imagination [6].
The orthodontic records like study models, panoramic and
Fig.3 Interdisciplinary orthodontics gear [2] cephalometric radiographs or the patient’s intraoral and facial
photographs are used to collect data in order to establish a
To have good results in such complicated cases it is very diagnosis, to develop a problem list and a therapeutic concept.
important to have those diagnostic tools that facilitate an easy These records, however, can be damaged or lost and need to
communication between the different specialists and with the be stored and maintained many years (Fig.4)
patients for weighing the risks and benefits of all treatment
options.
Adult orthodontic treatment often involves compromise and
compromise solutions can be performed only through
continuous communication between the various specialists
involved in the treatment.
In the past the application of computer science to
orthodontics was limited to creation of databases with some
data from patients obtained with classic diagnostic methods on
photographs, radiographs or plaster models.
Today the evolution of the digital technology has changed
computers from having a limited, supporting role mainly in
managing databases to one being indispensable in orthodontic
treatment. Fig.4 Veiled cephalometric radiograph, 6 month after exposure,
The Internet, the actual CAD/CAM (computer – aided become blurry and unusable. This would not happen if we would
scan the radiograph or use a digital x-ray machine.
design and computer – aided manufacturing) technologies and
the development of high speed communication modalities have When you initiate an orthodontic treatment and damage
enabled group practices, with multiple locations, to access some records you cannot have the initial clinical situation that
records in outlying locations electronically. We speak today changed during the treatment. If the clinical initial situation is
about digital orthodontic office [5]. We think that this digital you can restore it at any moment with the same
paperless technology has a good impact on the environment. excellent quality (Fig.5)
But are we able to use and apply all the developments of the
computer science in the everyday orthodontic practice or
research? How safe are all this digital records?
Everyday we see that the introduction of computer science
and the digital technology has improved our lives making
things better, easier to use, cheaper and more reliable.
Steadily we introduced the digital technology in the way we
managed our practices. At the beginning we used the personal
computers in the front office to manage the business part of
our offices. After this we put the computers chair-side for
better communication with the patients, for behavioral
management and to increase the efficiency of the patient’s
record keeping. Today more and more of us in the
interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment of adults and generally Fig.5 The digital cephalometric radiograph with excellent
anatomical details even after many years
in orthodontics use digital imaging technology and
computerized treatment planning tools to help for better care Also in our didactic work with students these records can be
and communication with our patients. destroyed accidentally and need to be replaced every year. All
Orthodontics is in a large manner similar to computer this problems belong to the past in the digital decade [7].
science because we have to spend most of our time to solve Because adult orthodontics is a complex science with many
problems and to think logic and straightforward for solutions. data from different dental specialties you must integrate this

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amount of information in order to elaborate a diagnosis and a

treatment and also to observe the evolution of all this
parameters during the treatment.
All this models, radiographs, photographs and files occupy a
huge space that grows over the years and requires new storage
spaces while the digital format is more easily archived and
accessed.
The analyses of the records are done manually using
different measuring tools. This is a time consuming process,
not always very exact (depending on the ability of the
clinician) and also the amount of information that you can
obtain is limited. To correlate all this information is not always
easy. Today we have a lot of computerized diagnostic tools but
before using them we should ask a question: are those Fig.6 The intraoral digital photographs of a patient with a partial
accurate? transposition between the upper canine and first premolar, with the
Today more and more orthodontists are aiming toward a persistence of the temporary canine
paperless practice. But without papers, as the data becomes
digital, the protection of this data is very important. So in A. Digital Photography
parallel with the development of digital orthodontic tools and
environment we must develop and apply good backup
protocols for this crucial data. This issue will be also discussed Digital photography is today widely used to document
in this paper. orthodontic adult patients. The digital single lens reflex (SLR)
Also in research you must process a lot of information and it cameras were tested for use in intra- and extra-oral
is very difficult to manage this data without using the latest photography and proved to generate perfect images when used
developments in computer science [8, 9, 10]. with the recommended macro-lens and macro-flash (Fig.6).
The objective of this study was to evaluate the different The large possibilities offered by the recent image
applications of computers in orthodontics and to compare the processing software allow a better diagnosis of the adult
accuracy of measurements carried out using dedicated patient malocclusions. Because the digital images are so
software on digital models and cone-beam computed precise often in front of the computer screen you can see more
tomography (CBCT) with measurements made by hand on details than during the clinical examination. The analyze of
conventional plaster models. digital photographs and tools like image magnification or
contrast enhancement holds promise for the detection of white
spot lesions (W.S.L.) or better management of the dental
III. PROBLEM SOLUTION surfaces after the debonding of fixed orthodontic appliances
[12].
For each case treated with interdisciplinary orthodontics we
applied the following steps:
1. Acquisition of images and enhancement: digital B. Digital Models
photographs, optimal scanning of radiographs, photographs
and dental casts. The introduction of digital models has provided the
2. Digitization: to reduce the common sources of error in orthodontist with a viable alternative to plaster models with the
cephalometric or cast measurements we use computer-aided added advantages of electronic storage of data, minimal
methods like multiple digitization or computer aided point storage space required, simple and accurate cataloguing and a
identification.
3. Measurements and analysis with dedicated software.
We used also digital facilities like image histograms to
correct image problems or morphing and warping for
photorealistic treatment predictions.
Today smile analysis and smile design is a key factor in
orthodontic diagnosis and treatment. Using digital videography
and computer technology the clinician can evaluate the
patients dynamic anterior tooth display and incorporate smile
analysis into routine treatment planning. Esthetic smile design
is a multifactorial decision-making process that allows the
clinician to treat patients with an individualized,
interdisciplinary approach [11].
Today all the orthodontic records of adult patients can be in
digital format and also they are some software solutions in rapid transmission of records for consultation [13].
order to analyze them (Fig.6, 8, 12).

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Fig.7 Digital model scanned with the laser scanner of the firma
3Shape
In our studies we used digital models generated by scanning
of plaster casts into the computer using 3D optical scanners.
For some studies we used the laser scanner of the firma
3Shape A/S from Copenhagen, Denmark (Fig.7) [l4, 15].
For our patients we use the optical 3D-Scanner Activity 101
from the Firma Smart Optics Sensorentechnik GmbH,
Germany (Fig.8).
Fig.8 Digital model scanned with the Activity 101 Scanner
The measurements on the 3D models were performed using
the OnyxCeph3TM software developed by the firma Image
Instruments GmbH, Germany.
Are those measurements precise?
Generally computers are very accurate in measuring things.
Actually this is exactly what they do the best since they are
infinitely precise, mathematically based beings.
In our studies, like in many others from the recent
orthodontic literature about digital models, we found that the
measurements of dental dimensions by the software package
were very precise, and this is probably the truth at almost all
quantitative orthodontic software [14, 15, 16].
For this study we scanned a total number of 227 teeth using
an optical three-dimensional scanner (Activity 101, Firma
Smart Optics Sensortechnik GmbH, Germany).
The measurements on the 3D models where performed
using the OnyxCeph3TM software developed by the Firma
Image Instruments GmbH, Germany.
Fig.9 Digital model analyzed with the OnyxCeph3TM software
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All of the teeth have no interproximal caries, restorations or
stripping and no evident tooth wear. The same teeth were
measured on the scanned plaster models with a digital caliper
by the same investigator. The teeth were measured from
occlusal and facial view (Fig.9).
After performing statistical analysis (Student’s t test for
paired data) they are no major differences between the
measurements carried on digital and plaster models.
Digital models can be used in conjunction with CAD-CAM
technologies to individualize the brackets to the adult patients
crown morphology. So we will obtain a more stable
tooth/bracket interface and a better biomechanical control on
the specific tooth movements in interdisciplinary orthodontics
[17].
3D databases from digital models and virtual model
analysis are useful tools for diagnosis and treatment planning
but also for education and research, facilitating statistical
analysis.
C. Digital Radiography
After photography and models the introduction of digital
radiography is another important digital tool in the actual
concept of virtual reality in orthodontics.
The actual possibility to transmit the digital radiographic
images via modem to other specialists is a very important
aspect in the interdisciplinary orthodontics. Many times the
specialists involved in the therapy of this complex cases need
to have full access to the whole documentation of the patient
and today in many instances the documents are carried by the
patient from one dental office to another. Sometimes on the
way the documentation is deteriorated or lost and there is no
possibility to see again the initial or intermediary clinical
situation. For this reason sending digital images directly over
phone lines virtually eliminates the chances of losing or
destroying films.
Fig.10 Cephalometric analyze of a digital radiography using a
dedicated software
The actual possibility to send images electronically to
another dental office allows for consultation between different
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dental professionals in almost instantaneous fashion and this
interoperability is very important for the success of the
interdisciplinary team.
The digital storage of the information allows printing copies
for patients and dentists at the same quality after many years.
Also specific annotations can be printed on each image.
The digital cephalometric radiograph can be analyzed more
precisely using dedicated software. To our cases we used the
OnyxCeph3TM software developed by the Firma Image
Instruments GmbH, Germany (Fig.10).
Because of the ability to optimize the display of an image the
orthodontist may choose to enlarge areas of greatest diagnostic
values, for example in the positioning of the specific
landmarks. This was done until now manually using a
magnifier. What is really amazing at this software is that after
pointing the requested landmarks on the cephalometric
radiograph you can choose a lot of measurements and analysis
that can be done to your case and you will get a final label with
the actual value, the deviation from the standard values and
also the clinical significance of the findings (Fig.11).
Fig.11 The final chart of the cephalometric values, with the verbal
explication of the clinical significance of the determined values
Of course in all this digital software the standard values are
from international literature and studies and does not always
correspond with the actual norms of our patients. Studies for
determination of the growth and development standards of our
actual population are very important and we are working on
this (Dr. Emilia Ogodescu) [18, 19]. These digital tools are
very important in the studies of the growth and development of
the stomatognathic system because they help to manage
precisely a waste quantity of information and define better
such a complex phenomena as growth is.
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Fig.12 The 3D CBCT imaging allows a good view of all anatomic
elements, particularly the alveolar bone around the teeth in
transposition and the relative position of the tooth
Another important tool - Cone Beam Computed
Tomography (CBCT) is ideally suited for dento-maxillofacial
scanning and offers a lot of useful information for the
interdisciplinary orthodontic diagnoses (Fig.12, 13).
The new GALILEOS cone beam technology (Sirona Dental
Systems, Inc.) has a perfect combination of software
(GALAXIS 3D imaging software), 3D volume reconstruction
and 3D diagnostics [20].
Fig.13 The 3D imaging allows a good view of the position of the
supernumerary teeth, the relationship with the surrounding structures
and even linear measurements can be done with the dedicated
software proven to have a good accuracy.
For example the case of an 11 years old girl with a delayed
eruption of the two permanent central upper incisors.
Clinically there is only a tumefied alveolar process. What is
inside? What produced the disturbance in the normal eruption?
On the panoramic radiograph we observe 4 supernumerary
teeth and 2 incisors but it was very difficult to decide the teeth
that should be extracted mainly because the supernumeraries
have completely developed roots. So we decide to recommend
a CBCT (fig.14, 15).
Fig.14 Initial clinical situation with 4 supernumeraries
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Fig.15 Due to the advancements in computer technology the
CBCT comes with exceptional anatomical details of the investigated
region.
Always when we recommend a CBCT we must take into
consideration the risk from ionizing radiation that result from
this examination especially because we often work on growing
children.
In a recent study the authors concluded: depending on the
size of the scanned field, the effective doses with CBCT vary
significantly. A scan of 13 cm height, which is sufficient in
most growing patients, with a fast scanning mode results in a
dose approximately two times than a conventional set of
orthodontic radiographs. Whole head scanning without a neck
shield to allow the study of the cervical vertebrae was found to
produce an almost 4-fold increase in the radiation compared
with three routine orthodontic radiographs [21].
Even in the digital decade always when indicating a
radiographic examination we must follow the ALARA principle
(“as low as reasonably achievable”).
The CBCT is very useful for the three-dimensional
quantification of the alveolar bone for Orthodontics,
Periodontics or Implantology. The Galileos software for
virtual implant planning enables the precise positioning of the
implant (Fig.16).
Fig.16 After the orthodontic treatment the implant site was evaluated
by CBCT and the software for three-dimensional pre-surgical dental
implant treatment planning
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In the field of orthodontics the CBCT is probably the most
revolutionary medical informatics innovations.
Thanks to it lower costs and lower dosage (compared with
regular CT) it has made three-dimensional (3D) imaging a
tangible reality for the dental field. If widely used, it will affect
a very large area of the orthodontic practice in the future, from
visual treatment objectives (VTO) to digital casts to 3D
cephalometric analysis and incidental findings [22].
The digital radiography has a lot of benefits over the classic
one beginning with the elimination of the necessary
darkrooms, processor and flatbed scanner, all capital expenses.
With no need for chemical processing, the monthly costs of
chemicals, upkeep of the processor, film mounts and film are
eliminated. There is also a significant environmental benefit to
this technology since the heavy metal waste stream that results
from chemical processing is eliminated [23].
D. Virtual reality in orthodontics
To explore the human face the science goes from classic
photography to digital two-dimensional (2D) and even to
three-dimensional (3D). Based on the triangulation and fringe
projection method the 3D facial scan is used to measure
aesthetic facial parameters, to orthodontic diagnosis and to
evaluate the craniofacial growth and development [19]. More
studies and advances in manufacturing engineering and in the
development of specific software for image processing must be
done to make this method more suitable for everyday clinical
use.
Computer science has an impact in almost every aspect of
the orthodontic practice: diagnosis and treatment planning,
communication at consultations and with other specialists, data
base maintenance or practice management. Computer-assisted
cephalometric analysis is today a point of interest for more and
more orthodontists.
Orthodontic treatment for adult patients is often done for
esthetic reasons. Using computer science we can create a
computerized craniofacial model based on a large number of
soft-tissue measurements, facial profile and proportionality, all
for evaluation of the facial esthetics. The uses of computers in
the management of this large amount of information provide
relevant standards that are useful in the diagnosis and
treatment of the actual adult population with dentofacial
deformities.
Three-dimensional (3D) computer models of the human
craniofacial structure have been constructed with computed
tomography (CT). However, the high cost of CT and the
radiation exposure are drawbacks to this method. Today using
a technique, proven to be accurate, it is possible to produce a
3D head model on a personal computer based on
cephalograms, facial photographs and dental cast models. This
three-dimensional computer-generated head model will
provide easy-to-understand information for patients and
establish a diagnostic or therapeutic method for
communication with other health care providers [24].
Virtual reality in orthodontics modifies a lot of the
traditional techniques. We must not cut the plaster models to
generate set-up models, we can create them virtually. There is
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a great interest in develop specific software for prediction and
treatment planning to correct the malocclusion, or for
simulation of tooth movements. It allows the clinician to
simulate the effect of the orthodontic treatments, and is also
useful in engineering design of new brackets that fit better with
the biomechanical conditions when treating periodontally
compromised adult patients [17].
Video imaging is an important emerging technology in
orthodontics, in planning orthognathic surgery, in educating
patients about the esthetic effects of treatments and also in the
education. There is a great interest in this technology and how
to apply it to the orthodontic treatment of adults and for
computer generated video image predictions.
Today with the use of computerized imaging techniques and
the CAD/CAM technologies the orthodontists can integrate the
computer in the manufacture process of orthodontic appliance.
The best example is the Invisalign system where the series of
trays are made using a computer-assisted simulation of the
needed movements [25].
In education the introduction of computer science has a
tremendous effect. Virtual reality in orthodontics by creation
of diagnosis web sites provides the undergraduate and
postgraduate students in orthodontics an accessible source of
complete, good-quality study materials. Web-based digital
orthodontic records were as effective in teaching clinical
orthodontic diagnosis as were conventional records [26].
In the orthodontic research we cannot imagine any
important result without the use of computer science even for
epidemiological studies, for biomechanical or material studies.
E. NAS (Network-Attached Storage)
All this big quantity of information need to be protected
otherwise it can be destroyed as easy as the previous versions
of clinical records. The digital tools have a lot of advantages
over the classical diagnostic tools but are equally vulnerable to
loss as the last ones. For this reason if we want to have success
with this paperless work environment and innovative imaging
technology we have to apply adequate backup protocols for
this crucial data.
They are two critical tasks in each backup design:
- To backup the information as frequently that can
minimize the amount of data you need to enter manually
if you have to restore the data. Generally you must
backup once/day.
- The backup must be taken out of the office in order to
remain with the information if the computers are stolen
or if the office burns down.
A very good method to archive the information and to share
files between multiple computers are the network-attached
storage devices (NAS).
The NAS is a computer connected to the network that
provides to other computers of the network file-based storage
services. It can store any data that appears in the form of files,
which is typically the situation in orthodontics.
Basically the network storage device is a server dedicated to
the file sharing system. It has a lot of advantages: it allows
storing and retrieving large amounts of data, it can be utilized
from any location that has a network connection, it provides
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reliable operation and easy administration, do not require
keyboard, mouse or monitor.
For our adult patients we have a NAS appliance on a
network port. The unit holds 465 GO of data. Each night,
incremental backups sweep the day’s work onto the NAS.
All the diagnostic findings of our patients are copied on this
device. Each patient receives a username (the patients ID) and
a password and all the specialists that participate into the
interdisciplinary orthodontic team know the patient’s username
and password and have access to the whole data of the patient
during the treatment. The files can be viewed at any computer
station via network. This improves the interoperability of the
dental team and makes communication between the different
dental specialists very easy.
Today when we all go a lot to congresses, holidays or
meetings this system allows us to work on our cases not only
in the office or at home but everywhere we go and there is a
network connection.
Also for congresses or courses for the University we use this
easy access to create or update our presentations.
In conclusion network attached devices are amazing
solutions for file sharing for both clinical and home purposes.
Respecting the TEAM (together everyone achieves more)
principle from interdisciplinary orthodontics we can say that
today the computer and the computer science is the first
partner in every team that tends to optimize the treatment
effects for their patients [27].
IV. CONCLUSION
In the orthodontic treatment of adult patients computer
science is very present.
The era of plaster models seems to come to an end. Today’s
orthodontic hardware and software facilitates rapid
measurements on digital models without any distortion on the
real morphology of the teeth.
The introduction of digital photographs, the virtual study
models and CBCT may allow the use of a fully electronic
patient record. This is particularly useful because these
patients are treated in interdisciplinary teams, with many
dental specialists that need a facile access to the whole
documentation. With good management of this digital data,
proper backup protocols, patients records will never again be
lost or misplaced and can be used in a large variety of
domains. This new digital paradigm will propel well the
orthodontic treatment of adult patients in the future.
When we recommend a CBCT examination we have to
compare between the increased amount of information
obtained and the increased radiation dose for each person.
Orthodontics is undergoing a gradual transition from plaster
decade to digital decade, mainly due to advancements in
computer technology, changing the dental specialists to a new
way of imaging, diagnosing, documenting and communicating
between them and with the patients.
Each specialist in orthodontics and in other specialties from
dental medicine should have good knowledge in
bioinformatics and should be trained to use these new digital
devices in order to provide better medical care for the complex
cases.
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All this digital technologies when applied correctly and in
an interdisciplinary approach they fertilize each other,
resulting in more precise diagnosis, improved treatment results
and better communication.
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Tissue Engineering & Medical Devices”, 23-25th September 2010,
Sinaia, Romania, Ed. Printech, pp.202
[13] Antonio Gracco, Mauro Buranello, Mauro Cozzani, Giuseppe Siciliani,
Digital and plaster models: a comparison of measurements and times,
Progress in Orthodontics, vol.8, nr.2, 2007, pp.252-259
[14] A. Ogodescu, Al. Ogodescu, C. Bratu, A. Temelcea, E. Bratu, C.
Sinescu, M. Negrutiu “Digital versus Plaster Models: Accuracy of
Measurements”, Conference Proceedings, 4th International Conference
“Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering & Medical Devices”, 23-25th
September 2010, Sinaia, Romania, Ed. Printech, pp.205
[15] A.Ogodescu, A.Temelcea, A.Ogodescu, R.Stanciu, E.Bratu, Tooth Size
Discrepancies Among Romanian Children, European Journal of
Orthodontics, vol.31, nr.4, August 2009, e110
Issue 4, Volume 4, 2010
[16] K. Bootvong et al. “Virtual model analysis as an alternative approach to
plaster model analysis: reliability and validity”, European Journal of
Orthodontics, 32(2010) 589-595
[17] Alexandru Ogodescu, Cosmin Sinescu, Emilia Ogodescu, Meda
Negrutiu “Engineering and Biomechanics in the Orthodontic Treatment
of Periodontally Compromised Adult Patients”, Advances in
Manufacturing Engineering, Quality and Production Systems, Volume
I, WSEAS Press, 2009, pp.194-196
[18] A.E.Ogodescu, A.Ogodescu, C.Bratu, S.Dinu, R.Balan Dental Age in a
Sample of Romanian Children and Adolescents, European Journal of
Orthodontics, vol.31, nr.4, August 2009, e110
[19] A.E.Ogodescu, A.Ogodescu, M.Pacurar, M.Mesaros, E.Bratu,
Photographic Soft Tissue Profile Analysis of 7-year-old Romanian
Children, European Journal of Orthodontics, vol.31, nr.4, August 2009,
e110-111
[20] A. Ogodescu, Al. Ogodescu, K.Martha, S.Talpos, S.Mihali, M.Negrutiu,
C.Sinescu “The Cone Beam Computed Tomography in the
Interdisciplinary Management of Supernumerary Teeth”, Conference
Proceedings, 4th International Conference “Biomaterials, Tissue
Engineering & Medical Devices”, 23-25th September 2010, Sinaia,
Romania, Ed. Printech, pp.204
[21] L.Signorelli, T.Peltomaki, Dosimetry of Cone Beam Computed
Tomography in Comparison with Conventional Radiographs in
Orthodontics, Abstracts of the 85th Congress of the EOS, 2009, Helsinki
[22] Antonio Magni Cone Beam Computed Tomography and the
Orthodontic Office of the Future, Seminars in Orthodontics,Vol.15-1,
2009, pp.29-34
[23] Jon Menig The Denoptix System: Practical Digital Radiography for the
Orthodontist, The Orthodontic CyberJournal, 12, 1998
[24] Akihiko Nakasima et al. “Three-dimensional computer generated head
model reconstructed from cephalograms, facial photographs and dental
cast models”, AJO-DO, vol.127, issue 3, pp.282-292
[25] Alexandru Ogodescu, Invisalign: O noua tehnologie in tratamentul
orthodontic al adultilor, Cercetari Experimentale&Medico-
Chirurgicale, 10: 3, 2003, pp.261-263
[26] R. Komolpis, R A Johnson “Web-based orthodontic instruction and
assessment”, J Dent Educ, 66(5):650-658, 2001
[27] Alexandru Ogodescu “The interdisciplinary of modern orthodontics”,
PhD Thesis, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”,
Timisoara, Romania, 2006
Alexandru S. Ogodescu was born in Timisoara,
Romania on 02 February 1975. In 1993 he graduated
the “Grigore Moisil” Computer Science High School
in Timisoara, specializing in computers, getting the
degree of programmer. The thesis was about creation
of a computer program for managing a medical
database of patients. In 1999 he graduated the School
of Dentistry from the University of Medicine and
Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timisoara, Romania
obtaining the degree of doctor-medical doctor (DMD) in dentistry. After 3
years of postgraduate specialization (2000-2003) in the same University he
obtained the title of Specialist in Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics
and 5 years later the degree of medicus primarius in the same field. In 2006,
after another 3 years he obtained the degree of Specialist in General
Dentistry. In 2001 he graduated the postgraduate course about “Computer
Science for Dentists”. In 2006 he presented his PhD Thesis about “The
Interdisciplinary of Modern Orthodontics” and received the degree of PhD in
dental science. The author’s major fields of study are interdisciplinary
orthodontics, orthodontic treatment of adult patients, biomechanics, and
computer science in orthodontics, digital tools, and management of dental
surfaces during the orthodontic treatment.
He works now as Ass. Prof. in the Department of Paedodontics-
Orthodontics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”
Timisoara, Romania and also in his own private dental practice (1999-
present). In 2008 he published the first monograph about adult orthodontics
in Romania : “Tratamentul orthodontic la adult”, Timisoara, Romania,
Ed.Eubeea, 2008. He presented and published a lot of papers in the fields of
orthodontics and paedodontics and received awards in the field.
Dr. Ogodescu is member of the Romanian Society of Straight-Wire,
European Orthodontic Society, World Federation of Orthodontics,
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