cS
  

Inhalants are a broad range of drugs whose volatile vapors are taken in via the nose and trachea.
Inhalants are taken by volatilization, and do not include drugs that are inhaled after burning or heating.
Examples are amyl nitrite and toluene. An odor of paint or solvents on clothes, skin, and breath is sometimes a
sign of inhalant abuse, and paint or solvent residues can sometimes emerge in sweat.


 
The effects of solvent intoxication can vary widely depending on the dose and what type of solvent
or gas is inhaled. A person who has inhaled a small amount of rubber cement or paint thinner vapor may be
impaired in a manner resembling alcohol inebriation. A person, who has inhaled a larger quantity of solvents or
gases, or a stronger chemical, may experience stronger effects such as distortion in perceptions of time and
space, hallucinations, and emotional disturbances.

  
 
‡increased heart rate ‡hallucinations or delusions
‡losing feeling or consciousness ‡nausea and vomiting
‡loss of coordination ‡slurred speech
‡wheezing ‡glue sniffing around the nose & mouth

  
 
 ‡brain damage & muscle weakness ‡depression
 ‡headaches and nosebleeds ‡loss of sense of smell or hearing

S 
‡mood swings & exhaution ‡extreme anger, agitation, and irritability
‡loss of appetite ‡frequent vomiting
‡hallucinations and illusions ‡facial rashes and blisters
‡frequent nose running and coughing ‡dilated pupils & extremely bad breath


  

Several kinds of treatment are available for drug addiction; the two main categories are behavioral
(helping a person change behaviors) and pharmacological (treating a person with medication). Treatment for
inhalant addiction is primarily behavioral. An expert in drug treatment teaches people how to function without
drugs ³ handling cravings, avoiding situations that could lead to inhalant use, and preventing and handling
relapses.

  

^u    - are liquids that become a

gas at room temperature. Some examples
are paint thinners and removers, gasoline, ^  are some of the most prevalent
glues, and felt-tip marker fluids. inhalants in the home and include spray
paint, deodorant and hairsprays, vegetable
oil cooking sprays, and static cling sprays.

^Œ  - include medical gases (ether, nitrous

oxide) and household or commercial
products (butane lighters, propane tanks,
whipped cream dispensers that contain
nitrous oxide, and refrigerants).
^  - is used as an inhalant drug for its
intoxicating properties. It can cause severe
neurological harm.
^   - include cyclohexyl nitrite, amyl nitrite,
& butyl nitrite. They are called "poppers" or
"snappersµ and found in some room
deodorizers and capsules that release
vapors when opened.
cS  
Stimulants or psycho stimulants are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in
either mental or physical function or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness,
wakefulness, and locomotion, among others. Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality to them,
stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as
prescription medicines and as illicit substances of recreational use or abuse.


 
Stimulants (Analeptics) produce a variety of different kinds of effects by enhancing the activity of the
central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects, which vary depending on the substance in question,
may include enhanced alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, increased
arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the perception of a diminished requirement for food
and sleep. Many stimulants are also capable of improving mood and relieving anxiety, and some can even
induce feelings of euphoria. It should be noted, however, that many of these drugs are also capable of causing
anxiety and heart failure, even the ones that may paradoxically reduce it to a degree at the same time.


  

Treatment of addiction to prescription stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, is

based on behavioral therapies proven effective for treating cocaine or methamphetamine addiction. At this time,
there are no proven medications for the treatment of stimulant addiction. Antidepressants, however, may be
used to manage the symptoms of depression that can accompany early abstinence from stimulants.
Depending on the patient·s situation, the first step in treating prescription stimulant addiction may
be too slowly decrease the drug·s dose and attempt to treat withdrawal symptoms. This process of detoxification
could then be followed with one of many behavioral therapies. Contingency management, for example,
improves treatment outcomes by enabling patients to earn vouchers for drug-free urine tests; the vouchers can
be exchanged for items that promote healthy living. Cognitive-behavioral therapies, which teach patients skills to
recognize risky situations, avoid drug use, and cope more effectively with problems, are proving beneficial.
Recovery support groups may also be effective in conjunction with a behavioral therapy.
  

^  - is a mild stimulant compound that is ^‰ - is a psychoactive drug of the

found naturally in coffee, tea, and to a lesser tryptamine chemical class with stimulant
degree, in cocoa or chocolate. and aphrodisiac effects.

^ 
 - is the active chemical constituent in ^ S$ !S - These drugs inhibit the reuptake
tobacco, which is available in many forms, of norepinephrine and/or dopamine,
including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco resulting in increased extracellular levels and
and smoking cessation aids such as nicotine therefore enhanced neurotransmission,
patches and nicotine gum. ultimately producing a stimulant effect.

^!"

 ² Methylenedioxymethamphe- 

tamine is an illicit substance that typically
^   - is a drug approved for
comes in either tablet, capsule, powder or
treatment of ADHD, postural orthostatic
crystal form.
tachycardia syndrome, and narcolepsy.


^%$ - Modafinil
^#  - increase alertness without the
is an analeptic drug for the treatment of
periphera (body)l effects or tolerance/abuse
narcolepsy, ADHD, shift work sleep disorder,
potential of the traditional stimulants. They
and apnea. Adrafinil is the prodrug of
have minimal effect on sleep structure, and
Modafinil. Armodafinil is a new version of
do not cause rebound hypersomnolence.
Modafinil.
c&
S 

It is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and
focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize
into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat, Desoxyn, ProCentra, and Vyvanse, as well as
Benzedrine in the past. The drug is also used recreationally and as a performance enhancer. Recreational users of
amphetamine have coined numerous street names for amphetamine, such as "speed. The name amphetamine is
derived from its chemical name alpha-methylphenethylamine.


 
Physical effects of dextroamphetamine can include anorexia, hyperactivity, dilated pupils, blood shot
eyes, flushing, restlessness, dry mouth, bruxism, headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypertension,
hypotension, fever, diaphoresis, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, aphasia, dizziness, twitching, insomnia,
numbness, palpitations, arrhythmias, tremors, dry and/or itchy skin, acne, pallor, convulsions, and with chronic
and high doses, seizure, stroke, coma, heart attack and death can occur. There is also significant research which
highlights the possible neurotoxic effects of amphetamine on the dopaminergic system, even in clinical doses.
Psychological effects can include euphoria, anxiety, increased libido, alertness, concentration, energy,
self-esteem, self-confidence, sociability, irritability, aggression, psychosomatic disorders, psychomotor agitation,
and grandiosity, excessive feelings of power and superiority, repetitive and obsessive behaviors, paranoia, and
with chronic and/or high doses, amphetamine psychosis can occur. Withdrawal symptoms of amphetamine
primarily consist of mental fatigue, mental depression and an increased appetite.
 c S 

î



  is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the
coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a
stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic. It is a serotonin²
norepinephrine²dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which mediates functionality of these neurotransmitters as an
exogenous catecholamine transporter ligand.

 Cocaine usually makes the user feel euphoric and energetic, but also increases body temperature,
blood pressure, and heart rate. Users risk heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, abdominal pain,
and nausea. In rare cases, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly afterwards.
With excessive or prolonged use, the drug can cause itching, tachycardia, hallucinations, and paranoid
delusions. Overdoses cause tachyarrhythmias and a marked elevation of blood pressure. These can be life-
threatening, especially if the user has existing cardiac problems.

'
 

a.Salts
Cocaine, like many alkaloids can form many different salts, such as hydrochloride (HCl) and sulfate (-
SO4). Different salts have different solvency in solvents. Its hydrochloride, like many alkaloid hydrochloride
is polar and is soluble in water.

b.BasicMain
It is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water
whereas hydrochloride salt is water soluble. Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of
releasing methylecgonidine into the user's system due to the pyrolysis of the substance (a side effect
which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create).

cSTIMULANTS

Description: Stimulants or psycho stimulants are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements
in either mental or physical function or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced
alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others. Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality
 to them, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". Stimulants are widely used throughout
the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances of recreational use or abuse.
Effects: Stimulants (Analeptics) produce a variety of different kinds of effects by enhancing the activity of the
central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects, which vary depending on the substance in
question, may include enhanced alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and
motivation, increased arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the perception of a
diminished requirement for food and sleep.
Many stimulants are also capable of improving mood and relieving anxiety, and some can even induce
feelings of euphoria. It should be noted, however, that many of these drugs are also capable of causing
anxiety and heart failure, even the ones that may paradoxically reduce it to a
degree at the same time.