2009 COMPATIBILITY AND POWER ELECTRONICS
86
Quality Meter of Electric Power Systems based
on IEEE Standard 1459-2000
M. I. Milanés, V. Miñambres, E. Romero, F. Barrero
Power Electrical & Electronic Systems (PE&ES), School of Industrial Engineering. University of Extremadura. Badajoz, Spain
Abstract--This paper proposes a new method with a new
platform for the measurement of the electric power quantities
defined in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 for single-phase, three-
phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire power systems. The
method consists on the implementation of a SIMULINK
algorithm based on the real time domain, which obtains the
fundamental positive sequence magnitudes to solve the problem.
The platform selected was an embedded PC (Target) that runs the
code in the MATLAB xPCTarget environment, with a PCI data
acquisition card, which takes the samples of the current and
voltage sensors. It can be controlled and monitored by any other
PC (Host) via TCP/IP with a COM application installed,
specifically created with VISUAL BASIC. The hardware and
software unity creates a power quality analyzer called QUAME
(QUAlity MEter). Experimental tests and results in a low voltage
distribution grid are included to test the platform performance.
Index Terms--Harmonic distortion, power measurements,
power quality, rapid prototyping, real time systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
P OWER flow in single-phase and three-phase systems with
sinusoidal and balanced voltages and currents is a subject
universally accepted [1]. However, the increase of nonlinear
devices connected to the grid in the last years, and the
distortion in the voltage waveform in the generation and
distribution systems, produce the injection of harmonic and
unbalanced currents that must be taken into account, in
addition to the quality of the supply voltage [2]. These involves
new approaches for the power flow for each customer, and all
the electrical companies will be interested in updating their
invoicing criteria for the electric energy, because nowadays
standards only penalizes reactive energy consumption.
IEEE Standard 1459-2000 [3] represents the unique
reference generally accepted to measure the electric power in
non-ideal environments [4][5]. It suggests a set of definitions
for electric power measurements under any conditions for
single and three-phase systems which are calculated based on
the fundamental positive sequence voltage and current, but it
does not explain the method to extract these quantities.
Therefore, it is necessary to design measuring devices that will
be able to separate the fundamental positive sequence
component from the rest in three-phase systems, and the
fundamental one for single phase systems, in such a way that
time consuming calculations allow to measure any considered
variation to fill this hole of the market.
Generally, the frequency domain based methods like the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) [6][7] have been used. Studies with
the Sliding window Discrete Fourier Transform have been
978-1-4244-2856-4/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE
CPE2009 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP
developed too [6]. However, these methods require a wide
observation window and high computing resources. The
alternative is the time domain based methods that use the
Clarke-Park transformations [8][9][10].
Regarding to the electronic platform, there are some
possibilities to execute the algorithm. The dSpace kit provides
rapid prototyping but it is expensive [8], the DSP based
platforms are cheaper but they require more programming
knowledge [7], the inclusion of a FPGA is another possibility
[6], and finally, it is the xPCTarget, which is a solution among
the others, because it is not too expensive and the programming
sequence is easier.
This paper focuses on the study of the electric power
measurement under disturbed conditions and the design of an
instrument based on a rapid prototyping system. Firstly, the
study of the power terms defined in the IEEE 1459-2000 and
the new time domain way to calculate them created by the
authors will be shown. Then, the development of the new rapid
prototyping platform based on xPCTarget with a friendly
interface included will be discussed. Finally, the performance
will be analyzed by experimental tests.
II. IEEE 1459-2000 DEFINITIONS AND RATIOS
The IEEE 1459-2000 suggests several ratios to measure the
power flow. At first instance, it defines the traditional billing
quantities by using the fundamental components of the
measured magnitudes. Then, with the non-fundamental values
left, the harmonic pollution and unbalanced factors can be
calculated.
A. Single-phase systems
In single phase systems the calculation of the root mean
square (RMS) fundamental voltage U1 and current I1 is based
on the extraction of the instantaneous fundamental components
from the instantaneous measured values of the voltage u and
current i. By getting the RMS fundamental magnitudes, the
harmonic ones, UH and IH, can be obtained, since
U 2 = U12 + U H2 and I 2 = I12 + I H2 , where U and I are the RMS
values of u and i, respectively.
The apparent power S is expressed as:
S 2 = (UI ) 2 = S12 + S N2 , (1)
where S1 and SN are the fundamental and non-fundamental
apparent power, respectively.
The former term is equal to
S12 = (U1 I1 ) 2 , (2)
and the latter one consists in another three components that
POWER QUALITY, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 87

evaluate the harmonic pollution: the current distortion power

DI, the voltage distortion power DU, and the harmonic apparent u(t ), i(t )
power SH , resulting:
S N2 = DI2 + DU2 + S H2 = (U1 ⋅ I H ) 2 + (U H ⋅ I1 ) 2 + (U H ⋅ I H ) 2 . (3)
The active power P can be calculated as the mean value of
the product of the instantaneous voltage and current.
u1(t ), i1(t )
Afterwards, the non-active power is defined as:
N 2 = S 2 − P2 . (4) U I U 1 I 1 ϕ1 P
Other ratios are the total harmonic distortion of voltage
THDU and current THDI:
U I
THDU = H , THDI = H . (5)
U1 I1 S = UI ; N = S2 − P2
Finally, the best ratio to measure the harmonic level on the IH I 2 − I 12 U U 2 − U 12
S THDI = = ; THDU = H =
grid is N which is called load harmonic factor. I1 I1 U1 U1
S1
SN = S 2 − (U 1I 1 )2 ; S H = U H I H
B. Three-phase systems P1 = U 1I 1 cos ϕ1 ; PH = P 2 − P12
In three phase four wire systems, the ratios are calculated Q1 = U 1I 1 ⋅ sen ϕ1
using the RMS effective voltage Ue, and RMS effective current P
Ie, obtained from the RMS values of the measured PF = ; DPF = cos ϕ1
S
instantaneous line-to-neutral and line-to-line voltages u(a,b,c),
and currents i(a,b,c,n):
1 ⎡
Ue =
18 ⎣
( )
3 U a2 + U b2 + U c2 + U ab2 + U bc2 + U ca2 ⎤
⎦
. (6) SN
I a2 + I b2 + I c2 + I n2 S1
Ie =
3 Fig. 1. Single-phase calculations based on IEEE 1459-2000.
In the same way, it is defined the effective apparent power Se
as:
Se = 3 ⋅ U e ⋅ I e . (7) u ( a, b, c ) , i ( a, b, c, n )
Following a similar approach as in single phase systems, but
using effective magnitudes, it is possible to calculate the load
S
harmonic factor eN .
S e1
In addition, to value the imbalance in three phase systems, a u1+(a, b, c ) , i1+(a, b, c, n )
new ratio must be defined. The fundamental effective apparent
Ue I e Ue1 I e1 U 1+ I 1+ ϕ1+ P
power is divided into the positive-sequence fundamental
apparent power S1+, and the unbalanced fundamental apparent
power Su1, as follows:
Se21 = S1+ 2 + Su21 . (8) Se = 3Ue I e ; N = Se2 − P 2
This expression forces to calculate the RMS positive IeH Ie2 − Ie21 UeH Ue2 − Ue21
THDI = = ; THDU = =
sequence fundamental voltage U1+ and current I1+. e
Ie1 Ie1 e
Ue1 Ue1
S Se1 = 3Ue1Ie1 ; SeN = Se2 − Se21 ; SeH = 3UeH IeH
The ratio to measure the unbalanced pollution is u1 + and
S1 S1+ = 3U 1+I 1+ ; P1+ = 3U 1+I 1+ cos ϕ1+ ; Q1+ = 3U 1+I 1+ sen ϕ1+
is called load unbalanced factor. Su1 = Se21 − S1+2
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the way to obtain the pollution factors P
PF = ; DPF = cos ϕ1+
in single-phase and three-phase systems, respectively. In these Se
figures the expressions to calculate the total power factor PF,
the displacement power factor DPF, and the fundamental
reactive power Q1, are also displayed. The angle between
voltage and current is denoted by φ. The prefix “1” specifies
the fundamental component while in three phase systems the SeN Su 1
super index “+” implies positive sequence and the prefix “e” Se1 S1+
an effective value. Fig. 2. Three-phase calculations based on IEEE 1459-2000.
 2009 COMPATIBILITY AND POWER ELECTRONICS
88 CPE2009 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP

In order to measure the quantities exposed above a rapid

prototyping meter is developed.

III. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE

The measurement technique used in this work is based on an
ASRF (Autoadjustable Synchronous Reference Frame) [11] for
three phase systems, whose block diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
The ASRF model obtains the three-phase positive sequence
fundamental component x1+(a,b,c) of the three-phase input Fig. 3. Block diagram of the ASRF.
magnitude x(a,b,c). The homopolar component x0, and the
angle of the positive-sequence fundamental space vector, θ, are
outputted too. The input is transformed from a-b-c to 0-d-q
coordinates using the Park transformation matrix Park. A
modified phase locked loop system detailed in [11] is used to
extract the angle θ. When the ASRF has autoadjusted, the d
Fig. 4. Block diagram of the single-phase ASRF (ASRF_1).
axis of the reference frame is synchronized with the positive-
sequence fundamental vector. It means that the q and 0 SRF
components of the positive-sequence fundamental vector are 0
null and the d component will have a constant value (the yn+(a,b,c)
yd yd Park-1
modulus of the vector). Following this approach, the direct LPF
y(a,b,c) Park yq yq 0-d-q a-b-c
component xd is filtered using a second order Butterworth low LPF
φn+
( )
a-b-c 0-d-q
pass filter (LPF), and an inverse Park transformation matrix y0
atg yq

Park-1 is used to obtain the a-b-c coordinates of the output

from its 0-d-q coordinates.
The cut-off frequency for the LPF is a compromise between
the speed response and the filtering quality, that is, the steady
state error. Giving priority to the last one, the cut off frequency
was set to 13 Hz. A Recursive Averaging Algorithm (RAA) can
be used for filtering too [9]
In single phase systems the scheme is the same, but input
values regarding to two phases are null and the output
corresponding to the phase not null must be multiplied by three
[11]. The single-phase ASRF (ASRF_1) is displayed in Fig. 4.
Once the positive-sequence fundamental angle is obtained
from the ASRF, it is possible to extract the positive or negative
sequence harmonic component of a signal using a Synchronous
Reference Frame (SRF) [12]. The block diagram of a SRF to
recover the n-th component yn, of a signal y, is shown in Fig. 5.
It is based on the idea that vectors rotating at the same velocity
as the SRF, will have constant components over the d and q
axis. The angle used in the Park transformations is the angle θ
obtained from the ASRF multiplied by an integer n
corresponding to the order of the harmonic component to take
out. One can notice that when n equals 1, the fundamental
positive-sequence vector is extracted, and negative values of n
are used to extract negative-sequence harmonic components.
The angle and homopolar component of the harmonic vector
are also outputted.
The SRF for single-phase systems (SRF_1), shown in Fig. 6,
follows the same philosophy of the single-phase ASRF.
With the defined blocks a measurement technique is
described to get the ratios of the IEEE Standard 1459-2000.
yd
n y0
Fig. 5. Block diagram of the SRF.
Fig. 6. Block diagram of the single-phase SRF (SRF_1).
A. Single phase systems
Starting from measuring the instantaneous voltage u(t) and
current i(t), their fundamental components u1(t) and i1(t) can be
obtained by using the ASRF_1 with x = u(t) and the single-
phase SRF_1 with y = i(t) and n = 1.
The fundamental and entering RMS values are calculated by
squaring them and applying a second order Butterworth low
pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 10 Hz. Then, the square
root gives the RMS value. The harmonic RMS magnitudes are
obtained by subtracting the fundamental to the entering ones.
The active power P is calculated as the mean value of the
instantaneous power p, which is obtained multiplying the
voltage u(t) by the current i(t). A second order Butterworth low
pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 10 Hz is also used to
work out the mean value.
The apparent power can be calculated using (1) to get the
power ratios defined by the IEEE 1459-2000, exposed in
Section II.A. The developed quality measurement technique for
single-phase systems has been called QUAME_1 (see Fig. 7).
POWER QUALITY, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
B. Three phase systems
The method is similar to the previous case. After measuring
u(a,b,c) and i(a,b,c), the ASRF (see Fig. 3) gives the positive-
sequence fundamental three-phase voltage with
x(a,b,c) = u(a,b,c), so it is necessary to get the negative-
sequence fundamental and the homopolar fundamental to
calculate the total fundamental voltage by adding them. The
first one is calculated by introducing
y(a,b,c) = u(a,b,c) and n = -1 in the SRF block (see Fig. 5), and
the second one with y(a,b,c) = u0 and n = 1 in the SRF_1 (see
Fig. 6).
The positive sequence current is calculated with the
parameters y(a,b,c) = i(a,b,c) and n = 1 in a SRF. Again the
negative sequence and the homopolar fundamental are obtained
to get the fundamental current in the same way as the voltage.
By taking all these values, the RMS ones are calculated as
the single-phase to obtain the effective value by (6).
As in single-phase systems the active power P is calculated
as the mean value of the instantaneous power p. In three-phase
systems the instantaneous power is obtained by means of the
scalar product between the voltage space vector u = u(a,b,c)
and the current space vector i = i(a,b,c). A second order
Butterworth low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 10 Hz is
also used to obtain the mean value.
Finally, to calculate the harmonic values, one has to subtract
the effective signals obtained from the measured values and the
effective fundamental ones.
The power ratios defined by the IEEE 1459-2000 can be got
using the expressions detailed in Section II.B, so a quality
measurement technique for three-phase systems has been
developed. It is called QUAME_3 and it is shown in Fig. 8.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE QUALITY METER
To implement the measurement techniques discussed in the
previous section, a fast prototyping platform was needed. The
development platform selected was xPCTarget, which is a
software package included in the MATLAB toolbox. It allows
programming the algorithm by blocks using SIMULINK, and
then testing it with the platform in a fast way.
A. Hardware Overview
xPCTarget works with two x86 based platforms [13]. One of
them, the Host, runs MATLAB to design the algorithm in
SIMULINK, compile it, and program, control and monitor the
second one. This one is the Target and it is the code-run
platform. They are connected via Ethernet, so the control of the
measurement platform could be done remotely.
The prior objective to select the Target is the embedded PC
feature to take a low space meter but with PCI slots, and then a
powerful processor to execute the code. The system selected
was the panel PC PPC-154T from Advantech with the
properties showed in Table I.
The sensors of the platform must be implemented by a Data
Acquisition (DAQ) circuit with xPCTarget compatibility. This
is the reason why a PCI slot is needed. The characteristics of
89
the selected DAQ, the PCI 6071E from National Instruments,
are shown in Table II.
With this hardware, the seven necessary magnitudes for the
three-phase quality meter (3 voltages and 4 currents) can be
measured assuring a sample rate of 178 kS s multiplexed per
channel with an average precision which is over 20 kHz (limit
of the CPU), so it is acceptable.
Finally, to isolate and adapt the measured signals to the
analog inputs of the DAQ, all the sensors have a reduction
factor. The voltage sensors are Hall effect based, and the
currents ones are Rogowski effect based.
B. Software Overview
Once the block scheme is designed in SIMULINK to get a
mdl file, it is compiled with the xpctarget parameter in the
compiler mode of the Real Time Workshop to obtain the code
which will run in the Target PC. The generated file gets a dlm
extension with the same name of the model. In our case there
are two models QUAME_1 for single-phase and QUAME_3 for
three-phase systems. A third party compiler like Visual C is
needed. Both codes calculate the IEEE 1459-2000 ratios and
can store them in files of no more than 4GB, which is a limit of
the FAT32 format.
The Target works with his own operative system (OS) based
on xPCTarget. In MATLAB there is an application called
xpcexplorer which affords to create that OS in a diskette by
writing the Ethernet properties of our system: Host IP, Target
IP, subnet mask, port and driver of the Target Ethernet card.
With the xpcexplorer, the dlm code is selected to program
the Target, and then monitor the signals and control the
parameters used in the mdl. However, this means that
MATLAB must be installed in the Host. To avoid it, a friendly
application was developed by using the COM possibilities of
the xPCTarget [13]. The final aspect of this application called
QUAME can be visualized in Fig. 9 after its design in VISUAL
BASIC.
TABLE. I. TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PANEL PPC-154T.
THE TARGET CORE.
Display TFT 15”
Processor Intel Pentium Celeron 4 2.8GHz
Memory 1 GB DDR SDRAM
Hard Disk 40 GB
Expansion 2 PCI Slots, Ethernet 10/100
TABLE. II. TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DAQ PCI 6071E.
THE TARGET SENSOR.
Analog Inputs 64 single, 32 differential
Sample Rate 1.25 MS/s Multiplexed
Precision 12 Bits
 2009 COMPATIBILITY AND POWER ELECTRONICS
90 CPE2009 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP

SN
S1

Fig. 7. Block diagram of the single-phase QUAME (QUAME_1).

SeN
Se1

Su1
S1+

Fig. 8. Block diagram of the three-phase QUAME (QUAME_3).

The QUAME application allows to select the Target PC by

its IP, and then, after loading the code of the system that is
being measured (single or three-phase (3 or 4 wires)), the code
could be ran or stopped. While it is running, it is monitoring
the respective signals and ratios calculated by the Target. The
frequency of the running code can be selected too.
The application was programmed with the capability of
being closed and checking the status when reopened, so the
Host can be leaved keeping the Target running, option not
available in xpcexplorer. This allows keeping the Target
storing data and shut down the Host, and then, when it
reconnects, it analyzes that data.
The process in the creation of the QUAME application is
summarized in Fig. 10.
Finally, the application is packed with VISUAL BASIC
again and the installation in another Host PC is automatic by Fig. 9. QUAME application.
executing the setup. The whole packet (hardware and software)
creates a device to measure the power quality called QUAME
(QUAlity MEter).
POWER QUALITY, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 91

Fig. 10. Flow-chart to get the QUAME application.

V. MEASUREMENT RESULTS
Firstly, the whole system was tested and calibrated in
laboratory by using the HP 6834B programmable AC power
source, and some resistances, inductances and active loads. The
whole system is presented in Fig. 11.
Experimental results obtained by the meter in a single-phase
system, with fundamental voltage of 230 V and 23% of 5th Fig. 11. QUAME platform in lab tests.
harmonic, when supplying a resistive load of 100 Ω, is
displayed in Fig. 12. This figure is a photograph of the data
obtained on the screen of the meter (target). One can observe
that the PF and DPF are unity, since the load is resistive, with
a non null value of the load harmonic factor due to the
harmonics in the voltage and current.
Fig. 13 presents the screen of the QUAME in case of a
sinusoidal and balanced three-phase system with fundamental
line-to-line voltage of 380 V, and a distorted and balanced load
due to a three-phase controlled rectifier supplying a resistive-
inductive load with parameters RL = 100 Ω y LL = 0.53 H.
From this figure one can notice FP < DPF < 1 and the load
harmonic factor is very high due to the great value of THDI in
the load current.
Finally, Fig. 14 shows the screen of the meter in case of
balanced resistive three-phase load (RL = 100 Ω) under Fig. 12. Experimental test under a distorted single-phase system with resistive
unbalanced voltages due to negative-sequence fundamental load.
component (positive-sequence fundamental line-to-line voltage
380 V). As the homopolar component of the voltage is null,
there is no current flowing through the neutral conductor. Since
the load is resistive, the PF and DPF are unity. The load
unbalanced factor is not null, due to the negative-sequence
fundamental components in voltage and current.
After assuring the proper operation of the meter, it was
placed in a real facility, the transformation center of the School
of Industrial Engineering in the University of Extremadura
(See Fig. 15).
The maximum sample rate reached was 18 kHz, and the
precision of the QUAME platform was compared with a market
solution power quality analyzer, ANALYST 3Q, resulting
similar values for the magnitudes measured by both devices.
Beside, QUAME offers the possibility of calculating the terms
and ratios proposed in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 in Fig. 13. Experimental test under a sinusoidal and balanced three-phase system
addition to recording all the data. with distorted and balanced load.

92
Fig. 14. Experimental test under a sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase
system with resistive load.
Fig. 15. QUAME Platform tested in real environments.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
An instrument to measure the power quality in single-phase
and three-phase systems according to the IEEE Standard 1459-
2000 has been developed. The device employs a real time
domain measurement technique based on the fast prototyping
environment xPC Target. Additional advantages of the
designed meter are the capabilities of being controlled
remotely and the inclusion of a COM application to control the
platform in a friendly way. The performance of the quality
meter has been tested experimentally to calculate the new
Standard ratios and compared with another power quality
analyzer on the market, with regards to usual power
measurements.
2009 COMPATIBILITY AND POWER ELECTRONICS
CPE2009 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP
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