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7.1
For each of the following, find the derivative of y with respect to x.
(a) y 6 + 3y − 2x − 7x3 = 0
√
(b) ey + 2xy = 3
(c) y = xcos x
Detailed Solution:
(a)
d 6 d
(y + 3y − 2x − 7x3 ) = (0)
dx dx
dy dy
6y 5 +3 − 2 − 21x2 = 0
dx dx
dy
(6y 5 + 3) = 21x2 + 2
dx
dy 21x2 + 2
=
dx 6y 5 + 3
(b)
d y d √
(e + 2xy) = ( 3)
dx dx
dy dy
ey + (2y + 2x ) = 0
dx dx
dy
(ey + 2x) = −2y
dx
dy 2y
= −
dx ey + 2x
(c) First take the logarithm of both sides: ln y = ln(xcos x ) = (cos x)(ln x), then differentiate both
sides with respect to x.
d d
(ln y) = (cos x · ln x)
dx dx
1 dy 1
= − sin x · ln x + cos x ·
y dx x
dy cos x
= y − sin x · ln x +
dx x
cos x
cos x
= x − sin x · ln x +
x
7.2
Consider the growth of a cell, assumed spherical in shape. Suppose that the radius of the cell
increases at a constant rate per unit time. (Call the constant k, and assume that k > 0.)
(a) At what rate would the volume, V , increase ?
(b) At what rate would the surface area, S, increase ?
(c) At what rate would the ratio of surface area to volume S/V change? Would this ratio increase
or decrease as the cell grows? [Remark: note that the answers you give will be expressed in
terms of the radius of the cell.]
Detailed Solution:
We are given the information that
dr
= k.
dt
(a) For the volume:
4
V = πr 3
3
dV 4π d(r 3 ) 4π 2 dr
= = 3r = 4πr 2 k.
dt 3 dt 3 dt
(b) For the surface area:
S = 4πr 2
dS d dr
= (4πr 2) = 4π(2r) = 8πrk.
dt dt dt
(c)
S 4πr 2 3
= =
V (4/3)πr 3 r
Thus
d S d 3 3 dr 3k
= =− 2 =− 2.
dt V dt r r dt r
The derivative is negative so that the ratio of surface area to volume is decreasing as the cell
grows.
Detailed Solution:
The area of the colony is A = πr 2 and dr/dt = C.
(a) dA/dt = π(2r)dr/dt = 2πrC.
(b) M = αA so dM/dt = αdA/dt = α2πrC.
Detailed Solution:
We have the volume of the cylinder
V = πr 2 l
and
l = Cr
so that
V = πr 2 (Cr) = Cπr 3 .
The mass of the limb is volume times density so M = 1V = Cπr 3 . Thus
dM dr
= Cπ(3r 2 ) = Cπ(3r 2 )a.
dt dt
7.5
A rectangular trough is 2 meter long, 0.5 meter across the top and 1 meter deep. At what rate
must water be poured into the trough such that the depth of the water is increasing at 1 m/min
when the depth of the water is 0.7 m?
Detailed Solution:
See Figure 7.1. Let x and y be the dimensions of the base of the trough, and z be the depth of the
water in the trough. Then the volume of water in the trough V = xyz. x, y are constants and z is
dz
a function of time t. = 1.
dt
dV dz
= xy = (2)(0.5)(1) = 1 m3 /min
dt dt
x
z
y
7.6
Gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the rate of 3 cm3 /s.
(a) How fast is the radius increasing when the radius is 15 cm?
(b) Without using the result from (a), find the rate at which the surface area of the balloon is
increasing when the radius is 15 cm.
Detailed Solution:
At time t the sphere has radius r, volume V = 34 πr 3 , and surface area S = 4πr 2 .
(a)
4 3
V = πr
3
dV dr
= 4πr 2 ·
dt dt
dV
dr dt
=
dt 4πr 2
3
=
4π · (15)2
1
= cm/s
300π
(b)
S = 4πr 2
dS dr
= 8πr ·
dt dt
dS 2 dV
= ·
dt r dt
dS 2
= · (3)
dt 15
2
= cm2 /s
5
7.7
1
A point moves along the parabola y = x2 in such a way that at x = 2 the x-coordinate is increasing
4
at the rate of 5 cm/s. Find the rate of change of y at this instant.
Detailed Solution:
1
y = x2
4
dy 1 dx 1
= x· = (2) (5) = 5 cm/s
dt 2 dt 2
P V = nRT
where n, R are positive constants.
(a) Suppose that the pressure is kept fixed, by allowing the gas to expand as the temperature is
increased. Relate the rate of change of volume to the rate of change of temperature.
(b) Suppose that the temperature is held fixed and the pressure is decreased gradually. Relate
the rate of change of the volume to the rate of change of pressure.
Detailed Solution:
(a) If P is constant, we can rewrite the relationship in the form
nR
V (t) = T (t) = kT (t)
P
where k = nR/P is a constant. Then
dV dT nR dT
=k = .
dt dt P dt
nRT C
V (t) = = .
P (t) P (t)
Detailed Solution:
According to Skellam, if we put
f (t) = A(t)1/2 ,
where A(t) is the occupied area, then
f 0 (t) = k.
If we make the simplifying assumption that the areas of expansion are circular, we can use the fact
that the area of a circle, where both A(t) and r(t) are functions of time t, is
A(t) = πr(t)2
7.10
A spherical piece of ice melts so that its surface area decreases at a rate of 1 cm2 /min. Find the
rate that the diameter decreases when the diameter is 5 cm.
Detailed Solution:
Let r = r(t) be the radius at time t and D(t) = 2r(t) the diameter. Then the surface area is
S = 4πr 2 = πD 2
and so
dS dD
= 2πD .
dt dt
dS
But dt
= −1 and therefore
dD 1
=− .
dt 2πD
When D = 5 we have
dD 1
=− .
dt 10π
Detailed Solution:
We can use the relationship
1 1 1
= +
10 p q
to solve for q:
1 1 1 p − 10
= − =
q 10 p 10p
10p
q= .
p − 10
(The focal length of the lens is constant, but the other two quantities are changing and depend on
t.) Differentiating each side with respect to t:
dq 10p0 (t)(p − 10) − p0 (t)(10p) 100p0(t)
= = − .
dt (p − 10)2 (p − 10)2
We now use the fact that p(t) = 30, p0 (t) = −4, at the given instant. Then
dq
= 400/202 = 1.
dt
Therefore the image is moving toward the lens at 1 cm/sec.
Detailed Solution:
See Figure 7.2. Let r be the radius of the top surface of the water and h the height of the water in
the conical cup at a given time. Then the volume of water is given by
V = (π/3)r 2h
and we are given that
dV cm3
= −1 .
dt min
We want to find dhdt
when r = 6 cm and h = 8 cm. First we need an expression that relates r to h.
In the cone, the proportions of base radius to height are 6 to 8. The water always forms a conical
shape and so, by similar triangles,
r 6 6h
= ⇒r= .
h 8 8
Substituting this into the volume equation, we get:
π 36h2 π3h3
V = h= .
3 64 16
To solve the problem, we now differentiate the volume:
dV 3π d(h3 ) 3π 2 dh
= = 3h .
dt 16 dt 16 dt
and isolate dh
dt
:
dh 16 1 dV
= .
dt 9π h2 dt
Substituting in our values for dV
dt
and h gives:
dh 16 −1
= (−1) = ≈ 0.00884 cm/min.
dt 576π 36π
r
8
h
water
Detailed Solution:
If V (t) is the volume of water in the tank at time t, then
dV 1
=k− .
dt 10
But we also know that (by similar triangles) h/r = 6/2 = 3 so r = h/3 and
1 πh3
V = πr 2 h = ,
3 27
where r is the radius of the water and h is the height. Therefore
dV πh2 dh 4π
= × =
dt 9 dt 45
dh 1 dV
when h = 2 and dt
= 5 . Plugging this into our original expression relating dt
and k, it follows that
1 4π
k= + ≈ 0.379.
10 45
Detailed Solution:
Let V (t) denote the volume of gravel at time t. Then
1 πh3
V = πr 2 h =
3 12
since d = h, or simply r = h/2. Therefore
dV πh2 dh
= .
dt 4 dt
But we know that
dV
= 30,
dt
and therefore when h = 10 we get
dh 4 dV 120 6
= = = ≈ 0.38 f t/min.
dt πh2 dt 100π 5π
Detailed Solution:
We would like to find h0 (t) at that point in time at which h(t) = 5m. (h0 (t) will be in m/min). We
know that V 0 (t) = 10 for all t, and that
π π
V (t) = r(t)2 h(t) = h(t)3 ,
3 3
since r(t) = h(t) for all t. Using the chain rule, we get
10 2
h0 (5) = = ≈ 0.1273 m/min.
π25 5π
7.16
Water is flowing into a conical reservoir at a rate of 4 m3 /min. The reservoir is 3 m in radius and
12 m deep.
(a) How fast is the radius of the water surface increasing when the depth of the water is 8 m?
(b) In (a), how fast is the surface rising?
Detailed Solution:
(a) V = 13 πr 2 h. See Figure 7.3, the radius of the water surface is related to the water depth by
r 3 1 4
= ⇒ h = 4r. So V = πr 2 (4r) = πr 3 . When h = 8, r = 2.
h 12 3 3
3m
3m
r
12 m 12 m
h h
dV dr
= 4πr 2
dt dt
dV
dr dt
=
dt 4πr 2
4
=
4π(2)2
1
= m/min
4π
dh dr dh 1 1
(b) h = 4r, so =4 . =4 = m/min.
dt dt dt 4π π
7.17
A ladder 10 meters long leans against a vertical wall. The foot of the ladder starts to slide away
from the wall at a rate of 3 m/s.
(a) Find the rate at which the top of the ladder is moving downward when its foot is 8 meters
away from the wall.
(b) In (a), find the rate of change of the slope of the ladder.
Detailed Solution:
Let x be the distance between the foot of the ladder and the foot of the wall and y be the distance
between the foot of the wall and the top of the ladder. See Figure 7.4.
10 m
y
3 m/s
√
(a) x, y and the length of the ladder satisfies x2 + y 2 = 102 = 100. When x = 8, y = 100 − 82 =
6. Differentiate both sides of x2 + y 2 = 100 with respect to t:
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dt dt
dy −2x dxdt
=
dt 2y
−x dx
dt
=
y
−8(3)
=
6
= −4 m/s
y ds
(b) Slope s = . Rate of change of slope is .
x dt
dy
dS dt
· x − y · dx
dt
=
dt x2
(−4)(8) − 6(3)
=
82
25
= − per sec
32
Detailed Solution:
This is similar to problem 7.18. We relate the length of the ladder with its distance along the wall
and the ground using Pythagoras: x2 + y 2 = 25. We differentiate this equation with respect to t:
dx dy dy x dx
2x + 2y = 0 =⇒ =− .
dt dt dt y dt
But we have dx = 1/2 and x = 1. We can find y by plugging x = 1 into the equation x2 + y 2 =
dt √ √
25 ⇒ 1 + y 2 = 25 ⇒ y = 24 = 2 6. We substitute these values into dy
dt
= − xy dx
dt
to get:
−x −1
dy/dt = = √ .
2y 4 6
7.19
Ecologists are often interested in the relationship between the area of a region (A) and the number
of different species S that can inhabit that region. Hopkins (1955) suggested a relationship of the
form
S = a ln(1 + bA)
where a and b are positive constants. Find the rate of change of the number of species with respect
to the area. Does this function have a maximum?
Detailed Solution:
Using the chain rule we find that
dS ab
= .
dA 1 + bA
This derivative is never zero, which means that there are no local maxima. The larger the area, the
greater the number of species that would inhabit it according to this formula.
H h
h1 1
l1 l2
Detailed Solution:
Let h1 (t) be the height of the candle flame at time t, let y(t) be the length of the shadow at time
t, and let L = l1 + l2 . Then L is constant. Also we will define h2 = H − h1 . Note that h1 = h1 (t)
is changing with time and so is h2 .
Looking at the geometry shown in Figure 7.5 above the dotted line, we see similar triangles
having side lengths L, (y − h1 ), and h2 , l1 , Thus, by similar triangles,
y − h1 h2 H − h1
= = .
L l1 l1
The height of the shadow is therefore
H − h1 (t) h1 (t)
y(t) = L +
l1 L
Simplifying leads to
dy dh1 1 1
= L − + .
dt dt l1 L
Using dh1 /dt = −3 leads to
dy 1 1
= −3(l1 + l2 ) − + .
dt l1 (l1 + l2 )
7.21
Use implicit differentiation to show that the derivative of the function
y = x1/3
is
y 0 = (1/3)x−2/3 .
First write the relationship in the form y 3 = x, and then find dy/dx.
Detailed Solution:
Rewrite the equation in the form
y3 = x
and then differentiate both sides with respect to x :
3y 2y 0 = 1.
y = f (x) = xn/m
where m and n are integers. (Hint: rewrite the equation in the form y m = xn first.)
√
(b) Use your result to derive the formulas for the derivatives of the functions y = x and y =
x−1/3 .
Detailed Solution:
(a) Since y = f (x) = xn/m , we have y m = xn . So d(y m)/dx = d(xn )/dx = nxn−1 . Using the chain
rule,
dy m dy m dy dy
= = my m−1
dx dy dx dx
Therefore, my m−1 (dy/dx) = nxn−1 so that
dy n xn−1 n y
= m−1
= xn−1 m .
dx my m y
(b) We have
√
y= x = x1/2 .
Using the results in
(a) we get
√
dy/dx = (1/2)x1/2−1 = (1/2)x−1/2 = 1/(2 x.)
For y = x−1/3 we get
dy/dx = (−1/3)x−1/3−1 = (−1/3)x−4/3 .
7.23
The equation of a circle with radius r and center at the origin is
x2 + y 2 = r 2
(a) Use implicit differentiation to find the slope of a tangent line to the circle at some point (x, y).
(c) Use the same result to show that the tangent line at any point on the circle is perpendicular
to the radial line drawn from that point to the center of the circle
Note: Two lines are perpendicular if their slopes are negative reciprocals.
Detailed Solution:
(a) We are asked to find the slope of the tangent line to a circle with radius r and center at the
origin, whose equation is
x2 + y 2 = r 2 .
Taking the derivative with respect to x on both sides we get:
d 2 d 2
(x + y 2) = (r )
dx dx
dy 2
2x + =0
dx
dy
2x + 2y =0
dx
Thus we can isolate y and find that
dy 2x x
=− =− .
dx 2y y
(b) We now want to findp the equations of the tangent lines of the circle at the points whose x
coordinate is x = r 1/3. The corresponding y coordinate is given by
r 2 /3 + y 2 = r 2
p
i.e. y = ±r 2/3.
p p
Therefore, one
p of the
p points is (r 1/3, r 2/3). By part (a) the slope of the tangent line at
the point (r 1/3, r 2/3) would be
p p √
(dy/dx) = −x/y = −(r 1/3)/(r 2/3) = −1/ 2.
We can now use the point-slope method of finding the equation of the tangent line:
p
y − r 2/3 1
p = −√
x − r 1/3 2
After simplifying we find that
√
√
1 r 2 1 r 2r 1
y = −√ x − √ + r √ = √ −x + √ + √ = √ (−x + r 3)
2 3 3 2 3 3 2
p p
We can similarly do the calculations
√ for
√ the tangent line that goes through the point (r 1/3, −r 2/3)
and the result is y = (1/ 2)(x − r 3). (Note: this second result can also be obtained by
considering the symmetry of the two cases about the x axis.)
(c) The slope of a line connecting the origin, (0, 0), and a point on the circle, (x, y) is m = y/x.
The slope of the tangent line at the point (x, y) on the circle is, by our previous result, −x/y.
Since these slopes are negative reciprocals, the two lines are perpendicular.
7.24
The equation of a circle with radius 5 and center at (1, 1) is
(x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 25
(a) Find the slope of the tangent line to this curve at the point (4, 5).
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line.
Detailed Solution:
(a) Using implicit differentiation we have
Detailed Solution:
Differentiating both sides :
d 2 d
(x − y 2 ) = 1 =⇒ 2x − 2y(dy/dx) = 0.
dx dx
Thus dy/dx = x/y. But on the hyperbola, x2 − y 2 = 1 so that
p
x = ± 1 + y 2.
p
When x and y are very large compared to 1, it is approximately true that x ≈ ± y 2 = ±y. When
both x and y are positive, this means that x ≈ y. Thus the slope of the tangent line for large
positive values of x and y is
dy/dx = x/y ≈ x/x = 1.
7.26 An ellipse
Use implicit differentiation to find the points on the ellipse
x2 y 2
+ =1
4 9
at which the slope is -1/2.
Detailed Solution:
x2 y2
For the ellipse a2
+ b2
= 1, implicit differentiation gives
2x 2y dy
+ 2 =0
a2 b dx
solving for the slope, we find that
dy xb2
= − 2.
dx ya
Detailed Solution:
The ellipse is
x2 /100 + y 2/25 = 1
so that its major and minor axes are a = 10, b = 5. The slope of the ellipse (i.e. of the edge of the
cell) at a given point is
xb2 25x x
dy/dx = − 2 = − =−
ya 100y 4y
A direction perpendicular to this would be a line whose slope is the negative reciprocal of dy/dx,
namely m = 4y x
and at the point (xp , yp ) this direction would be m = 4y
xp
p
.
(1.5a,1.5a)
-a
Detailed Solution:
The Folium of Descartes is the curve
x3 + y 3 = 3axy
where a is a positive constant.
(a) This curve cannot be described by a function such as y = f (x) over the domain −∞ < x < ∞
because it is not possible to solve for y in the equation and to obtain a single valued function
y = f (x). Further, from the picture of the curve shown on the homework sheet, we see that
it cannot be represented by a function since several values of x correspond to more than one
value of y, i.e. the curve fails the vertical line property.
(b) We can use implicit differentiation to find the slope of this curve at a point (x, y). The
equation of the curve is x3 + y 3 = 3axy so
dy dy
3x2 + 3y 2 = 3ay + 3ax
dx dx
dy
3(y 2 − ax) = 3(ay − x2 )
dx
dy (ay − x2 )
= 2
dx (y − ax)
(c) Horizontal tangent(s) to the curve occur when dy/dx = 0, i.e. when
(ay − x2 ) = 0 or y = x2 /a
and when the equation of the curve is also satisfied. Plugging y = x2 /a into the equation of
the curve, we find that
3 x6 x3
x + 3 = 3a =⇒ x6 = 2x3 a3
a a
which means that either x = 0 (in which case y = 0 too) or else x = 21/3 a.
(d) At the point (0, 0), our result by implicit differentiation is that the slope of the curve is 0/0
which is undefined. Thus we cannot use this method. We also note from the sketch of the
curve that there are two branches which both go through the origin. Thus there is not one
unique tangent line at this point, and the derivative is not defined there. (Note: It is possible
to discuss the slope of the various branches that cross the origin, but for this we would have
to investigate the so-called parametric form of this curve, something that will be discussed in
Math 200.)
Detailed Solution:
The isotherms in the Van-der Waal’s equation are given by
a
(p + 2 )(v − b) = RT (∗)
v
where a, b, R are constants. In this case, since T is held fixed, it is also a constant.
(a) We can find the slope using implicit differentiation. Using the product rule and implicit
differentiation we get
dp a a
( − 2 3 )(v − b) + (p + 2 )(1) = 0.
dv v v
Thus
dp a a
= (2 3 ) − (p + 2 )/(v − b).
dv v v
dp
(b) dv
= 0 when
a a 2a(v − b) − (pv 3 + av)
(2 ) − (p + )/(v − b) = =0
v3 v2 v 3 (v − b)
i.e. when
2a(v − b) − pv 3 − av = 0
Solving for p we get
2a(v − b) − va a(v − 2b)
p= = .
v 3 v3
To find points on the isotherms at which the slope is 0, we need to make sure that the values
a(v − 2b)
of p, v satisfy the equation of the isotherms, (*). Therefore we plug p = into (*):
v3
av − 2ab + av
(v−b) = RT =⇒ (2av−2ab)(v−b) = RT v 3 =⇒ 2av 2 −2avb−2avb+2ab2 = RT v 3
v 3
We will find out how to solve such equations using Newton’s method later on in this course.
(0,c)
(a,b)
Detailed Solution:
The equation of the circle is
(y − c)2 + x2 = 1.
We now gather the needed conditions to solve for c.
The tangent is perpendicular to this radius vector, and thus has slope which is the negative recip-
rocal, i.e. a/(c − b).
We now know that a/(c − b) = 2a (from equating slopes) which means√ that c − b = 1/2. Using
2 2 2
(b − c) = 1 − a now gives us 1 − a = 1/4 which implies that a = 3/2 and b = a2 = 3/4. Thus
c = b + 1/2 = 5/4. The coordinate of the center of the circle is (0, 5/4).
7.31
Consider the curve whose equation is
x3 + y 3 + 2xy = 4, y = 1 when x = 1.
(a) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve when x = 1.
(b) Find y 00 at x = 1.
Detailed Solution:
(a) Differentiating the equation x3 + y 3 + 2xy = 4 with respect to x, and not forgetting that y
depends on x, gives 3x2 + 3y 2 y 0 + 2y + 2xy 0 = 0. Putting x = 1 and y = 1 and then solving
for y 0 we get 3 + 3y 0 + 2 + 2y 0 = 0 =⇒ y 0 = −1. Thus the equation of the tangent line is
y − 1 = −1(x − 1).
6x + 6yy 0 + 3y 2y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y 0 + 2xy 00 = 0.
4
Now set x = 1, y = 1 and y 0 = −1 to get 6 − 6 + 3y 00 − 2 − 2 + 2y 00 = 0 =⇒ y 00 = .
5
(c) Since y 00(1) > 0 the graph is concave up near x = 1.