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1 :: Describe why postal addresses and telephone numbers are
routable.
A postal address has three components that can be used to deliver mail:
state, city, and street. A phone number has an area code and exchange.
At the core layer, mail can be delivered to the next post office based on
only the state or city and state information. A phone number is delivered at
the core layer based on the area code.
2 :: What is the purpose of a default route?
A default route is used if there is not a specific entry in the routing table for
the destination.
3 :: Describe the difference between routing and switching.
Routing moves a letter or telephone call to the access layer (as in a street
or telephone exchange). Switching makes the final delivery. A switching
decision is made on the part of the address that is not used in routing (as
in the street number or last four digits of a phone number).
4 :: What does the term information hiding mean in relation to route
summarization?
At the core layer in the postal system, the only information that is needed
to make a routing decision is the state or city/state information. The
specific street names and street numbers are hidden, the core layer does
not need this information. At the core layer in the telephone system, the
area code is used to make a routing decision. The specific exchange or
last four digits of the phone number are not needed, or hidden, from the
core layer.
5 :: How does the use of a hierarchical routing structure (access,
distribution, and core) enable a scalable delivery system?
If a delivery system is not divided into access, distribution, and core
layers, every point in the system needs to maintain every possible
destination address to make a delivery decision. The use of a layered
system means each layer needs only the information necessary to deliver
to the next layer, either above or below.
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6 :: Why are multiple protocols used, such as a package, addressing,
delivery, and transportation, instead of using one protocol
defining everything?
Using multiple protocols is modular and allows changes to one protocol
without affecting the others. For example, if the addressing protocol is
dependent on the delivery protocol, changes to one would imply changes
need to be made to the other.
7 :: Can you think of another familiar system that routes using a
hierarchical delivery system?
The airport system. At the core routing level, there are major hub airports
such as Denver, Chicago, New York, and Atlanta. The core airports are
responsible for routing people and cargo to major geographical areas.
Core airports connect with regional airports that serve a specific area;
regional airports are at the distribution layer. Finally, to reach your final
destination, you can take a bus, a cab, a train, or rent a car. This can be
considered the access layer.
8 :: Explain how a letter from New York City to San Diego is routed
using the address information.
The source address is not used unless the letter needs to be returned to
the sender. Using the destination address, the access level post office in
New York examines the state, city, and street information to determine if it
is directly connected to the destination. If not, the letter is sent to the
distribution layer post office using a default route. The distribution layer
post office also examines the state, city, and street information to
determine if it is directly connected to an access layer post office servicing
the particular street. If it isn't, the letter is routed to the core level using a
default route. The core level post office examines the state name, and if
the state name does not equal New York, the letter is delivered to the core
post office for the state of California. The California core post office
delivers the letter to the distribution post office that handles the city of San
Diego. The San Diego distribution post office delivers the letter to the
access post office that handles the destination street. Finally, the access
level switch delivers the letter to the proper destination.
9 :: What are the access, distribution, and core components of a postal
address?
The street name and number are the access layer components. The city
name is the distribution layer component. The state name is the core layer
component.
10 :: What are the access, distribution, and core components of a North
American phone number?
The last four digits are the used at the access layer to identify a particular
telephone. The next three numbers are used at the distribution layer to
identify an exchange that services several phone numbers. The area code
is used at the core level for routing between different regions.
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11 :: This is a speed drill. Using only your head, convert the following
binary numbers to decimal.
11100000
11111100
10000000
11110000
00111111
224, 252, 128, 240, and 63 (64 – 1)
12 :: Convert FACE1234 16 to dotted decimal.
Answer: FA 16 = 250 10, CE16 = 20610, 1216 = 18 10, and 34 16 = 52 10
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16 :: True or False. Converting between number bases is fun.
Answer is True
17 :: Convert 12345670 8 to hexadecimal.
Convert each octal digit into three binary digits, and then convert the
binary result to hexadecimal.
29CBB8
18 :: Convert 734215 8 to binary.
111 011 100 010 001 101
19 :: Convert 734215 16 to binary.
0111 0011 0100 0010 0001 0101 2
20 :: What is the broadcast address for network 142.16.72.0/23?
142.16.73.255
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21 :: Subnet 198.4.81.0/24 into the maximum number of networks that
can support 28 hosts each.
198.4.81.0/27 and the subnets are:
198.4.81.0/27
198.4.81.32/27
198.4.81.64/27
198.4.81.96/27
198.4.81.128/27
198.4.81.160/27
198.4.81.192/27
198.4.81.224/27
22 :: What is the broadcast address for network 198.4.81.96/27?
198.4.81.127
23 :: What is the prefix and subnet mask that summarizes the following
networks:
162.8.0.0/22
162.8.4.0/22
162.8.8.0/22
162.8.12.0/22
24 :: Using the following routing table, determine the best route to
reach the host at address 132.19.237.5.
132.0.0.0/8 Serial 0
132.16.0.0/11 Ethernet 1
132.16.233.0/22 Ethernet 2
132.16.0.0/11 because it matches more network bits than 132.0.0.0/8.
Network 132.16.233.0/22 and 132.19.237.5/22 do not match on the
network address.
25 :: What is the range of host addresses for network 172.16.53.96/27?
172.16.53.97 through 172.16.53.126
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29 :: What are the states that an EIGRP route can be in and what do
these states mean?
The passive state means that a router has a successor for a route. The active state means
that a router does not have a successor or feasible successor for a route and is actively
sending queries to neighbors to get information about the route.
10.1.0.0/19
10.1.32.0/19
10.1.64.0/19
10.1.96.0/19
You need to examine the third byte because that is the byte where the
four prefixes differ:
0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
32 = 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
64 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
96 = 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Third, calculate the shortest path across the destination area from the
ABR to the destination network.
45 :: What is the purpose of an OSPF virtual link?
To connect a nonzero area to the backbone if the nonzero area becomes
disconnected from the backbone. A virtual link can also be used if the
backbone, or area 0, becomes discontiguous.
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46 :: How is the OSPF cost of an interface calculated?
By default, the cost of an OSPF interface is 100,000,000/(Interface
Bandwidth). The constant 100,000,000 can be changed using the auto-
cost reference-bandwidth command.
47 :: The following OSPF routes originate in OSPF area 1:
188.14.19.0/28
188.14.19.16/28
188.14.19.32/28
188.14.19.48/28
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51 :: Describe the structure and format of an NSAP address.
An NSAP address has a length of 8 to 20 bytes and consists of three
components:
► EBGP sets the next hop attribute to the IP address of the interface
used to communicate with the EBGP peer. The next hop attribute is not
modified when an IBGP router advertises a prefix to an IBGP peer if the
prefix was learned from an EBGP neighbor.
► Redistributing routes from the IP routing table to the BGP routing table