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Axia College First-Year Sequence

Short Form Writing Style Handbook


2009
© 2009, 2007 University of Phoenix. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information
retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior permission of University of Phoenix.

Edited in accordance with The Apollo Group editorial standards and practices.

Introduction

This short form writing style guide has been specially created for the First-Year Sequence of courses at
Axia College. It is based on the more complete Axia College’s Writing Style Handbook that you will rely on
and be held accountable for in your courses after your first year at Axia College.

The purpose of this guide is to provide the basic rules necessary for writing papers that are consistent in
style, formatting, and respect the intellectual property rights of experts whose material you refer to in your
formal papers. If you have any questions about what these rules mean or how to use them, always check
with your instructor.

Font Styles
• All text must be written in the same font.
• Use Times New Roman, Arial, or Courier, 12-point size.
• Use italics sparingly for emphasis; do not use bold, underlining, or all capital letters.

Margins
• Use 1-inch margins on all sides of each page.
• Justify the left side of the page, but leave the right side ragged.

Spacing
• Indent the first line of each paragraph ½ inch.
• Double-space throughout the text, including title page and reference page.
• Leave one space between words.
• Space twice after punctuation marks and the conclusion of sentences.

Title Page
• Double-space; use upper-and lowercase letters, no bolds or underlines. Title page must include
the following:

o Title of the paper


o Your name
o Course Title
o Date
o Faculty Name
o Axia College of University of Phoenix

Pages
• Number each page in the upper right-hand corner.
• Title page, paper content, and reference page, where applicable, are to be combined into one
continuous document rather than three separate attachments.

Lists
• Avoid bulleted lists in academic papers. Use numbered lists only for the following:

o Information you want to highlight


o Information read better as a list than as part of the text

Abbreviations
• Use standard abbreviations for titles immediately before and after proper names, such as the
following:

o Joe Smith, M.D.


o Rev. May Lane

• Use the abbreviations a.m. and p.m. for time.


• For acronyms that will be used throughout the paper, spell out a word first, then, follow the word
with its acronym in parentheses. Thereafter, you may use only the acronym or initials.

For example, “the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). For HUD rules
and regulations, contact.”

Recognizing Intellectual Property


Recognize outside sources in the paper by citing the source in the paper (in-text citing) and on the
Reference page. Citing a source may be done one of three ways: directly quoting, paraphrasing, or
summarizing.

In-text Citations

Direct quotations use two or more words taken directly, word-for-word, from the source.

• Enclose direct quotations, or the original author’s words, in double quotation marks to designate
between your words and the original author’s words.

• Include the original author’s name and year of publication directly before or after the quoted
material. If after, the author and year of publication are placed in parenthesis.

• Include the page number(s) or paragraph number of the original material in parentheses after the
quotation. This is necessary for the reader to quickly and easily locate the original information.
• Example In-text citation using a direct quotation (when the authors are mentioned in the
text):

Regarding the validity of repressed memories, Carpenter and Huffman (2008) found “critics
suggest that most people who have witnessed or experienced a violent crime, or are adult
survivors of childhood sexual abuse, have intense, persistent memories. They have trouble
forgetting, not remembering” (p. 192).

Paraphrasing is using another person’s material or information but rewritten in your words.

• Digest the information and then rephrase it completely in your own words. Do not reuse two or
more of the original author’s words.
• Include the author’s name and year of publication directly before or after the paraphrased
information. If after, the author and year of publication are placed in parenthesis.
• Example In-text citation using a paraphrase (when the authors are not mentioned in the
text):

Although some experts believe people have trouble remembering traumatic events, other
experts point out that victims or witnesses of those events would more likely have trouble
forgetting the trauma (Carpenter & Huffman, 2008).

Summarizing is similar to that of paraphrasing, but it reviews an entire article or source rather than a
smaller section of the source. Summarizing is reviewing a source in your words.

• Review the entire source and then review it completely in your own words. Do not reuse two or
more of the original author’s words.
• Include the author’s name and year of publication directly before or after the summarized
information. If after, the author and year of publication are placed in parenthesis.

Reference Page Citations: All sources cited in the body of a paper must appear at the end of the paper
on a separate page titled References with the title centered, in upper- and lowercase letters on the top of
the page.

• Reference page citations include only those sources cited in the paper. Do not include any
references that were not cited in the paper. (Exception: You may use personal communications in
your papers such as interviews, memos, bulletins, or phone calls. These sources are cited in the
paper, but are not included in the references page. )

• Each citation entry must indicate the Who, When, What, and Where of the source, in that order.

o Who wrote the source information (author; if no author, indicate the publisher)?
o When the source information was written (year of publication; if not indicated, use n.d.,
for no date)
o What is the title of the source information (the title of the article or book)?
o Where the source information was retrieved (If a library source, indicate the database
used; if a Web site, indicate the Web link; if a book, indicate the publishing location)

• Add a period and a single space after each element in an entry (author, date, title, and so on) and
at the end of the entry.

• Alphabetize the sources by the author’s last name, double-space, and use a hanging indent (the
first line of each entry must be flush left; subsequent lines must be indented 5 to 7 spaces).

Example – Book Source


Browne, M. N. & Keeley, S. M. (2001). Critical thinking: Asking the right questions (6th ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Example – Online Library Source

The way we learn: A plan for success. (2002, Winter). Public Personnel Management, 31(4), 441–446.
Digital Object Identifier: May 18, 2007, from EBSCOhost database.

Example – Web Site Source

Legacee Management Systems. (n.d.). A short guide on leadership traits. Retrieved May 24, 2007 from
http://www.legacee.com/Info/Leadership/LeadershipTraits.html.

Note. If you have any other specific questions about style and formatting, please consult your course
instructor.

References
Please Note. All sources cited in this document are purely for example purposes only.

For Further Information


This style guide is not intended to provide detailed instructions about every question that may arise. For
further information on APA style review the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2010) or refer to their web site at http://www.apa.org/.

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