CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Studies

Language, as a tool of communication, plays important roles in human life

whether it is verbal or written language. In fact, there are many languages over the

world. They have their own systems which are different from one another. Thus, we

need translation to transfer the content of a text in source language to our language,

for example from English into Indonesia.

Translation is a process to convey the message of the source language text into

target language. It is not as simple as we think because in translating a text, translators

should discover the meaning and find the equivalent words in target language. As

Larson said that to do effective translation one must discover the meaning of the

source language and use receptor language forms which expresses this meaning in

natural way. (Larson, 1984: 6)

Translators should consider many aspects in order to produce an effective

translation. As Larson stated “Translation, then, consists of the studying the lexicon,

grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source

language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and the reconstructing

this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate

in the receptor language and its cultural context.” (Larson, 1984:3)

Studying the lexicon means translator should find the equivalent words in

target language that seem natural. It is important to the translator to mark the meaning

which is suitable to the context then find the equivalent word in target language.

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Hence, translators must be aware of this then by which mismatching of meaning and

ambiguity can be avoided.

The writer is going to investigate the techniques of translation used by

translator in translating the intransitive verbs with patient in prepositional phrase (NP

Intrans V/Patient in PP) from Source language (SL) to target language (TL) in Sidney

Sheldon’s novel entitles Bloodline and the Indonesian version Garis Darah which is

translated by Threes Susilastuti.

1.2. Identification of the Problem

The writer purposes two research questions:

1. What are the techniques used by translator to translate the intransitive verbs

with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) from source

language to target language?

2. Do the techniques applied by the translator produce the idiomatic translation

as proposed by Larson?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

The aim of the analysis is to identify the translation techniques of the

intransitive verbs with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) in

novel Bloodline by Sydney Sheldon which has been translated into Indonesian as

Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti. Then the writer will identify the translation

whether idiomatic translation or not.

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1.4. Scope of the Study

Syntactically, verb has two types; they are intransitive and transitive verb.

Both of them are very common for student in studying English language. There are

four types of intransitive verb according to their semantic classes, they are: Verb of

Existence, Verb of Appearance, Disappearance,and Occurance, Verb of Motion, Verb

With Patient in Prepositional Phrase (Disterheft 2004). In this study, the writer only

concerns to the intransitive verbs with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans

V/Patient in PP). In Bahasa Indonesia it is recognized as Verba Berpreposisi.

The writer identifies the techniques of translation as proposed by Nida they are

addition, exchanging position, deletion and replacement which is used by the

translator to translate the intransitive verbs in the novel entitled Bloodline by Sydney

Sheldon and the translated version Garis darah by Threes Susilastuti. Then the writer

also identifies the level of idiomatic translation into Indonesian version Garis Darah.

The writer applies the theory to twenty intransitive verbs which been choosed

randomly from the novel.

1.5. The Method of the Research

There are three steps in conducting the research, they are: collecting the data,

analyzing the data, and presenting the result of the analysis.

1. Collecting the data

The writer uses the data collected from Sidney Sheldon’s novel entitled

Bloodline and the Indonesian version which is translated by Threes Susilastuti entitled

Garis Darah. In collecting the data, the writer applies observational method

(Sudaryanto, 1993: 5) and conducts note taking technique (Sudaryanto, 1993: 6).

There are 20 data that choose randomly. The 20 data are taken from the novel entitled

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Bloodline by Sydney Sheldon and the translated version Garis darah by Threes

Susilastuti. They are chosen based on the frequency of occurrence in the novel. The

data are the sentences which have intransitive verb that often occur in novel. There

are 58 chapters in the novel; the writer chooses 1 sentence from every 5 chapter and

so on.

In collecting the data the writer follows some steps; it is started with reading and

rereading both versions to comprehend the novel, next finding out the sentences

which use intransitive verbs and identifying them. Data are listed according to English

and Bahasa Indonesia, source language and target language written as they are.

Finally, the writer will analyze the data as required by the research.

2. Analyzing the Data

After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data by using pragmatic

identity method and translational identity method as proposed by Sudaryanto

(1993:14).

3. Presenting the Result of Analysis

The result of the analysis will be presented by two ways, they are formal and

informal. In formal ways, the writer presents the result of analysis descriptively in the

form of table or diagram while in informal ways the writer will present the result of

analysis by using verbal language

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

2.1 Review of the Previous Study

There are some studies conducted related to translation with different

discussions and data resources. In this previous study, the writer mentions some

researches dealing with verb.

2.2. Definition of Key Terms

The writer defines some terms which are used in this writing in order not to

make confuse, they are: translation and intransitive verbs.

2.2.1. Translation

Larson (1984:3) stated “translation consists of transferring the meaning of the

source language into the receptor language.

Newmark (1981:7) stated “translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to

replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message

and/or statement in another language.

Catford (1965: 20) stated “translation is the replacement of textual material in

one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).

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2.3. Theoretical Framework

2.3.1. The Concept of Translation

Larson (1984: 2) stated that “Translation is a change of form or transferring

the meaning of the source language into the receptor language.” While Nida (1984:

12) used the term ‘equivalent’ that “translation consist of reproducing in the receptor

language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms

of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” The quotations explain that in translation

discovering the meaning or the message is the important part of translation. A

translator should transfer the meaning of source language text to receptor language.

Thus, translation is a process to find the synonymous meaning from target language

into receptor language.

Larson (1984: 4) described the process into diagram, as seen in below:

SOURCE LANGUAGE
RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

Text to be Translati
translated on

Discover Re-express
The meaning the meaning
MEANING

Diagram 1. The Process of Translation

In his diagram Larson stated three main points in describing translation’s

process, they are: text to be translated, meaning, and translation. In doing the

translation, a translator must analyze the text of source language and discover the

meaning. As Larson (1984: 3) explained that translation consists of studying the

lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the

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source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then

reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which

are appropriate in receptor language and its cultural context. By discovering the

meaning, then a translator expressing the meaning in to receptor language form. Thus,

we understand that translation is a process discovering the meaning of source

language then expressing it naturally into receptor language.

2.3.2. Literal Translation

Literal translation is also known as form based translation which attempts to

follow the form of the source language. This translation forces the forms and lexical

choice of the source language into receptor language so that it produces a nonsensical

result or ‘garbage’ translation. The readers of target language may be difficult to

understand such translation for it holds little communicative value even though the

lexical forms are all naturally acceptable. Literal translation may be very useful for

purposes related to the study of the source language.

2.3.3. Idiomatic Translation

Idiomatic translation is also known as meaning based translation which makes

effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in natural forms of the

receptor language. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It

sounds like it was written in the receptor language originally. Thus, translator

sometimes adds, omits some certain parts of the sentence to make the translation

clear, acceptable, and understandable.

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 Larson (1984:17) shows the gradation of translation on a continuum line from

“very literal – literal – modified literal- inconsistent mixture – near idiomatic –

idiomatic - unduly free.”

Very Modified Inconsistent Near Undully

Literal Literal Literal Mixture Idiomatic Idiomatic Free

TRANSLATOR’S GOAL

It is clear that idiomatic translation is the goal of translators for what Larson

(1984:17) said “An idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the source

language that is, the meaning intended by the original communication, in natural form

of the receptor language.” Translator tries to communicate the message of the source

language equivalence with the target language by using the natural lexical and

grammatical choices of the receptor language.

According to Larson (1984:6) the best translation is the one which, first uses

the normal language forms of the receptor language, second communicates to the

receptor language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of

the source language, third, maintains the dynamics of the original source language

text.

2.3.4. The Techniques of Translation

Nida (1969: 226) proposed four techniques of translation they are: addition,

exchanging position, deletion, and replacement. The four techniques are needed to

produce the clear meaning. Besides, every language has uniqueness. A meaning in

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 source language may be formed in a word but in target language may be formed more

than one word.

1. Technique of addition

Technique of addition is a technique used for restoring the elliptical head noun

into its original position so that it will be easier for a translator to grasp the meaning.

2. Technique of exchanging position

Technique of exchanging position is the position shift between two or among

component of the word or phrase due to the grammatical adjustment into the receptor

language.

3. Technique of deletion

Technique of deletion is reducing a part of component in the noun phrase

construction by deleting it or them due to grammatical adjustment into the receptor

language.

4. Technique of replacement

The technique of replacement is the way of replacing the internal construction

modifying the head of complex noun phrase with the same or another kind of

structure that carries the appropriate meaning. This replacement may happen from

idioms to non-idioms, from idiom to idiom, from non-idioms to idiom. The technique

is the ultimate tool; a translator can ever use in reconstruction the new form into an

acceptable idiomatic outcome of the receptor language.

As an addition, the writer also put translation techniques that has outlined by

Gabriella Bosco who has been translating professionally for over 15 years now. She

outlined the technique to two main list direct translation techniques and oblique

translation techniques.

1. Direct translation techniques

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 Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual

elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct

translation techniques include:

1.1. Borrowing

Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another

without translation. Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages; for

example software in the field of technology and funk in culture. Borrowed words are

often printed in italics when they are considered to be "foreign".

1.2. Calque

A calque or loan translation is a phrase borrowed from another language

and translated literally word-for-word.it is often seem in specialized or

internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad,

assurance qualité taken from English). Examples that have been absorbed into

English include standpoint and beer garden from German Standpunkt and Biergarten;

in Québec). Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such as

standpoint, beer garden and breakfast. The meaning other calques can be rather

obscure for most people, especially when they relate to specific vocations or subjects

such as science and law. An unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can

cause unwanted humor, often interpreted as indicating the lack of expertise of the

translator in the target language.

1.3. Literal Translation

A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others

dependent on the sentence structure: Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not.

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 For example in English sentence I eat banana in Bahasa Indonesia is translated

literally with saya memakan pisang . Bosco said that one sentence can be translated

literally across languages does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally.

2. Oblique translation technique

Oblique Translation Techniques are used when the structural or conceptual

elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering

meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language.

Oblique translation techniques include:

2.1. Transposition

This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are

translated like: blue ball becomes bola biru in Bahasa Indonesia. It is in a sense a shift

of word class. Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. This

requires that the translator knows that it is possible to replace a word category in the

target language without altering the meaning of the source text, for example: English

blue ball (adjective + noun) becomes Indonesia language bola biru ( noun +

Adjective).

2.2. Modulation

Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target

languages to convey the same idea: I don’t have my eyes on you means literally saya

tidak punya mataku padamu but translates better as Saya tidak mengingatmu. It

changes the semantics and shifts the point of view of the source language. Through

modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message

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without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader

of the target text. It is often used within the same language.

2.3. Reformulation or Equivalence

Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for

example when translating idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but

not always easy.

2.4. Adaptation

Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is

expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language

cultsure. It is a shift in cultural environment. Should pincho (a Spanish restaurant

menu dish) be translated as kebab in English? It involves changing the cultural

reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture (for

example France has Belgian jokes and England has Irish jokes).

2.5. Compensation

In general terms compensation can be used when something cannot be

translated, and the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the translated

text. Peter Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that

could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of

translating nuances of formality from languages that use forms such as Spanish

informal tú and formal usted, French tu and vous, and German du and sie into English

which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways.

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2.3.5. Verbs with Patient in Prepositional Phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP)

Some verbs have an intransitive structure, that is, they have no NP2 (Noun

Phrase that can be used as subject in passive sentence). However, they do have a

patient, but the patient is in a prepositional phrase. For example:

• I looked at the painting.

• I listened to the music.

the painting and the music are not objects of the verb because they are inside

prepositional phrases (PPs). A verb doesn’t have a direct object if the patient is in PP

(Disterheft 2004: 156). Although the meaning of the sentence is transitive, their

syntax is not. Thus, these sentences are intransitive verb even though they have

patient.

2.3.6. Transitive Verb in Bahasa Indonesia

A transitive verb takes a direct object and the object can be used as subject in

passive voice. Hasan (2000; 91-92) divided transitive verb in to three :

2.3.6.1. Verba Ekatransitif

Verba ekatransitif is a transitif verb which is followed by one object. The

function of an object in the sentence can be changed as subject in passive voice.

For example: Ibu akan membeli baju baru

(Hasan 2000; 91)

2.3.6.2. Verba Dwitransitif

Verba dwitransitif is an verb which can be followed by two noun in active

voice, one is an object and other is compliment in the sentence.

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For example: Ibu akan membelikan kakak baju baru.

(Hasan 2000;92)

From the example above, membelikan is verba dwitransitif, kakak is object, and baju

baru is a compliment in the sentence.

2.3.6.3. Verba Semitransitif

Verba semitransitif is a verb that can be followed by object or not.

For example: (1) Ayah sedang membaca koran

(2) Ayah sedang membaca

(Hasan 2000; 93)

From the first and second sentence we can see that membaca is verba semitransitif. It

can be followed by object (koran) but it also can stand alone without followed by an

object.

2.3.7. Intransitive Verb in Bahasa Indonesia

Hasan (2000; 93) defined the intransitive verb, “verba tak transitif adalah

verba yang tidak memiliki nomina di belakangnya yang dapat berfungsi sebagai

subjek dalam kalimat”

For example:

• Maaf,Pak, ayah sedang mandi

• Kami harus bekerja keras untuk membangun negara.

(Hasan 2000; 93)

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 The verbs mandi and bekerja is intransitive language in Indonesian since they

are not followed by noun as objects

Hasan (2000; 93-94) divided intransitive verbs in to three, they are Verba

Taktransitif yang Tak berpelengkap, Verba Takransitif yang Berpelengkap Wajib,

Verba Taktransitif yang Berpelengkap Manasuka. In his book he also involved Verba

Berpreposisi

2.3.7.1. Verba Taktransitif yang Tak berpelengkap

Verba taktransitif yang tak berpelengkap is an intransitive verb which is not

followed by compliments in the sentence. For example:

• Gadis itu tersipu-sipu

• Bibit kelapa itu sudah tumbuh

(Hasan 2000; 93)

2.3.7.2. Verba Taktransitif yang Berpelengkap Wajib

Verba taktransitif yang berpelengkap wajib is an intransitive verb which

must be added by compliments in the sentence.

For example:

• Rumah orang kaya itu berjumlah dua puluh buah.

• Anak itu kedapatan merokok.

(Hasan 2000; 93)

The verbs berjumlah and kedapatan are intransitive verbs that must be

followed by compliments dua puluh buah and merokok to make them acceptable.

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2.3.7.3. Verba Taktransitif yang Berpelengkap Manasuka

Verba taktransitif yang berpelengkap manasuka is transitive verb which does

not determine whether it is followed by compliments or not. The sentences will keep

acceptable.

For example:

• Makin tua makin menjadi.

• Pikiran yang dikemukakannya bernilai.

(Hasan 2000; 93)

2.3.7.4. Verba Berpreposisi

In Bahasa Indonesia Verbs with Patient in Prepositional Phrase is called Verba

berpreposisi in Bahasa Indonesia. Hasan (2000; 95) defined Verba berpreposisi ialah

verba tak transitif yang selalu diikuti oleh preposisi tertentu. It means intransitive

verbs which is followed by particular preposition. For example:

• Kami belum tahu akan/tentang hal itu.

• Sofyan berminat pada music

• Saya berbicara tentang hal ini

(Hasan 2000: 95)

hal itu,hal ini and musik are not object but compliment in the sentences.

Some verba berpreposisi has the same meaning with verba transitif. Such as:

Berbicara tentang = membicarakan

Cinta pada/akan = mencintai

Suka akan = menyukai

Tahu akan/ tentang = mengetahui

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 Bertemu dengan = menemui

Hasan (2000) said that there are two things that should be concerned in using

verba berpreposisi. The first is it is wrong if people use verba transitif but put the

preposition still, for example:

The wrong sentence: Saya tidak mengetahui tentang soal itu

The correct sentence: Saya tidak mengetahui soal itu.

The second is people informally omit the preposition when used verba berpreposisi.

For example:

Informal sentence: Saya bertemu tetangga saya.

Formal sentence : Saya bertemu dengan tetangga saya.

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 CHAPTER III

Analysis

3.1. Introduction

In this chapter the writer presents the analysis of technique of translation of

sentences which contain intransitive verb with patient in preposition phrase. The data

are taken from Sydney Sheldon’s novel Bloodline and its translation in Bahasa

Indonesia. In analyzing the data, the writer compares them with their translation, and

analyzes them by using related theory in the previous chapter. There are twenty data

that chosen from 58 chapter in the novel. They are chosen based on the frequency of

occurrence of intransitive verb in the novel the 20 data have intransitive verbs that

often occurs in the novel. After analyzing the technique of translation, the writer

identifies whether the translator produces the idiomatic translation or not.

3.2. Analysis

Datum 1

SLT : She looked at him with an expression of such hatred on her face that for a

moment Ivo thought he must have entered the wrong apartment. (p.58)

TLT : Perempuan itu memandangnya dengan raut penuh kebencian di wajah,sehingga

sejenak Ivo mengira salah masuk apartemen. (p.66)

As we found above, the intransitive verb with preposition (NP Intrans

V/Patient in PP) we found in SLT is ‘looked at him’. As the definition explained in

previous chapter, ‘him is not classified as object. It is clearly translated in Bahasa as

melihat kepadanya. melihat has many equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia like

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memandang, menatap, melirik thus looked at him may also translated as memandang

kepadanya/melirik kepadanya/menatap kepadanya.

In translating the verb, the translator has omitted the preposition kepada in TL

that means she applied technique of deletion as proposed by Nida. The technique of

deletion has changed the intransitive verb to transitive verb. Transitive verbs need

object, the translator deleted preposition at and changed the function of patient –nya

to be an object in the sentence.

In Bahasa Indonesia perempuan itu memandang kepadanya is classified as

Intransitive verb with patient in prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) and

perempuan itu memandangnya that is (Transitive verb/verba transitif) ) has same

meaning. They are also common used in sentence in Bahasa. Hasan (2000) said it is

wrong if we use verba transitif but put the preposition still. The translator has

followed that in which she deleted preposition ‘kepada’ when he translated the verb

into transitive form. Therefore, we can conclude she has translated SLT to TLT

idiomatically.

Datum 2

SLT : He learned about fermentation and pruning, and grafting. (p.78)

TLT : Dia belajar tentang peragian dan pemangkasan dan pencangkokan. (p.89)

From the datum above, the sentence contains with NP Intrans V/Patient in PP

or verb with patient in prepositional phrase ‘he learned about fermentation, and

pruning, and grafting’. She translated the SLT directly to TLT it means that she has

applied literal translation as Gabriella Bosco outlining. Though the meaning of SLT is

as same as meaning in TLT, Bosco said that sometimes it works and sometimes it

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does not. The process of translation also not make any changing or shifting in verb

with patient in prepositional phrase, the form in TLT also used verba berpreposisi and

classified as intransitive verb.

Datum 3

SLT: He told about his mother dying in the streets, an about his father, about his first

visit to Krakow and his frustration at being locked inside the ghetto walls at night like

an animal. (p.122)

TLT : Dia bercerita tentang ibunya yang mati di jalanan, dan tentang ayahnya,

tentang kunjungan pertamanya ke Krakov dan keputusasaanya terkurung pada malam

hari seperti binatang di dalam dinding-dinding geto. (p.143)

As seen in the datum above, the sentence uses verb with patient in

prepositional phrase ‘told about his mother dying in the streets, an about his father,

about his first visit to Krakov and his frustration’. In translating the intransitive verb,

the translator has done some techniques especially in translating the patient to TL.

The first is ‘his mother dying’; she applied technique of exchanging position. Bahasa

Indonesia uses DM rule (Diterangkan Menerangkan) (Head Modifier). This is surely

contrast to English structure of modification whose single head-modifier arrangement

is prescribed to be M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or (Modified-Head).

‘his’ is modified (Menerangkan) and ‘mother’ is head (Diterangkan) while in

Bahasa Indonesia translated to ‘ibu’ as Head noun (Diterangkan) and –nya as

modified noun (Menerangkan). Therefore, ‘his mother’ is translated to ‘ibunya’ in TL.

‘his mother dying is translated as ‘kematian ibunya’ in TL that means there is an

exchanging position, his mother as modified noun and dying as head noun. By

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following the technique of exchanging position, the translator applies DM rule. Thus,

the translation to verb with patient in prepositional phrase in ‘He told about his

mother dying in the streets’ become Dia bercerita tentang kematian ibunya.

The same technique is also applied to the second and third patient. In SLT,

‘his father’ follows modified-head rule (menerangkan-diterangkan), when translator

transfer it to TLT she must follow DM rule, not translated as -nya ayah but it should

be ayahnya. It means that the translator has applied technique of exchanging position

as proposed by Nida. She also applied the technique of exchanging position to ‘his

first visit’ become kunjungan pertamanya. Here, the translator has done some

adjustment by following Bahasa Indonesia rule so that the translation is acceptable

and understandable.

Datum 4

SLT : Alec thought of Vivian as he had left her that morning, still sweetly asleep.

TLT : Pikirannya melayang kepada Vivian yang masih tertidur pulas pagi tadi, ketika

dia tinggalkan.. (p.97)

In SLT we can see that intransitive verb classified as verb with patient in

prepositional phrase (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) Alec thought of Vivian that can be

transferred literally to Alec berpikir tentang Vivian in TLT. The sentence Alec

berpikir tentang Vivian is understood in Bahasa Indonesia, translator surely tries

another form but it still has same meaning; she must do some adjustments therefore.

The first technique used by translator is technique of exchanging position, not

in case of DM rule but subject-predicate shift in the sentence. In SLT ‘Alec’ is subject

and ‘thought’ is predicate and the form in TLT will become Alec berpikir tentang

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Vivian. In translation, translator changed the position of predicate as subject, which

means there is shift from verb to noun from berpikir to pikiran. ‘Alec’ is changed to

possessive adjustment ‘nya’ not as subject but as modified noun to ‘pikiran’. Thus the

subject becomes pikirannya.

Widyamartaya (1989) said that to produce an effective sentence the translator

must try to make subject/predicate clearly and explicitly in the sentence. Thus, in

order to make the sentence complete, translator should add the predicate, by using

technique of addition as proposed by Nida, she added verba berpreposisi melayang

kepada. Hence the translation becomes Pikirannya melayang kepada Vivian. The

translator has done some adjustments with following technique of translation as

proposed by Nida resulted the changing of structure of sentence without losing the

meaning SLT. Thus, we can conclude that the translator has applied the idiomatic

translation.

Datum 5

SLT : Samuel stared at it unbelievingly, then raced into the house to find his father.

(p.139)

TLT : Samuel memandang dengan mata tak percaya, lalu berlari ke dalam rumah

mencari ayahnya. ( p.164)

The datum above used verb with patient in prepositional phrase in the

sentence. stare at it can be translated as menatap in TLT. In Bahasa Indonesia

menatap has some equivalent verb like memandang, melihat but in this translation,

the translator choosed memandang as an equivalent translation. In translation SLT to

TLT translator used technique of deletion, he omitted prepotional phrase kepada itu

22
from the sentence Dia memandang kepada itu dengan tak percaya. It is because that

the use of preposition after the verb will make the sentence heard strange.

Besides the translator added a noun mata to the adverb dengan tak percaya. It

means that she has used technique of addition by Nida. Thus the translation would be

Samuel memandang dengan mata tak percaya. The deletion technique has changed

the (NP Intrans V/Patient in PP) or verba berpreposisi to verba semitransitif. Verba

semitransitif is can be followed by an object or not. In this case the TL sentence did

not followed by an object, but the reader can understand that there is an object in the

sentence put implicitly. From the translation Samuel memandang dengan mata tak

percaya, it means that Samuel see something, something is the object but the

translator did not put it in the sentence. It might be explained in the previous sentence

in the novel.

Hence we can conclude that the translator has applied an idiomatic translation.

Since the translation is understood in TL.

Datum 6

SLT : She had thought of this moment so often, and now that it was actually

happening, she was in panic. (p.175)

TLT : Dia sering membayangkan saat- saat ini, namun ketika benar-benar terjadi dia

kebingungan. (p.211)

As seen in the datum above, the sentence uses verb with patient in

prepositional phrase she had though of this moment. In translating the intransitive

verb, the translator has done some techniques. Simply, it can be translated to TLT as

‘berpikir tentang saat ini’. First technique used by translator is technique of deletion;

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she omitted the preposition ‘tentang’. ‘berpikir saat ini’ in the sentence in TLT will

express different meaning or will be ambiguous, thus the translator replaced ‘berpikir’

to ‘membayangkan’ by following technique of replacement as proposed by Nida. The

translation becomes Dia sering membayangkan saat-saat ini.

The techniques applying has changed the classification of verb,

‘membayangkan saat – saat ini’. According to Hasan (2000; 91) the verb is not verba

berpreposisi but verba ekatransitif which is followed by one object in the sentence,

‘saat-saat ini’ is an object in the sentence.

Datum 7

SLT : Elizabeth glanced at the papers lying before her. (p.210)

TLT : Elizabeth melirik pada kertas-kertas yang terletak di hadapannya. (p.254)

In SLT, we can see glanced at the papers as verb with patient in prepositional

phrase. ‘the papers’ is not an object, thus the verb is intransitive. In translating the

verb with patient, the translator translated it directly. The translator might think that

the translation will be still understood by the reader.

There is other alternative translation; the verb with patient can be translated by

using technique of deletion as proposed by Nida. pada as preposition in melirik pada

kertas-kertas is very possible omitted and it will be melirik kertas-kertas this kind of

translation is also acceptable in Bahasa Indonesia. Nevertheless, the translator has

applied the idiomatic translation since she tried to make the translation sounds natural

in target language.

Datum 8

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SLT: She looked at the set of intercom buttons on the console. (p.217)

TLT : Dia memandangi deretan tombol intercom di meja control. (p.261)

As in the datum above, looked at the set of intercom buttons is intransitive

verb that Disterheft (2004) classified as verb with patient in prepositional phrase. the

set of intercom buttons is not an object but a patient in prepositional phrase at the set

of intercom buttons. Literally she looked at the set of intercom buttons is translated to

Bahasa Indonesia melihat pada deretan intercom tombol-tombol. Bahasa Indonesia

has many equivalent word to look like : menatap, memandang, melihat.

The translator has translated SLT to ‘memandangi deretan tombol intercom’.

In SLT Bahasa Indonesia memandangi is classified as transitive verb (verba transitif)

and deretan intercom as following object because transitive verb needs an object. In

translating the verb phrase, translator has done some adjustment. Here, the translator

uses technique of deletion, she omits the preposition pada.

The patient the set of intercom buttons is literally translated as deretan

intercom tombol-tombol while the translator is translated into TLT as deretan tombol

intercom, here the translator has applied technique of exchanging position.

Bahasa Indonesia uses DM rule (Diterangkan Menerangkan) (Head Modifier).

This is surely contrast to English structure of modification whose single head-

modifier arrangement is prescribed to be M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or

(Modified-Head). In SLT ‘intercom’ is head noun and ‘tombol-tombol’ is modified

noun. The translator translated the phrase into TLT by following DM rule, it means

that she changed the position become ‘tombol-tombol intercom’.

In, Bahasa Indonesia plural form in English is not always translated with

reduplication. ‘buttons’ in ‘intercom buttons’ means many bottons. It can be

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translated as tombol-tombol but the word ‘deretan’ in ‘deretan tombol intercom’

refers to many that is why the translator does not use reduplication in the sentence .

Thus, the equivalent translation to verb with patient in prepositional phrase in datum 8

become Dia memandangi deretan tombol intercom. We can conclude that the

translator has applied the idiomatic translation as proposed by Larson.

Datum 9

SLT : Sam had known about this project. (p. 269)

TLT : Sam tahu tentang proyek ini.(p.329)

known about this project in the datum above is classified as verb with patient

in prepositional phrase. ‘this project in prepositional phrase is not an object In

translating the verb, translator did some adjustment in order to make the natural

translation in TLT. Literally, ‘known about this project’ is translated into ‘tahu

tentang ini proyek’.

Here, the translator applies technique of exchanging position as proposed by

Nida. In translating the phrase ‘ini proyek’ she followed DM rule in Bahasa Indonesia

and it became ‘proyek ini’. The translation become ‘Sam tahu tentang proyek ini’.

The translator has applied the idiomatic translation which has followed the form

Bahasa Indonesia as TL.

Datum 10

SLT : They talked about their mutual problems. (p. 283)

TLT : Mereka membicarakan berbagai kesamaan masalah. (p.340)

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 The datum above contains verb with patient in prepositional phrase talked

about their mutual problems. The verb is directly transferred into berbicara tentang

mereka sama masalah-masalah. Translator has translated the verb to membicarakan

berbagai kesamaan masalah. It means that the translator has applied some techniques

of translation to produce such kind of translation.

The first technique used by translation is technique of deletion proposed by

Nida. She deleted the preposition tentang, the deletion technique has changed the

classification of verb from verba berpreposisi into verba ekatransitif. Hasan said that

verba ekatransitif is a verb which is followed by one object in the sentence. The

translator did not use berbicara tentang but used membicarakan which is classified as

verba ekatransitif , however it does not change the meaning of the sentence.

In translating the patient ‘mereka sama masalah-masalah’ translator omits

‘mereka’ that function as possessive pronoun in SLT by using technique of deletion as

proposed by Nida. There is also happened a shift from adjective to noun from sama to

kesamaan. Besides ‘masalah-masalah’ means many, as explained in previous datum

than in Bahasa there is some word that can be function as a plural marker that means

many. By using technique of addition she added berbagai as a plural marker to

masalah. Thus, it becomes kesamaan masalah and the translation from SLT into TLT

is mereka membicarakan berbagai kesamaan masalah.

Idiomatic translation followed TLT rule thus the translation sounds natural in

TLT. In this case the translator has done some adjustment to make the translation does

not sound strange to reader or hearer of novel by followed some techniques proposed

by Nida. Hence, the translation is idiomatic translation.

Datum 11

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SLT: He looked at her in shock. (p.299)

TLT: Dia melihat kepadanya dengan mata terperanjat. (p.358)

Looked at her in the datum above is classified as intransitive verb with patient

in prepositional phrase. In translating the verb, the translator directly translated look

at her into melihat kepadanya. It means that the translator did literal translation as

outlined by Gabriella Bosco.

Does the translator apply idiomatic translation? Larson said that a truly

idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written in

the receptor language originally. In this point, the translator has done idiomatic

translation because melihat kepadanya is understandable in TLT.

There is also another alternative of translation to verb with patient in

prepositional phrase. By applying technique of deletion as proposed by Nida, it will

be melihatnya , preposition kepada is omitted then the sentence becomes Dia

melihatnya dengan mata terperanjat . In this case, the intransitive verb change from

intransitive verb to transitive verb that needs object in use in the sentence.

According to Larson principle about idiomatic translation that a translator

should make a translation as natural as their TL we can conclude that the translator

has applied idiomatic translation.

Datum 12

SLT : Now Rhys straightened up, stretched and glanced at his watch. (p.308)

TLT : Kini Rhys mendongak, merentang dan melirik jam tangannya. (p.370)

In translating glanced at his watch as intransitive verb with patient in

prepositional phrase, the translator used technique of deletion. Literally, it can be

28
translated as melirik pada jam tangannya. In this case, she omitted the preposition

pada from melirik pada jam tangannya. It becomes melirik jam tangannya. The

technique of deletion as proposed by Nida has changed the class of verb from

intransitive verb to transitive verb or verba berpreposisi to verba ekatransitit that is

followed by one object.

Besides, other technique is also applied technique of exchanging position in

translating the patient in prepositional phrase. his watch is translated as dia jam

tangan. It needs adjustment to make the phrase acceptable and understandable in

Bahasa Indonesia. English structure followed M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or

(Modified-Head). While Bahasa Indonesia usually followed D-M rule (Diterangkan-

Menerangkan) or (Head-Modified).

his watch as patient in prepositional is literally translated as dia jam tangan. It

is followed MD rule dia is head noun and jam tangan is modified noun. By using the

technique of exchanging position, the structure has changed to DM rule which is more

acceptable and understandable in Bahasa Indonesia. The translation becomes jam

tangan.

In this case, the translator has done some adjustments to produce

understandable translation. Thus, we can conclude that the translator has applied

idiomatic translation as proposed by Larson.

Datum 13

SLT: Detective Max Hornung looked at Inspector Schimied in genuine surpose.

(p.330)

TLT: Detektif Max Hornung memandang Inspektur Schmied dengan heran. (p.394)

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 From the datum above, we can see that the translator applied some techniques

of translation as proposed by Nida. Looked at inspector is literally translated

memandang pada Inspector Schimied. look has many equivalent verb in Bahasa

Indonesia. It can be translated as melihat, memandang, menatap but in this case the

translator used memandang. In translating the verb, the translator omitted the

preposition pada from prepotional phrase because the using memandang pada

Schimied in TLT is not common in TLT though the reader can understand what it

means. The translator applied the technique of deletion to omit he preposition. It

becomes Detektif Max Hornoung memandang Inspector Schmied. The adjustment did

in the translation have changed the type of verb from intransitive verb to verba

ekatransitif that is followed by one object. Inscpectur Schmied functions as an object

in the TLT not a patient in prepositional phrase as in SLT.

Referring to Larson definition to idiomatic translation, it can be concluded that

the translator has did the idiomatic translation.

Datum 14

SLT: Elizabeth thought about the Emil Joeppli and the culture he was working on but

she said nothing (p.337)

TLT: Elizabeth terpikir akan Emil Joeppli dan percobaan kultur yang sedang

dikerjakannya, tetapi dia tidak mengatakan sepatahkata pun. (p.403)

In the datum above, the intransitive verb with patient thought about is literally

translated in to Bahasa Indonesia berpikir tentang. But the using in Bahasa Indonesia

the translation has done some modification to use of prefix ‘ber’ to ‘ter’. According to

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Hasan (2000), the use of prefix ter- has meaning as an activity which happens

unintentionally.

In translating verb with patient in prepositional phrase, the translator applied

direct translation technique or literal translation as outlined by Gabriella Bosco. She

said that sometimes literal translation works in translation process. In this case, the

translator has applied the idiomatic translation, as proposed by Larson that idiomatic

translation is clear, acceptable, and understandable.

Datum 15

SLT : There was a pause, and then Alec said, “I’m not talking about The Wall Street

Journal.”

TLT: Diam sejenak, kemudian Alec berkata,”Aku tidak bicara tentang The Wall

Street Journal. (p.423)

talking about the Wall Street in the datum above is classified as intransitive

verb with patient in prepositional phrase. In translating the verb, the translator directly

translated talking about The Wall Street into bicara tentang The Wall Street Journal.

It means that in this point the translator do literal translation or direct translation

technique as outlined by Bosco in order to translate the verb with patient in

prepositional phrase. Does the translator apply idiomatic translation? Larson said that

a truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was

written in the receptor language originally. In this point, the translator has done

idiomatic translation because the translation of Intransitive verb is understandable in

TLT.

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Datum 16

SLT: Elizabeth thought about the phone calls, the bankers, her cousins, the press.

(p.355)

TLT: Elizabeth berpikir tentang telepon-telepon itu, para bankir, saudara-saudara

sepupuya, dan kalangan pers. (p.424)

The verb in the datum above is classified as verb with patient in prepositional

phrase. thought about the phone calls, the bankers, her cousins, the press is also

translated as verba berpreposisi berpikir tentang telepon-telepon itu, para banker,

saudara-saudara sepupunya, dan kalangan pers.

In translating the verb with patient in prepositional phrase, the translator

applied techniques of translation, especially to translate the patient in prepositional

phrase. There are many patient in SLT they are: the phone calls, the bankers, her

cousins, the press. The phone calls is literally translated telepon panggilan, its

translation is not common in Bahasa Indonesia, thus by applying the technique of

exchanging position. English structure followed M-D (Menerangkan Diterangkan) or

(Modified-Head). While Bahasa Indonesia usually followed D-M rule (Diterangkan-

Menerangkan) or (Head-Modified).

telepon panggilan as patient in prepositional is followed MD rule. telepon is

head noun and panggilan is modified noun. By using the technique of exchanging

position, the structure has changed to DM rule which is more acceptable and

understandable in Bahasa Indonesia. The translation becomes panggilan telepon.

The bankers is translated into Bahasa Indonesia as para banker, it means that

the translator has used direct translation technique which is called borrowing

translation as outlined by Gabriella Bosco in her articles. It is the same technique

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applied to the press, the translator translated directly which is called borrowing

translation. Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another

without translation. The translator also applied technique of addition as proposed by

Nida to para banker and kalangan pers. She added kalangan dan para in the phrase

as a plural marker in TL, the translator is tend to use plural marker than use

reduplication.

Some adjustment has applied to the translation to produce understandable an

natural translation. Hence, it can be concluded that the translator has applied idiomatic

translation.

Datum 17

SLT : He talked to the people who hold in their hands the secrets of citizens of

France. (p.373)

TLT: Dia berbicara dengan orang-orang yang memegang rahasia penduduk Prancis.

(p.433)

Talked to the people in the datum above is classified as intransitive verb with

patient in prepositional phrase. In translating the verb, the translator directly translated

talked to people into berbicara dengan orang-orang. It means that in this point the

translator do literal translation or direct translation technique in order to translate the

verb with patient in prepositional phrase. Does the translator apply idiomatic

translation? Larson said that a truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a

translation. It sounds like it was written in the receptor language originally. In this

point, the translator has done idiomatic translation because the translation of

Intransitive verb is understandable in TLT.

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Datum 18

SLT : Rhys looked at her in quick surprise, then rose to his feet. (p.400)

TLT: Rhys memandang kepadanya dengan kejutan mendadak, kemudian bangkit

berdiri. (p.475)

looked at her is the verb. Literally, it can translated as melihat kepadanya. In

Bahasa Indonesia the verb melihat has many equivalent verbs that can be used as a

alternative verb like : memandang, melihat, menatap, memandang. In this case, the

translator chooses memandang, thus translation become memandang kepadanya. It

means that she has followed direct translation technique as outlined by Bosco.

Larson said that a good translation is transferring the meaning in TL form;

Rhys memandang kepadanya sounds natural in Bahasa Indonesia. That means that the

translator has applied idiomatic translation.

Datum 19

SLT : He was thinking of something that there was an army of men infiltrating the

garden (p. 421)

TLT: Dia memikirkan sesuatu yang dikatakan Mayor Wageman kepadanya beberapa

menit yang lalu. (p.503)

The datum above contains with verb with patient in prepositional phrase.

thinking of something is literally translated into berpikir tentang sesuatu. In

translating the verb into Bahasa Indonesia, she did adjustment by omitting the

preposition tentang. The translator does not use preposition berpikir tentang has same

34
meaning with membicarakan but the class of verb is different. membicarakan is verba

ekatransitif that is followed by an object. Thus, sesuatu in the sentence is an object

now. The translation becomes memikirkan sesuatu. berpikir tentang and memikirkan

referred to the same meaning in this sentence.

When the translator does not use preposition in verb with patient in

prepositional phrase, the translator uses transitive verb which is equivalent to

translation. Hence, it can be said that translator has applied the idiomatic translation.

Datum 20

SLT : He was staring at his wife with an expression of utter hopelessness. (p.423)

TLT: Lelaki itu menatap istrinya dengan pandangan tak berdaya. (p. 405)

In datum above, staring at his wife is literally translated into TLT menatap

pada istrinya. The translator has translated it into menatap istrinya, it means that the

translator has done adjustment by applying technique of deletion as proposed by Nida.

Here, the translation deleted preposition pada. The deletion caused the changing of

class of verb from verb berpreposisi which is intransitive into verba ekatransitif that is

followed by an object in sentence

In Bahasa Indonesia, both menatap pada istrinya and menatap istrinya can be

used, they have same meaning. Both of them are acceptable in Bahasa Indonesia.

Thus we can conclude that the translator has applied the idiomatic translation.

3.3. Findings

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36