runvkrs: Frequency Hopping For GSM Networks

:RUNVKRS
Frequency Hopping
for
GSM Networks
February 2001
Network Design and Consulting

Workshop Frequency Hopping for GSM Networks
2XWOLQH
I. Introduction of Radio Link Control Features in GSM Networks
• Capacity Enhancement
• Radio Link Control Options
• Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping
• Real Network Simulation Investigations
• Conclusions
II. Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping Networks

• Implementation Aspects
• Frequency Assignment in FH Networks
• Database Parameters
• Optimisation Aspects
• Summary
III. Project Specific Questions & Discussion

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U. Rehfuess and K. Ivanov, Siemens AG, Mobile Radio

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w Capacity Enhancement
w Radio Link Control Options:
w - Frequency Hopping (FH), Power Control (PC), Discontinuous Transmission
(DTX)
w Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping

w - Frequency Diversity
w - Interference Diversity
w Real Network Simulation Investigations

w - Capacity gains vs. re-use
w - Homogeneous vs. real network layouts
w - Different hopping modes
w - Recommendations with respect to operator’s bandwidth
w Conclusions

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traffic traffic channels carriers 1 sites
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ bandwidth ⋅
area channel carrier bandwidth cluster size area
channel 8 for FR 5 per MHz Frequency Spectrum BS

usage 16 for HR (200 kHz) reuse f. operator density
GSM
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Power Control (PC)
w reduces interference due to minimum transmission power
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
w reduces interference due to no transmission during silence periods

Frequency Hopping (FH)
w mitigates frequency selective Rayleigh fading for slow MSs

w averages interference due to interference diversity
⇒ Interference increase by tighter frequency re-use
can be compensated for by combination of FH, PC and DTX
Ñ Tight frequency re-use yields capacity gain in existing sites at moderate cost
? How far shall re-use be tightened for optimum performance?
Planned re-use down to 4 ¼?½ Cluster 1x3 ¼?½ Cluster 1x1

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FH, PC and DTX are mandatory (for MS) GSM Phase 1 features
FH: GSM 05.02
PC, DTX: GSM 05.05 and 05.08
PC dynamic range MS (GSM 05.05):

GSM 900 phase1: 39 dBm (33 dBm typ.) - 13 dBm 8 W (2 W typ.) - 20 mW
GSM 900 phase2: 39 dBm (33 dBm typ.) - 5 dBm 8 W (2 W typ.) - 3 mW
GSM 1800/1900: 36 dBm (30 dBm typ.) - 0 dBm 4 W (1 W typ.) - 1 mW
PC dynamic range BS (GSM 05.05):

TRX Power class (GSM 900: 320 .. 2.5 W, GSM 900 Micro 250 mW .. 25 mW)
Static RF power step: 0 .. -12dB (2dB steps)
Dynamic RF power control: 0 .. -30 dB (2dB steps)

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The information of one GSM speech frame is spread over
8 successive bursts
20 ms speech frame
channel coding & interleaving
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA frame
w Isolated corrupted bursts can be compensated by a strong

forward error correction by convolutional channel coding
w Soft decoding exploits mix of “good” and “bad” bursts

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Signal
Level
F1
F3
F2
MS Location Distance
w Due to multi-path fading, the radio channel is frequency

selective
w Changing the transmission frequency from burst to burst
leads to individual propagation conditions for each burst

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SACCH period: 480 ms
TDMA frame 25 51 77 103

Speech Frame period: 20 ms
TDMA frame n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7
w Wavelength: λ900MHz ~ 30 cm, λ1800MHz ~ 15 cm

w MS movement within one Speech Frame vs. SACCH period
3.6 km/h (1 m/s) 50 km/h (~14 m/s)
TCH/FS 20ms 2 cm << λ 28 cm ~ λ
SACCH 480ms 48 cm > λ 670 cm >> λ
w TCH/FS performance strongly depends on FH at low speed
w SACCH perf. (radio link timeout!) fairly independent of FH

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w Frequency diversity
gains are limited by the
number of repetitions of
frequencies within the
interleaving depth,
cyclic FH
e.g. 8 for TCH/FS random FH
w Cyclic FH reaches max. gain of e.g. 5 dB at 8 frequencies

w Random FH reaches max. gain of e.g. 5 dB at 64 frequencies

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Reference Cell TRX 1

TDMA frame # n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5
Interfering Cell TRX 1




TDMA frame # m m+1 m+2 m+3 m+4 m+5
w In the non-hopping case, on all bursts the same interferer

occurs, i.e. no interference diversity

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w Even in the cyclic FH, on all bursts the same interferer

occurs, i.e. no interference diversity

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w In the random FH case, from burst to burst different

interferers occur randomly, i.e. interference diversity

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probability probability 2% FER
Cyclic FH
Random FH
no FH
10%
C/I [dB]
per location FER [%]
With FH: Ë C/I decreases, raw BER and RXQUAL get worse
But: É Voice quality (FER) improves
⇒ Simulations can evaluate FH gains

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Capacity is limited by the minimum of
w hard blocking, e.g. fulfilling Erlang-B Table at 2% (red dashed line)
w soft blocking, e.g. fulfilling quality criterion FER ≤ 2% for 90% of the calls
Ideal Homogeneous Network Real Network

140 140
Co-Channel Interference Co-Channel Interference
120 Co- and Adj. Interference 120 Co- and Adj. Interference
100 100
5/5/5 5/5/5
Erl / Site
Erl / Site
80 80
4/4/4 4/4/4
60 60
3/3/3 3/3/3
40 40
2/2/2 2/2/2
20 20
0 0
21 14 9.3 7 4 1x3 1x1 21 14 9.3 7 4 1x3 1x1
mean TCH re-use, opt. assignment cluster mean TCH re-use, opt. assignment cluster
Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

FH, PC and DTX used

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5 hopping frequencies, 27 hopping frequencies,
re-use 7 (frequency planning) re-use 1x1

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w CH profits from better w CH cannot profit from PC and
frequency diversity DTX due to missing
w Interference diversity from interference diversity
individual freq. sets per cell

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Log-Normal w Absolute Erl/Site values
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100 σ = 5dB simulation assumptions like
σ = 7dB 5/5/5
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80 sigma of log normal fading,

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60 QoS requirements etc.
3/3/3
40 w Relative comparisons of
2/2/2 optimum assignments vs.
20
cluster 1x3 and 1x1 hold
0
21 14 9.3 7 4 1x3 1x1
irrespective of log normal fading
mean TCH re-use, optimum assignment cluster
Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

FH, PC and DTX used

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Reuse 6
0 0
6 12 18 24 30 36 TCH freq. 6 12 18 24 30 36 TCH freq.
w Limited spectrum: reuse 1x1 recommended

due to higher FH gains
w Sufficient spectrum: planned reuse (e.g. 6) recommended
due to better C/I and sufficient FH gains
w Planned re-use profits more on measures to achieve homogeneous
network design

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Patented Aug. 11, 1942
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
2,292,387
SECRET COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Hedy Kiesler Markey, Los Angeles, and George
Antheil, Manhattan Beach, Calif.
Application June 10, 1941, Serial No. 397,412
6 Claims. (Cl. 250-2)
This invention relates broadly to secret communication systems involving

the use of carrier waves of different frequencies, and is especially useful
in the remote control of dirigible craft, such as torpedoes.
An object of the invention is to provide a method of secret
communication which is relatively simple and reliable in operation, but at
the same time is difficult to discover or decipher ...
Hedy Lamarr (Hedy Kiesler Markey)

1913 - 2000, actress, dancer and - engineer!

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K. Ivanov et al: Frequency Hopping Spectral Capacity Enhancement of

Cellular Networks. Proc. ISSSTA96, 1996, pp 1267-72.
U. Rehfuess, K. Ivanov, C. Lueders: A Novel Approach of Interfacing
Link and System Level Simulations with Radio Network Planning. Proc.
GLOBECOM 1998, pp 1503-08.
U. Rehfuess, K. Ivanov: Comparing Frequency Planning against 1x3 and
1x1 Re-Use in Real Frequency Hopping Networks. Proc. IEEE VTC‘99
Fall, Amsterdam, 1999, pp 1845-49.

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Authors:
U. Rehfuess, ICM N MR
Dr. K. Dietrich, ICM N MR
A. Volke, ICM N MR
B. Kronmueller, ICM N CV

Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks
2XWOLQH
Implementation Aspects
Frequency Assignment in FH Networks
BSS - Database Parameters
Optimisation Aspects
Summary

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Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
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Combining Equipment in Baseband and Synthesizer FH
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Hybrid Combing
Filter Combining

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• Wide band
• Narrow Band
• Higher insertion losses (~3 dB/stage)
• Low insertion loss (3-4 dB)
• On-air combining possible (DUCOM)

Combiner, Link Budget of Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Example: GSM 900
Combiner Losses and Output Power
• Determine configuration and Combiner Attenuation

Type dB
hardware status before SFH DUCOM 2:1 2.5
implementation DUCOM 4:1 5.7
HYCOM 1:1 2.0
• Determine necessary upgrades HYCOM 2:1 3.7
(TPU, PA, Combiner) HYCOM 4:1 6.5
FICOM 2:1 2.4
• Actualize and check
FICOM 4:1 3.0
Link budgets FICOM 6:1 3.3
• Introduce further HPA where DUCIT 2.8
necessary Power Output Power

Amplifier W
• Max. number of TRXs per cell PA 25 W
depends on hardware 40 W
HPA 60 W
configuration

TPU, PA for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
BFH SFH
TPU X
TPU 2 X X
PA X X X*
HPA X X
* not all types of first generation power amplifiers are suitable for for SFH

Hardware and Software for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
• Software Release: BR 3.7 or higher

• Cell Synchronization:up to 2/2/2 BS 6x/2x
up to 8/8/8 BS 24x
• No. of Hopping Frequencies:
max. 16 per cell (BFH incl. BCCH)
max. 15 per cell (SFH w/o BCCH)
max. 64 per cell with BR 6.0
• BS11: SFH only (BR 4.0)

Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
• Baseband hopping Narrowband RFcombining sufficient
One TRX per hopping frequency required!
• Synthesizer hopping Wideband RF combining required
More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible
• No. of RF = No. of TRX BCCH TRX except for TS0 may hop
• No. of RF > No. of TRX BCCH TRX must not hop

Hardware Requirements: Repeater
w Wideband Repeaters:
• Usable for SFH and BFH
• Careful implementation (amplification of signals
in the whole frequency band)
w Channel selective Repeaters:

• Usable for BFH
• Number of frequencies is limited
• Usually not usable in tight reuse scenarios

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Frequency Planning Split of Band
BCCH - TCH
Process Frequency Assignment Dedicated

Common
Multiple Reuse
Planning of Boundaries
Hopping – Non Hopping
• Guideline for RF-planners Frequency

Tool optimized Available Spectrum assignment with
• Focus on SFH planning and frequency

assignment
for Hopping fixed reuse schemes
hopping TCH - carriers

• Tools • Reuse 1x3
• BCCH - carrier assignment: •

•
Interference Table
Separation Settings
•
•
Reuse 1x1
other
planning with tool is always

Cyclic Hopping
recommended Random Hopping
• Planning must be adjusted to MAIO and HSN

Planning
each individual network
Planning of Anchor
Frequencies in SFH
Database
Generation

Frequency Planning
Common Band - Dedicated Band - Multiple Re-Use Patterns
Common Band
WRWDORSHUDWRUEDQGZLGWK0+] FDUULHUV
Achievable System Load
FDUULHUVIRUERWK%&&+DQG7&+
Dedicated Band 90%@FER≤2%
5 hopping frequencies
PC on, DTX on
71.8%
%&&+FDUULHUV 7&+FDUULHUV Dedicated Band 59.7%
Common Band
54.3%
MRP
Multiple Re-use Patterns (MRP)
[%]
%&&+FDUULHUV 7&+7&+7&+FDUULHUV

Frequency Planning
Strategies Cyclic Hopping - Random Hopping
w Principle of Cyclic Hopping
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3 ...}, MAIO 0
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 ...}, MAIO 2
TDMA frame
• Optimum frequency Diversity
F r e q u e n c y
f0
f1 • Sufficient Interference diversity

f2
by avoiding frequency groups
f3
f4
• No Interference diversity using
frequency groups
w Principle of Random Hopping
Random hopping sequence {... f1, f4, f2, f0, f0, f3, f0, f1, f2, f4, ...}, MAIO 0
Random hopping sequence {... f3, f1, f4, f2, f2, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, ...}, MAIO 2
TDMA frame
F r e q u e n c y
f0
f1 • Optimum interference diversity

f2
f3
• Less frequency diversity
f4

Frequency Planning
Frequency groups - Tool supported planning
TCH 2
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3
TCH 1 TCH 3
Fixed reuse scheme to all Tool supported frequency

hopping cells assignment based on interference
possible reuses: matrix considering FH gains
3/9, 2/6, 1/3, 1/1

Frequency Planning
Planning of BCCH
BCCH 1
BCCH 3 BCCH 2
BCCH 4
• Reliability
BCCH 7
BCCH 6
• Neighbor Measurements
BCCH 5
BCCH 9 BCCH 8
BCCH 10
• BSIC Decoding
BCCH 13 BCCH 11
• BCCH Frequency active at all
timeslots in the downlink
-> no interference averaging
BCCH
e.g. 4 x 12 Reuse

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (I)
w Cluster 1/3
TCH A TCH A
TCH A
Channel TCH C TCH B TCH C TCH B
TCH A
1, 4, 7, 10, ... TCH A
TCH A
TCH C TCH B
TCH B
2, 5, 8, 11, ... TCH A
TCH C TCH B TCH C TCH B
TCH C
3, 6, 9, 12, ...
TCH C TCH B
Co-channel interference is avoided by MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 ...

the frequency groups
Sector 1 0 2 4 ...
With a deliberately MAIO -
assignment and identical HSN Sector 2 1 3 5 ...
assignment to sectors you can avoid Sector 3 0 2 4 ...
adjacent-channel interference between
the sectors within one site Min # RF 6 12 18

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (II)
TCH 2
• Each sector within a site uses a
different Frequency Group
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3 • No co-channel collisions between
TCH 2 TCH 1 sectors of a site
TCH 3
TCH 2 • Synchronisation between the sectors
TCH 1 TCH 3
and MAIO management avoid
TCH 1 TCH 3
adjacent channel collisions
• Homogeneous network:
TCH uses each frequency only no co-channel collisions between
part of the time (e.g. 50%) serving cell and all nearest
Í 50% fractional load neighbour cells

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (III)
w Cluster 1/1
• All sectors same frequency group
• Identical HSN to sectors of one site
• MAIO assignment to avoid co- and adjacent channel
interference
MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 ...

Sector 1 0 6 12 18 ...
Sector 2 2 8 14 20 ...
Sector 3 4 10 16 22 ...
Min # RF 6 12 18 24

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (IV)
TCH
• Each sector within a site uses the
TCH same frequency group
TCH TCH
TCH • Synchronisation between the sectors
TCH
TCH
TCH
and MAIO management required to
TCH TCH
avoid co-channel collisions
TCH TCH
• Homogeneous network:
Co-channel collisions between
serving cell and nearest neighbor

Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (I)
GSM 05.02.
MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping)
MAI ... Mobile Allocation Index (integer 1...N-1)
FN ... TDMA Frame Number (0... 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647)
MAIO ... Mobile Allocation Index Offset (0 ... N -1)
set of ARFCN numbers to be
N ... Number of allocated frequencies used in the hopping sequence
For example: (MAIO=0)

MA = 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41 N=15
1. burst FN = 0: MAI = (0 + 0) mod 15 = 0 Õ ARFCN = 1

etc...

Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (II)
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N if HSN ≠ 0 (random hopping)
with:
S = M’ if M’ < N
S = (M’ + T’) modulo N else
M’ = M modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
T’ = T3 modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R)+T3)

T1R, T2, T3 ... Different Time Parameter
RNTABLE ... Table of 114 Integer numbers

Frequency Planning
Example for MAIO - Management (I)
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Time (TDMA - frame)

TRX0 BCCH
TRX1 MAIO = 0 1 2 10 7 ...

TRX2 MAIO = 6 7 8 16 ...
TRX3 MAIO = 12 13 14 4 ...
Time (TDMA - frame)
Time (TDMA - frame)
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH
... 14 6 5 MAIO = 4 TRX1 TRX1 MAIO = 2 3 4 12 9 ...

... 2 12 11 MAIO = 10 TRX2 TRX2 MAIO = 8 9 10 18 ...
MAIO = 16 TRX3 TRX3 MAIO = 14
... 8 18 17 15 16 6 ...

Frequency Planning TRX0 BCCH
Example for MAIO - Management (II) TRX1
TRX2
MAIO = 0
MAIO = 6
TRX3 MAIO = 12
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 MAIO = 4 TRX1 TRX1 MAIO = 2
Avoid Co - channel collision:

 min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies)
Avoid Adjacent - channel collision:
 only odd or even RF numbers on air at same time
Minimum total number of frequencies for hopping system with

MAIO - Management = 2* number of hopping TRX of site (18
frequencies in example)

Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups and MAIO - Assignment
Frequency group: TRX0 BCCH
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 TRX1 f A MAIO = 0
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17 TRX2 f A MAIO = 2
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH

TRX0 BCCH
f C MAIO = 0 TRX1 TRX1 f B MAIO = 1
TRX1 f A MAIO = 0 HSN = 1
TRX2 f A MAIO = 2
TRX3 f A MAIO = 4
TRX0 BCCH
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH TRX1 f A MAIO = 0
f C MAIO = 0 TRX1 TRX1 f B MAIO = 1 TRX2 f A MAIO = 2

HSN = 3
f C MAIO = 4 TRX3 TRX3 f B MAIO = 5 BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH

HSN = 2

Frequency Planning Tools
The Automatic Frequency Planning Process
•Automatized
Planning Routines •Global / Local
•Variety of Parameter Settings
Planning Algorithms
Input data
from radio network
planning tool
Minimisation Evaluation
Evaluation
ofofthe
theassignments
of Frequency Assignment •C/I
assignments
•C/I andFER
and FERplots
plots
interference •C/I and FER analysis
•C/I and FER analysis
on
onperpercarrier
carrierbasis
basis
kD ata
et wor
N
Live
•Setting of planning
•Consideration of constraints
FH, PC, DTX •Common / Dedicated
Band Planning

The SIEMENS Advanced Automatic Frequency Planning Tool
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Consideration of Radio Link Control Options
u Automatic consideration of hopping gains and

interference reduction due to PC and DTX on cell basis
during
• interference matrix calculation
• optimum assignment of frequencies by using highly
efficient optimisation algorithms
u Graphical evaluation of the assignment results based

on FER

Generation of the interference matrix
Potentially serving
signal SC
EIRP - Path
Interference
loss
matrix
Cell area
EIRP - Path
Potentially interfering
loss
signal SI Affected area due
to C/I
Ai Σ
Affected area due

P e rc e n ta g e o f P e rc e n ta g e o f Ai Σ to C/A
p o te n tia l ly p o te n tia l ly
a ffe c te d c a lls a ffe c te d c a lls
d u e to C / I d u e to C /A
9 dB 50 % 0 % Ai Σ
50%
7 dB 60 % 0 %
5 dB 70 % 0 %
3 dB 80 % 5 %
1 dB 90 % 10 %

Required C/I in FH-GSM (TU3), Cyclic Hopping
NH
2 Ch
FH Gains as determined 3 Ch
4 Ch
via Real Network 5 Ch
8 Ch
Simulations
50%
Shift: 6.5 dB Ì 13.5 dB

Gain: up to 7 dB

Required C/I in FH-GSM for different environments
Typical frequency hopping gain

The following table shows the typical gain from frequency
hopping in a GSM 900 network (example of the signal-to-noise
ratio required to obtain 0.2% residual BER for class 1b bits):
Frequency hopping TU3 TU50 HT100

None 11.5 7.5 6.8
2 frequency 10.0 6.5 6.7
4 frequency 8.25 6.0 6.6
8 frequency 7.5 6.0 6.6
16 frequency 6.75 6.0 6.6
Source: SIEMENS TED-BSS

Analyses of FER
Graphical FER analysis of an SFH network
FER in % FER in %
W3% W3%
<3% <3%
<2% <2%
< 1% < 1%
1x3 reuse, 0,3 fractional load 1x3 reuse, 0,6 fractional load

Frequency Assignment
Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (I)
No. of TRX
3 2 2
Network Example:
3 4 4 4 4 4
• 11 Sites
3 4 4
• 33 Cells 3
• 6 cells 2 TRX
• 12 cells 3 TRX 3 3 4 4 4 4
• 15 cells 4 TRX 3 3
4
• 33 TRX BCCH 3
• 75 TRX TCH 3
4 4 4
3 3
2 2
2 2

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (II)
Network Example:
• 11 Sites Given Spectrum: 42 channels
• 33 Cells
• 6 cells 2 TRX Í 12 frequencies for BCCH - TRX
• 12 cells 3 TRX
• 15 cells 4 TRX Í 30 frequencies for TCH - TRX (hopping)
Reuse of: 4 Í 30/4 = 7.5 frequencies per cell in average

5 Í 30/5 = 6 frequencies per cell in average
6 Í 30/6 = 5 frequencies per cell in average
7 Í 30/7 = 4.2 frequencies per cell in average

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (III)
Network Example:
• 11 Sites
No. of 2/3 No. of TRX
• 33 Cells
• 6 cells 2 TRX assigned
• 12 cells 3 TRX
• 15 cells 4 TRX
frequencies 6/4 4/6
for FH
3/4
Planning Rule: (example) 4/6
1 Hopping TRX Í 3 frequencies 4/3 3/4
2 Hopping TRX Í 4 frequencies 6/4 4/6
3 Hopping TRX Í 6 frequencies
Frequency Reuse Factor:
156 / 33 = 4.7 frequ. / cell in average
Í 30 frequ. / 4.7 frequ. per cell = 6.3

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Separations for hopping TCH:
• Intra cell separation: 3
• Intra site separation: 1
• Neighbour separation: 1
Interference Matrix for hopping TCH:

• co-channel: C/I curve 7 dB (50% probability)
• adjacent channel: C/I curve -6 dB (50% probability)
MAIO and HSN:

• HSN = 0 for all cells (cyclic hopping)
• MAIO = 0 for TRX1 (TRX0 = BCCH)
• MAIO = 1 for TRX2
• MAIO = 2 for TRX3 etc.

Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Example for a site list:
Site Id Sector TRX BCCH f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 MAIO HSN
0001 1 0 2 - -
1 1 19 36 41 0 0
2 0 4 - -
2 1 13 18 21 25 30 42 0 0
2 2 13 18 21 25 30 42 1 0
2 3 13 18 21 25 30 42 2 0
3 0 9 - -
3 1 15 23 27 32 0 0
3 2 15 23 27 32 1 0
0002 1 0 12 - -
1 1 22 26 34 40 0 0
1 2 22 26 34 40 1 0
2 0 8 - -
2 1 16 19 28 0 0
etc....

Frequency Planning
Planning of Anchor Frequencies
w Each TRX must be assigned with a fixed frequency which
belongs to the hopping frequency group of this TRX
w In case of disabling FH the TRX transmit the anchor frequency
w Tool Supported Planning of anchor frequencies
Example Frequency group 1x3 reuse:
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 BCCH
TRX0
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18 TRX1 TRXFREQ = 7 MOBALLOC = 1- 4 -7- 10 - 13 - 16
TRX2 TRXFREQ = 13 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
TRX3 TRXFREQ = 4 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
BCCH TRX0
TRX0 BCCH
3 - 6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18 TRXFREQ = 18 TRX1
TRX1 TRXFREQ = 2 2 - 5 - 8 - 11 - 14 - 17
.. .. ..
. ..
. . .

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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH (I)
Specification Object/ DB Name Range Meaning
Name Package
CA BTS/ CALL 0...1023&. Cell Allocation:
PKGBTSB ..& list of all frequencies used in this cell except the
0...1023 BCCH-frequency
HOPP_MODE BTS/ HOPMODE BBHOP Flag indicates whether baseband or synthesizer
PKGBTSO SYNHOP hopping is used
FH_SYS_NUMBE FHSY FHSY 1...10 Number to identify a frequency hopping system
R
HSN FHSY HSN 0...63 Hopping sequence number
0: cyclic hopping
1...63: random hopping
MA FHSY MOBALLOC 0...1023& Mobile allocation:
...& list of frequencies within the FH system
0...1023 (maximum number of frequencies = 16).
FH_SYSTEM_ID CHAN FHSYID 0...10 Specifies the frequency hopping system (given
by FHSYN) to which a channel shall belong. (0:
no hopping)
MAIO CHAN MAIO 0...63 Mobile allocation index offset: defining the
starting frequency (number in the MA frequency
list) for a hopping sequence at a certain frame
number FN, i.e. different channels using the
same FH system shall have different MAIO.
BTS_ISHOPPING BTS/ HOPP TRUE Flag to enable/disable FH within the BTS
PKGBTSO FALSE
Source: M. Doss, ICM N CV D 22

Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH(I)
w Maximum No. Of Hopping Frequencies

Theoretical Limit: 16 Frequencies (BFH)
Practical Limit: 15 Frequencies (SFH)
w In case of SFH all Time Slots on BCCH TRX

(BCCH TS, SDCCH TS as well as TCH TS) must
not hop
w In case of BFH the BCCH TS must not hop

(FHSYID = 0)

Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (I)
RXQUAL
Power Increase
(bad quality)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Increase Power Decrease

(bad level) (good level)
U_RXQUAL_XX_
Power Decrease
(good quality)
RXLEV
0 63
L_RXLEV_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P
POW_RED_STEP_SIZE

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Database Parameters
Administration of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH - RxQual
N o Frequen cy H oppi ng C ycl ic FH 2 Frequ enci es
7 7
2% FER 2% FER
6 6
RXQUAL@90%
RXQUAL@90%
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0,1 1 10 100 0,1 1 10 100
FER @9 0% [% ] FER @9 0% [%]
C yclic FH 4 Frequ en cies C ycl ic FH 8 Frequ enci es
7 7
2% FER 2% FER
6 6
RXQUAL@90%
RXQUAL@90%
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0,1 1 10 100 0,1 1 10 100
FER @9 0% [% ] FER @9 0% [%]

Database Parameters
Parameter Settings for Control Loops using RxQual Measurements
Handover: Default Default Default

(No Hopping) SFH (> 8 HF) BFH
HOLTHQUDL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5
HOLTHQUUL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5
HOAVQUAL: 8-2 8-2 8-2
Power Control:
LOWTQUAD: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4
LOWTQUAU: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4
UPTQUAD: 1 1 1
UPTQUAU: 1 1 1
PAVRQUAL 4-1 4-1 4-1
*) as recommended by database planning

Database Parameters
Flexible Configuration of different Hopping Modes
w Flexible configuration of the Hopping Mode for each cell of a

BSC via BSS parameter:
• No Hopping
• Baseband Hopping
• Synthesizer Hopping
w Configuration of the first SDCCH on the BCCH TRX

mandatory

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Field Trials
Points of Examination
w Impact of RLC on Network Quality
w Impact of RLC on Network Capacity
w Comparison BFH - SFH
w Comparison SFH Tight Reuse Implementation Cases
w Optimizing Radio Parameters

(Thresholds for Handover and Power Control)

Network Measurements
w Performance Measurements:
• Performance and Quality Indicators
- Dropped Call Rate
- TCH Drop Rate (Loss of Connection, Loss during Handover)
• Handover Statistics (Inter, Intra, Causes, Failures)
• Uplink Interference Measurements on Idle TCH
• SDCCH Performance
w Test Mobile Measurements:
• RxLev, RxQual, FER, SQI (Speech Quality)
w Tracer Measurements:
• Abis Protocol Analyses

Performance Measurements: Quality Indicators
Comparison of Drop Rates: Non Hopping - SFH 1x3 - SHF 1x1
5.0%
~ 4 % Improvement
4.0%
3.0%
~ 18 % Improvement
2.0%
~ 14 % Improvement
1.0%
0.0%
Dropped Call Rate TCH Drop Rate Call Drop Rate BS
No Hopping 4.55% 1.23% 1.90%
SFH 1x1 4.39% 1.08% 1.59%
SFH 1x3 4.40% 1.04% 1.52%

Optimisation Aspects S1/SFH 1x3 → SFH 1x3
Handover Performance (I) HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 → 8-2
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 → 4
Handover Performance: Inter cell HO - Causes
100.0%
80.0%
Percentage
60.0% of
Quality HO
Parameter
increases
Optimisation
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
No Hopping S1 / SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
Uplink Quality (Per) Downlink Quality (Per) Uplink Strengh (Per) Downlink Strength (Per)
Distance (Per) Better Cell (Per) Direct Retry (Per)

Optimisation Aspects UL-PC enabled from the
Handover Performance (II) beginning (incl. No hopping)
40,0%
S1/SFH 1x3 → SFH 1x3

HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 → 8-2
30,0% PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 → 4
20,0%
Optimisation of Database
Parameters
Í Percentage of Intra cell
10,0% HO decreased again
0,0%
InterCellHO/TCHAssignm IntraCellHO/TCHAssignm
No Hopping 34,0% 1,1%

S1 / SFH 1x3 32,9% 3,1%
SFH 1x3 30,4% 0,7%

Handover Performance (III) S1/SFH 1x3 → SFH 1x3
HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 → 8-2
120%
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 → 4
5;48$/B'/!
5;/(9B'/! 100%
5;48$/B8/!
5;/(9B8/! 80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
No Hopping S1 / SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
Intra Downlink Quality 54% 62% 74%
Intra Uplink Quality 46% 38% 26%

Optimisations Aspects
Influence of RLC Features on Idle Traffic Channel Measurements
Less percentage of
Rate of idle traffic channels per interference band measurements in
higher bands
SFH + PC + DTX 99.3% 0.7% 0.0%
0.0% Í Reduction of
Interference
SFH + PC 98.9% 1.1% 0.0%
0.0%
SFH 98.9% 1.1% 0.0%

0.0%
BFH 98.7% 1.2% 0.0%

0.0%
Non Hopping 96.3% 1.9% 0.9% 0.9%
94.0% 95.0% 96.0% 97.0% 98.0% 99.0% 100.0% 101.0%
Interference Band 1 Interference Band 2 Interference Band 3 Interference Band 4 Interference Band 5

Handover Performance - Influence of PC & DTX
Implementation of PC & DTX in SFH 1x1
60%
Increase of no. of Decrease of no. of
uplink
50%
quality downlink quality
handovers handovers
40%
30%
Power Control was
20% enabled in Downlink
additionally
10%
0%
Í Reduction of
SFH 1x1 PC, DTX SFH 1x1
Uplink Quality (Per) 14% 23%
Downlink Quality HO
Downlink Quality (Per) 20% 16%
Uplink Strengh (Per) 8% 7%
Downlink Strength (Per) 7% 6%
Distance (Per) 0% 0%
Better Cell (Per) 49% 47%
Direct Retry (Per) 2% 1%

Influence of Cell Synchronisation
Results of Changing HSN - 1x3 and 1x1 in Reference Cells

HSN = b
1,20%
No Synchr. No Synchr.
1,00%
HSN = a HSN = a
0,80% Synchronization
0,60%
Different HSN within

0,40%
one site
0,20%
Í No Synchronisation
0,00%
Synchronized cells
TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x3
1,08 %
TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x1
1,00 %
between the cells
Change of HSN 1,07 % 1,09 %

Reduction of Frequencies
SFH 1x1: Reduction of frequencies Reduction of 3
5,0%
Frequencies
4,0% Reduction of 6
Frequencies
3,0%
2,0%
1,0%
0,0%
Dropped Call Rate TCH Drop Rate
PC, DTX SFH 1x1 4,7% 1,22%

Carr_Red 3Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,16%
Carr_Red 6Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,21%

Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (I)
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTTT -
26 frames = 120 ms
T Traffic Channel (TCH)

S Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
FER (full) Samples Percent. Perc. Sampl Total FER Rate

Measurement Mobile
0% 22883
Samples
97,08%
Cumul.
97,08% 0,00% reports FER values each
4% 407 1,73% 98,81% 0,07%
8% 87 0,37% 99,18% 0,10% SACCH frame
12% 26 0,11% 99,29% 0,11%
16% 34 0,14% 99,43% 0,14%
20%
24%
46
16
0,20%
0,07%
99,63%
99,69%
0,17%
0,19%
FER can only evaluated
28%
32%
13
10
0,06%
0,04%
99,75%
99,79%
0,21%
0,22% in steps of 4 %
36% 6 0,03% 99,82% 0,23%
40% 19 0,08% 99,90% 0,26%
44% 6 0,03% 99,92% 0,27%
48% 6 0,03% 99,95% 0,28%
60% 6 0,03% 99,97% 0,30%
88% 6 0,03% 100,00% 0,32%
23571 100% 0,32%

Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (II)
Detailed Evaluation of Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH :
FER Distribution (RxLev > 10 & RxQual >4) RxQual Distribution (RxLev >10 & RxQaul >4)
Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
60,0% 70,0%
50,0% 60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
40,0%
30,0%
30,0%
20,0% 20,0%
10,0% 10,0%
0,0% 0,0%
0 4 8 12 16 20 > 20 5 6 7
FER [%] RxQual
No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH 1x3 Hopping TCH 1x1 No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH 1x3 Hopping TCH1x1
 Hopping Gain can be seen in RxQual- and FER Distribution

• RxQual values of Hopping samples are worse but FER values are better.
• Better FER samples on the hopping carriers.

Influence of Power Control on RxLev , RxQual Distribution

Measuring FH improvements in the Field
w Call drop rates cannot show full FH gains, since SACCH performance is
not strongly related to FH
w RXQUAL statistics for both uplink and downlink get worse with FH and
need to be interpreted -> required RXQUAL
w Currently no vendor supports speech quality related FER
measurements in the BSS
- for downlink, no MS reporting is standardised
- for uplink, BS vendor specific implementations are feasible
w TEMS drive/walk test can show FH improvement on downlink speech
quality
w BR6.0 will have measured FER statistics for the uplink and estimated
FER statistics for the downlink

6XPPDU\

Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (I)
w The benefits of Frequency Hopping have been successfully

verified in Field Trials by using different implementation
alternatives (BFH, SFH, loose reuse, tight reuse)
w Measurements showed improvements of Quality and Capacity
(reduction of frequencies).
⇒ Quality Feature
⇒ Capacity Feature
w Using FH in real networks provides measures to enhance the
reuse (overall reuse including BCCH frequencies of better than 9
maintaining speech quality at the same time)

Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (II)
w It is recommended to implement BFH as a basic feature.

• BFH allows for narrow band combining (e.g. filter combiners) with low insertion loss
á useful in noise limited scenarios
w It is recommended to use SFH in mature high capacity networks

• SFH requires wide band combining (e.g. hybrid combiners)
á recommended for interference limited scenarios
w Implementation of Features does not replace quality and

capacity improvements to be achieved via maintenance and
network optimisation activities !

Summary
Siemens Reference Networks: Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
Siemens SFH
High capacity configurations:
Networks in
• Network with site configurations up to 4/6/4:
w China 4/4/4, 4/5/4, 4/6/4
w Croatia
• Cells are significantly loaded with traffic
w Czech Rep.
• Call Drop Rate less than 2 %
w Germany
TCH Drop Rate better than 2% (in selected cases
w Kuwait better than 1%)
w RSA Achievable quality in the networks depends on
w Syria • coverage situation
• available spectrum
w Taiwan
• Traffic load and traffic distribution
w Thailand • homogeneity of the network and topography
w USA of the landscape

Summary
Additional Information
w SIEMENS Technical Descriptions Base Station System

(TED-BSS BR.xx)
w PLMN SBS Radio Network Parameters (SIEMENS ICN

Training Institute)
w PLMN SBS Performance Measurements (SIEMENS ICN

Training Institute)
w ETSI GSM Recommendation GSM 05.05, 05.08 and 04.08

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II. Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping Networks

III. Project Specific Questions & Discussion

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

w Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping

w Real Network Simulation Investigations

channel 8 for FR 5 per MHz Frequency Spectrum BS

Network Design and Consulting

w reduces interference due to no transmission during silence periods

w mitigates frequency selective Rayleigh fading for slow MSs

PC dynamic range MS (GSM 05.05):

PC dynamic range BS (GSM 05.05):

Network Design and Consulting

channel coding & interleaving

w Isolated corrupted bursts can be compensated by a strong

Network Design and Consulting

w Due to multi-path fading, the radio channel is frequency

Network Design and Consulting

TDMA frame 25 51 77 103

TDMA frame n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7

w Wavelength: λ900MHz ~ 30 cm, λ1800MHz ~ 15 cm

w Cyclic FH reaches max. gain of e.g. 5 dB at 8 frequencies

Network Design and Consulting

Interfering Cell TRX 1

Interfering Cell TRX 2

Interfering Cell TRX 3

Interfering Cell TRX 4

w In the non-hopping case, on all bursts the same interferer

Network Design and Consulting

Interfering Cell TRX 1

Interfering Cell TRX 2

Interfering Cell TRX 3

Interfering Cell TRX 4

w Even in the cyclic FH, on all bursts the same interferer

Network Design and Consulting

Reference Cell TRX 1

Interfering Cell TRX 1

Interfering Cell TRX 2

Interfering Cell TRX 3

Interfering Cell TRX 4

w In the random FH case, from burst to burst different

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

min(PL1, PL2, .., PLn)

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Ideal Homogeneous Network Real Network

Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Real Network, Co- and Adj. Interference

80 sigma of log normal fading,

Operator Bandwidth: 8.6 MHz, i.e. 43 channels (15 BCCHs + 28 TCHs)

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Network Design and Consulting

Erl / Site / MHz

w Limited spectrum: reuse 1x1 recommended

This invention relates broadly to secret communication systems involving

Hedy Lamarr (Hedy Kiesler Markey)

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