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Terrestrial ecosystem
A community of organisms and their environment that occurs on the land masses of
continents and islands. It is distinguished from aquatic ecosystems by the low availability
of water.
This includes environments like; Atmosphere
Soil
Forests and grasslands
Dry rocks
Soil environment
Soil refers to the loose outer material of Earth’s surface with numerous micro-
environments and niches. In vertical sequence the soil has the following layers; A and B
soil horizons, C horizon, Capillary fringe and the water table. It is an excellent natural
culture media for growth of many types of microbes.
The deep soil surface that extends several hundred meters below is not a biological
wasteland although it has fewer microbes when compared to the top layer.
The amount of water present varies depending on soil composition, rainfall, drainage and
plant cover. Water is present in two ways as free water in thin sheets between soil
particles or adsorbed onto surfaces.
In well drained soils; air penetrates readily and the oxygen content of the soil is usually
high while for the water logged soil the only oxygen present is that dissolved in the
water.
The nutrient levels of the soil decline when moving down from A and B soil horizons to
C horizons. There are three color categories of topsoil which relate to the amount of
organic matter i.e. dark soils which is rich in organic content and usually very fertile.
Moderately dark soils that have moderate amounts of organic matter and are of medium
fertility and the Light colored soils with low in organic matter and are sometimes poorly
aerated.
In some soils carbon is not the limiting factor but the availability of inorganic nutrients
like iron, phosphorus and nitrogen.
There is vertical fluctuation of the water table and the horizontal saturated flow which
lead to mixing of oxygen and nutrients in this region.
The majority of micro-organism populations are found in the top soil (upper six to twelve
inches), there is a proportional decline in bacterial abundance with soil depth but the
number does not continue to diminish as there is an increase with the bacterial numbers
as you reach the capillary fringe zone and at the water table.
The micro-organisms present include; bacteria like the nitrogen fixing bacteria
fungi, algae, Protozoa and viruses
The metabolic rates of microbes found in the deep surface layers are low because of the
low nutrient content of the deep soil layers. They presumably have access to nutrients
from underground water flows.
The chemoorganotrophic survive by slow catabolism of organic carbon.
The organisms have acquired adaptations that enable them to obtain water, means of
transporting it from acquisition sites to rest of the body and means of preventing
evaporation from the body surfaces.
Atmosphere
Air is the simplest environment with relative quantities of gases that include; carbon
dioxide that serves as a substrate for photosynthesis, oxygen that serves as a substrate in
aerobic respiration, and nitrogen that serves as a substrate for nitrogen fixation and other
gases in trace amounts in addition to condensed vapour and dust.
Air is mainly a transport or dispersal medium of microbes though a substantial number
inhabit the lower atmosphere. The atmosphere has various layers with the nearest being
the troposphere which is about 16km in tropics and 11km for the temperate region.
This environment is characterized by greater temperature fluctuations on both a diurnal
and seasonal basis and less moisture content. High temperatures and low moisture
content are due to repeated exposure to sunlight. The availability of light is also great
because the atmosphere is more transparent than water.
There is low amount of organic matter and a scarcity of water.
The microbes found in the atmosphere include; vegetative cells and spores of bacteria,
fungi, algae, viruses and protozoan cysts.
Size of the organisms enables their survival in the atmosphere. Generally small microbes
are easily liberated into air and remain there for long. For example fragments of mycelia
will be present in air than fungi since they are smaller. They have traits that provide body
support in the atmosphere, a much less buoyant medium than water,
Spores are more abundant because of their dormant state which enables them to survive
unfavorable conditions like desiccation, lack of enough nutrients and ultra violet
radiation.
Usually the microbes are attached to dust particles and condensed vapour which enables
them to settle out rapidly.
Organisms like poliomyelitis have acquired mechanisms of survival in environments with
high humidity and temperatures.
REFERENCES;
Zahran, H.H. 1999. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and Nitrogen-fixation under severe
conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews: 968-
989.
Kucey, R.M.N. 1983. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi in various cultivated and
Virgin Alberta soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 63: 671-678.