Job satisfaction: An Introduction

➢ Defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting

from the appraisal of one’s job;  an affective reaction
to one’s job; and an attitude towards one’s job.
➢ Describes how content an individual is with his or her
job. The happier people are within their job, the more
satisfied they are said to be.
➢ Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is
frequently measured by organizations. The most
common way of measurement is the use of rating
scales where employees report their reactions to their
jobs.
 Job satisfaction: History

Hawthorne studies: Primarily credited to Elton Mayo.

These studies ultimately showed that novel changes in work
conditions temporarily increase productivity (Hawthorne
effect)
It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the
new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed.
Provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other
than pay.
 Job satisfaction: History

Scientific Management proposed by Frederick Winslow

Taylor
Contributed to a change in industrial production
philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor
and piecework towards the more modern approach
of assembly lines  and hourly wages .
Increased productivity because workers were forced to
work at a faster pace. However, workers became
exhausted and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with
new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction.
 Job satisfaction: Models

Affect Theory: Proposed by Edwin A. Locke, the main

premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined
by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and
what one has in a job.
Further, the theory states that how much one values a
given facet of work (e.g. the degree of autonomy in a
position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one
becomes when expectations are/aren’t met. When a
person values a particular facet of a job, his satisfaction
is more greatly impacted both positively (when
expectations are met) and negatively (when
expectations are not met), compared to one who doesn’t
value that facet.
 Job satisfaction: Models
Dispositional Theory: It suggests that people have innate
dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a
certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job.
This approach became a notable explanation of job
satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends
to be stable over time and across careers and jobs.
 
 Job satisfaction: Models

Two factor theory : Proposed by Frederick Herzberg, this

theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are
driven by different factors – motivation and hygiene
factors, respectively.
 Job satisfaction: Factors

Communication Overload and Communication Under load:

If an individual does not receive enough input on the job or
is unsuccessful in processing these inputs, the individual is
more likely to become dissatisfied, aggravated, and
unhappy with their work which leads to a low level of job
satisfaction.
Communication overload occurs when “an individual
receives too many messages in a short period of time.
Communication under load occur when messages or inputs
are sent below the individual’s ability to process them
 Job satisfaction: Factors
Superior-Subordinate Communication
It is an important influence on job satisfaction in the
workplace. The way in which sub-ordinate's perceive a
supervisor’s behavior can positively or negatively
influence job satisfaction.
Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye
contact, vocal expression, and body movement is crucial
to the superior-subordinate relationship
Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their
supervisor are less satisfied with their work while
individuals who like and think positively of their supervisor
are more satisfied with their job and work environment.
 Measuring job satisfaction

the most common method for collecting data regarding

job satisfaction is the Likert Scale, named after Rensis
Likert.
 Measuring job satisfaction
The Job Descriptive Index (JDI),
created by Smith, Kendall,
& Hulin (1969),
The work
itself

Growth and
Pay upward
mobility

Attitude
Supervision Coworkers toward work
 Measuring job satisfaction

The Job in General Index is an overall measurement of job 
satisfaction. It is an improvement to the Job Descriptive 
Index because the JDI focuses too much on individual facets 
and not enough on work satisfaction in general.