LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

HOME WORK: 4
School: Department:
Name of the faculty member: Lect. Swati Goel Course No:
Course Title: Simulation
Class: MCA Term: 4th Section: A3902 Batch:
2009

Submitted By:
Name: Varun Kumar
Roll No: RA3902A17

Part-A
Q. 1 There are various areas where simulation will be used before actually
implementing the projects. Take some real world examples to describe all
these areas and also take some examples to cite the real power of simulation?

Simulation means "Putting oneself in the other's place."

Various areas where simulation will be used before actually implementing the
projects
1. Simulation in science and engineering research.
2. Simulation in soft sciences:
3. Simulation for business executives:

Real world examples to describe all the above areas are as follow.

1. Simulation in science and engineering research:

Earlier most experiments were carried out physically in the laboratories, but today a
majority of experiments are simulated on computers. ‘Computer Experiments’
besides being much faster, cheaper, and easier, frequently better insight into the
system than laboratory experiments do.

2. Simulation in soft sciences:

Simulation can be expected to play even a more vital role in biology, sociology,
economics, medicine, psychology etc. where experiments could be very expensive,
dangerous, or even impossible. Thus Simulation has become an indispensable tool
for a modern researcher in most social, biological and life sciences.

3. Simulation for business executives:

There are many problems faced by management that cannot be solved by standard
operations research tools like linear and dynamic programming, inventory and
queuing theory. Therefore, instead of taking decisions solely on intuition and
experience, now a business executive can use computer simulation to make better
and more powerful decisions. Simulation has been used widely for inventory
control, facility planning, production scheduling and the like.

Q. 2 How an activity network can be analyzed via simulation?

Suppose we have following activity network.

This network is an activity on node (AON) network.

At the start of the project we could be doing activity 1 at the same time as we are
doing activity 2

To analyze above network via simulation we have to follow following steps.

The numbers entered following the above screen are as below.

The output is shown below.

In the output we have a "Project Completion Time" of 24 (weeks).

Activities with a slack of zero are called critical activities since they must all be
completed on time to avoid increasing the overall project completion time. Hence,
for this network, activities 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 11 are the critical activities.

Note here that 1 3 5 7 8 9 11 constitutes a path in the network diagram from the
initial node (node 1) to the final node (node 11). Such a path is called the critical
path.

The output also lists, for each activity:

1. Earliest start (ES): this is the earliest possible time that an activity can
begin. All immediate predecessors must be finished before an activity can
start.

2. Latest start (LS): this is the latest time that an activity can begin and not
delay the completion time of the overall project. If the earliest start and latest
start times are the same then the activity is critical.

3. Earliest finish (EF): this is the earliest possible time that an activity can be
finished
 Earliest finish (EF) = earliest start time + activity completion time

4. Latest finish (LF): this is the latest time that an activity can be finished and
not delay the completion time of the overall project.

Latest finish (LF) = latest start time + activity completion time

“The activity is critical if the earliest finish and latest finish times are the
same.”

5. Slack: this is the difference between the earliest start time and the latest start
time.

Slack = LS-ES = LF-EF

Q. 3 What are the necessary resources required for simulation of a computer

program?

The necessary resources required for simulation of a computer program are as

follow:

1. Establish goals and objectives

To attain the goal of the study, the following objectives were
established:
• Describe the current system
• Evaluate the impact of process and resource changes on patient wait times,
access, and resource utilization
• Design an improved system for the FCC.
2. Formulate and define the model
A conceptual framework of the model was determined next. Certain
process decision variables as well as uncontrollable variables such as patient
timeliness had to be collected. However, the modeler in conjunction with the FCC
leadership determined the output performance measures in bold were the most
relevant to increasing efficiency as defined in this study. Therefore, only the output
performance measures in bold were analyzed.

3. Collect data
Several ongoing methods were used to collect data for input variables
of the model.
 4. Build, verify, and validate the model
The elements common to any model simulation model include entities, locations,
arrivals, pathways, processes, and resources. Model converted the actual workings
of the system to these different elements to simulate actual operations. The actual
development of the simulation was incremental, with process detail and complexity
added in a stepwise fashion.

5. Experiment, analyze, and present results

After each process was modeled, it was debugged (reconciled) and verified before
the next process was added. The flow of the patient (entity) was traced to verify the
accuracy of the process, routing, and frequency distributions; when an
inconsistency was identified it was debugged.

Part-B
Q. 4 (a) Discuss about simulation of a Telephone system?

The telephony application normally sends and receives hardware

signals to and from the system telephony hardware for communication with a
telephone. In this invention a telephony emulator intercepts the hardware signals
from the voice application and sends back simulated hardware signals to the voice
application.
The DCOSS APS (Analog Phone Simulator) converts a GL DCOSS into an analog
phone simulator that simulates a bank of up to 384 analog telephones. Using a basic
DCOSS with T1 trunks along with the APSCB24/48 external boxes, the DCOSS
APS may be used to test a Central Office (CO), PBX, Gateway, or other
telecommunications equipment, which provide local loop interfaces.
In above diagram, the DCOSS APS, using a T1 connection to the APSCB24/48,
generates a series of up to 384 analog ports with standard FXO interfaces. The
DCOSS APS can be connected to any ATS, PSTN, PBX, or Gateway that supports
analog FXO interfaces. Basically, anywhere a standard analog telephone can be
connected, we can replace that analog phone with the DCOSS APS. Automated
Bulk Calling with a variety of different traffic (Fax, Modem, Voice File, Digits and
Tones) is fully supported.
In above diagram,When configured using the DCOSS, a single T1 will support up
to 24 analog phone ports (FXO) when connected to the APSCB24/48. These analog
phone ports may be connected to any ATA, PSTN, PBX, or Gateway. The remote
side of this call may be sent back to the DCOSS via digital T1 or E1 (CAS, PRI
ISDN, SS7). The DCOSS supports both internal traffic generation/reception (Fax,
Modem, Voice Files, Digits and Tones) as well as external traffic when connected
to the Analog Station card (up to 64 devices connected).

The BRI Phone Simulator (BPS) converts GL's DCOSS into a BRI ISDN Terminal
Phone Simulator. The BPS can simulate a bank of up to 128 BRI telephones
(terminal side), each supporting one D-channel and two B-channels. Using a basic
DCOSS with E1 PRI ISDN trunks along with a BPS external box, the DCOSS BPS
may be used to test a BRI Network.

(b) What is state descriptor?

State Descriptor
 Any combination list of parametrical quantities, classification types,
other descriptors which conveniently describe the state of an object or system. In
theory, the descriptor could be infinite, but is limited in practice by the things that
are determined to be of practical importance.
For a machine, the nominal state descriptor includes the user
selectable machine settings, but the actual state descriptor also includes geometric
errors, dynamic errors, uncontrolled external effects (such as ambient temperature),
etc.
For example, an object which has a mass of 10 kg and at an average
temperature of 35 degrees Celsius may be described with the state descriptor (10
kg, 35 deg C) or just (10,35) if the state descriptor basis has been defined. See also
machine state.

(c) Define discrete event?

In discrete-event simulation, the operation of a system is
represented as a chronological sequence of events. Each event occurs at an instant
in time and marks a change of state in the system.

Q. 5 (a) Discuss about a simulation of a manufacturing shop?

Manufacturing simulation systems normally provide interfaces for data
import and export using proprietary formats. Dependent data interfaces limit
simulation applications in the manufacturing industry. This paper describes a
mechanism for transferring data between a traditional database and XML files,
which represent a machine shop data model developed at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST). The data model is described by XML and
UML. The data transfer mechanism is based on Document Object Model (DOM),
XML Path Language, and Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) database engines.

Manufacturing simulation focuses on modeling the behavior of manufacturing

organizations, processes, and systems. Organizations, processes and systems
include supply chains, as well as people, machines, tools, and information systems

Manufacturing simulation can be used to:

• Support the development and validation of process data for new products
• Evaluate the manufacturability of new product designs
• Assist in the engineering of new production systems and processes
• Evaluate their impact on overall business performance
• Evaluate resource allocation and scheduling alternatives

Manufacturing simulation focuses on modeling the behavior of manufacturing

organizations, processes, and systems. Organizations, processes and systems
include supply chains, as well as people, machines, tools, and information systems.

For example, manufacturing simulation can be used to:

• Model “as-is” and “to-be” manufacturing and support operations from the
supply chain level down to the shop floor
• Evaluate the manufacturability of new product designs
• Support the development and validation of process data for new products
• Assist in the engineering of new production systems and processes
• Evaluate their impact on overall business performance
• Evaluate resource allocation and scheduling alternatives
• Analyze layouts and flow of materials within production areas, lines, and
workstations
• Perform capacity planning analyses
• Determine production and material handling resource requirements
• Train production and support staff on systems and processes
• Develop metrics to allow the comparison of predicted performance against
“best in class” benchmarks to support continuous improvement of manufacturing
operations

Factors Inhibiting the Use of Manufacturing Simulation

Costs of Simulation Technology
One might argue that cost is the primary factor affecting widespread and pervasive
use of manufacturing simulation technology. Although there are a number of
issues, they could perhaps all be reduced down to a cost factor. This leads one to
ask -- Is simulation technology affordable? The answer -- It depends upon the user.

Some factors affecting an individual company’s view of simulation affordability

may include:
• The company’s resources:
• Availability of discretionary funds
• Simulation skills and experience base of current staff or consultants
• Existing information systems infrastructure
• Scope and complexity of the target simulation application area
• Availability of turnkey or readily-adaptable simulation models and solutions
• Availability and format of input data
• Cost and risks of implementing manufacturing systems without the use of
simulation

Q. 6 Compare Verification and Validation in terms of simulation experiments?

Verification Validation

Did we build the model right? Did we build the right model?

• Confirm the implementation of • Align planned validation

sound software quality practices
to ensure that the codes are
sufficiently free of defects and
errors.
• Conduct Code/Algorithm
Verification to ensure the code is
correctly solving the
mathematical equations.
• Perform solution verification to
provide evidence that the time
and space discretization of the
mathematical model is adequate
for the intended application.
experiments with the needs of the
mathematical model and the
application.
• Assess model accuracy with
respect to experimental data to
provide evidence that: The correct
physical equations are being
solved, and, the important time-
dependent geometric, material,
and thermodynamic features of
the weapon and its components
are adequately represented.
• Quantify the predictive
capabilities and limitations of the
models within their database and
in the application parameter
space.

Q. 7 Explicate various discrete models of a system?

Discrete model:-
System in which the state changes smoothly or continuous with time
are called continuous system. discrete model simulation modeling over time of a
system whose state changes occur at discrete points in time.it produces sequence of
snapshots of system evolving over time.
Various discrete models of a system

Stochastic or Deterministic
Deterministic models have known a known set of inputs that will
result in a unique set of outputs. Deterministic models describe behaviour on the
basis of some physical law. For example, the planets move around the sun
according to Newton's laws and their position can be predicted with great accuracy
well into the future. In practice, a totally deterministic relationship is unlikely due
to unpredictable factors - for example, a comet moving through the solar system
could collide with a planet or a moon and perturb its orbit.
Where the influence of several unknown factors is sizable, exact prediction is not
possible, but it may be possible to predict to within a known confidence interval -
or to predict the probability that a particular value will be observed at a particular
time. This is called a stochastic (or probabilistic) process.

Static or Dynamic
Static simulation models can be used for analyzing relations of
different process input and output variables.

We have made the following static simulation models:

Fiber line
Brown stock screening
Post screening
Control of the TMP process
The effect of filler on paper quality
Quality control of LWC paper
Calendar control

Dynamic simulation models can be used for analyzing and learning process delays
and dynamics in addition to all usages of static simulation models.

We have made the following dynamic simulation models:

Pulp mill liquor and steam balance
Continuous digester dynamics
Pulp mill sulfur / sodium balance
Grinding plant (PGW)
Paper mill short circulation
Paper machine dynamics and grade change
Power plant boilers and steam network
A static simulation model sometimes are called a Monte Carlo Simulation
represents a system at a particular point in time. Dynamic simulation models
represent systems as they change over time

Mathematical or physical
A mathematical model uses symbolic notation and mathematical
equations to represent a system. A simulation model is a particular type of
mathematical model of a system. A physical model is a larger pr smaller version of
an object such as the enlargement of an atom or a scaled – down version of the
solar system.

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