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CHAPTER 3

Rectangular Microstrip Antenna and Arrays at X Band

3.1 Single Rectangular Microstrip Antenna

A rectangular microstrip antenna (RMSA) has been used as a basic element in the
array, so a design of single rectangular MSA is described followed by the array design.

3.1.1 Design of Single Rectangular Microstrip Antenna

Since rectangular microstrip element is used in this project, it is necessary to


calculate its resonant length L and width W. The parameters required are (a) operating
frequency fr (b) dielectric constant ε r and (c) height of substrate h. Typical geometry of
RMSA is shown in Fig. 3.1.

W Feed point

Fig. 3.1 Rectangular microstrip antenna.

The design equations are


c 2
W = (3.1)
2 fr ε r +1

c
L= − 2 ∆L (3.2)
2 f r ε re

Where
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ε r +1 ε r −1 1
ε re = +
2 2 10 h W/h > 1 (3.3)
1+
W
and
∆L  ξ1 ξ3ξ5 
=  
h  ξ4 
(3.4)
with

+ 0.26( W / h )
0.81 0.8544
ε + 0.236
ξ 1 = 0.434907 re0.81
ε re − 0.189( W / h )
0.8544
+ 0.87
(3.5)

ξ2 = 1 +
(W / h ) 0.371
2.358 εr +1

(3.6)

ξ3 =1 +
(
0.5274 arctan 0.084 (W / h )
1.9413 / ξ2
)
ε re 0.9236

(3.7)

(
ξ 4 = 1 + 0.0377 arctan 0.067(W / h )
1.456
){ 6 − 5 exp( 0.036(1 − ε ))} (3.8)r

ξ5 =1 −0.218 exp ( − 7.5W / h )


(3.9)

For fr = 8.75 GHz, ε r = 2.2, h = 0.159 cm, and tanδ = 0.001, approximate values
are L = 1 cm and W = 1.3 cm.

3.1.2 Simulation Results of Single RMSA

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The above designed single RMSA has been simulated using IE3D software based
on method of moment [8]. For a single RMSA, the impedance at the radiating edge
is found to be 167 Ω . A λ /4 transformer has been used to transform edge
impedance of 167 Ω to 50 Ω . The theoretical input impedance and VSWR plots
are shown in Fig. 3.2.

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.2 (a) Input impedance and (b) VSWR plots of RMSA.

From the Figs. 3.2 (a) and 3.2 (b), it may be noted that, Z0 is real and
approximately equal to 50 Ω at resonant frequency fr = 8.75 GHz. The theoretical
bandwidth for VSWR ≤ 1.8 is from 8.6 to 9 GHz. The radiation pattern of the RMSA in
ϕ = 0° and 90° planes is shown in Fig. 3.3. The RMSA produces a broadside
unidirectional radiation pattern. The directivity (D) and efficiency (η ) of the antenna are
7.6 dB and 76.6% respectively, resulting in a gain of 6.4 dB.

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Fig. 3.3 Radiation pattern of a single RMSA.

3.2 2x2 RMSA Array

The element shown above can be used to design any type of array. Four such
elements are required for 2x2 array as shown in Fig. 3.4.
dx

dy

Fig. 3.4 2x2 RMSA array.

Where dx and dy are the spacing between the elements in x and y directions
respectively. For the special case dx = dy, array becomes square. The spacings dx
and dy can be varied from 0.4λ 0 to 0.75λ 0.

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3.2.1 Feed Network Design

Fig. 3.5 (a) shows the schematic layout of a two dimensional corporate feed for 4x4
array [9]. The distance from the input port to each of the output ports is identical,
and the radiating elements are also identically coupled to these ports, thereby
resulting in a broadside radiation pattern. The beam position is independent of the
spacing between the elements and, therefore, the spacing can be chosen to meet the
grating lobe, gain and mutual coupling criteria. This form of layout can be extended
to larger arrays, with specifically 2N per side.

3.2.2 Calculation of Line Widths for Different Impedances

For edge feed, the input impedance is equal to 167 Ω . A 129.22 Ω quarter wave
transformer has been used to transform the impedance of 167 Ω to 100 Ω . Extending
this 100 Ω impedance through a constant impedance line results in 50 Ω impedance at
the junction. So, by using 70.71 Ω transformer, 50 Ω impedance has been transformed
to 100 Ω . Two of these 100 Ω lines taken in parallel give a 50 Ω match at the feed
point. The artwork of 2x2 RMSA array with corporate feed is shown in Fig. 3.5 (b).

Expressions used for the calculations of characteristic impedance Z0 and line width
w are
60  8h w 
Z0 = ln  +  for w/h < 1 (3.10)
ε re  w 4h 

120π
Z0 =
and w w  for w/h ≥ 1
ε re  + 1.393 + 0.667 ln  + 1.444 
h h 
(3.11)
For given characteristic impedance Z0 and dielectric constant ε r, the w/h ratio can
be found as
w 8e A
= 2A for A > 1.52 (3.12)
h e −2
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w 2 ε −1  0.61 
and =  B − 1 − ln ( 2 B − 1) + r ln ( B − 1) + 0.39 −  for A < 1.52 (3.13)
h π 2ε r  ε r 

Z0 ε r +1 ε r −1 0.11 
where A= +  0.23 +  (3.14)
60 2 εr +1 ε r 

and
377 π
B= (3.15)
2Z 0 ε r

Based on the above equations, line widths for various impedances and quarter
wavelengths at fr = 8.75 GHz are calculated and are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1
Line widths and their quarter wave lengths for various characteristics
impedances (ε r = 2.2 and h = 0.159 cm)
S.No. Impedance value Z0 Line width w Quarter wave
(Ohms) (cm) length λ g/4 (cm)
1 129.22 0.07 0.65
2 100.00 0.14 0.64
3 070.71 0.28 0.63

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(a) (b)

Fig. 3.5 (a) Schematic layout of 4x4 corporate feed (b) Artwork of 2x2 RMSA array
using corporate feed.

3.2.3 Measured and Theoretical Results of 2x2 RMSA Array

A 2 × 2 Rectangular microstrip antenna array on RT-Duroid (h = 0.159 cm) substrate


has been fabricated and tested at 8.5 to 9 GHz. The detailed layout of the array is shown
in Fig. 3.6.

Fig. 3.6 Detailed layout of 2x2 RMSA array.

In Fig. 3.6, T1 to T6 are quarter wave impedance transformers and L1, L2, and L3
are lines join T1 and T4, T2 and T3, and T5 and T6 respectively. Patches numbered 1 to
4 are having equal dimensions and are separated by 20.58 mm (i.e., 0.6λ 0 from center to
center) in both x and y directions. Dimensions of all these parameters are given in Table
3.2.

The measured and theoretical VSWR plots of 2x2 RMSA array are shown in Figs.
3.7 (a) and (b). The measured bandwidth for VSWR ≤ 2 is from 8.45 to 9 GHz, which is
in good agreement with the theoretical bandwidth shown in Fig 3.7 (b). The VSWR and

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input impedance variations in this frequency range are given in Table 3.3. The measured
and theoretical input impedance plots of 2x2 RMSA array are shown in Figs. 3.8 (a) and
(b).

Table 3.2
Dimensions of 2x2 RMSA array
S.No Parameter Dimension (mm)
1 Length of the patch (L) 10.00
2 Width of the patch (W) 13.00
3 Width of L1, L2, and L3 1.424
4 Length of L1 and L2 22.00
5 Length of L3 7.000
6 Width of T1, T2, T3, and T4 0.751
7 Length of T1, T2, T3, and T4 6.514
8 Width of T5 and T6 2.800
9 Length of T5 and T6 6.356

Table 3.3
VSWR and input impedance measurement

S.No Frequency VSWR Impedance (magnitude)


(GHz) (ohms)
1 8.45 1.876 35.53
2 8.55 1.623 34.48
3 8.65 1.188 41.50
4 8.75 1.174 55.50
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5 8.85 1.571 73.89
6 8.95 1.905 88.95

Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.7 VSWR plots of 2x2 RMSA array (a) Measured (b) Theoretical.

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.8 Input impedance plots of 2x2 RMSA array (a) Measured (b) Theoretical.

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The radiation pattern in the ϕ = 0° and 90° planes is shown in Fig. 3.9. The pattern
is in the broadside direction. The gain of the antenna is 11.8 dB, which is 5.3 dB more
than a single RMSA.

Fig. 3.9 Radiation pattern of 2x2 RMSA array.

3.3 4x4 RMSA Array

In order to accommodate a coplanar feed for a 4x4 RMSA array, the inter element
spacing of 0.65λ 0 (2.058 cm) was increased to 0.67λ 0 (2.3 cm). To reduce the coupling
between the elements and feed network, the 50 Ω of 2x2 array has been transformed to
100 Ω in three steps, 50 Ω to 250 Ω , 250 Ω to 75 Ω and 75 to 100 Ω quarter wave
impedance transformers. Two such 100 Ω lines connected in parallel give 50 Ω . This 50
Ω is again transformed to 100 Ω using 70.71 Ω quarter wave transformer. These two
100 Ω lines connected in parallel form 50 Ω feed point for 4x4 array. The artwork used
for fabrication of 4x4 RMSA array is shown in Fig. 3.10. All patches are having equal
dimensions of length L = 1.0 cm and width W = 1.3 cm. The width and quarter
wavelengths of 111.8 Ω (50 to 250 Ω ), 136.93 Ω (250 to 75 Ω ) and 86.6 Ω (75 to 100

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Ω ) transformers are 0.11 cm and 0.64 cm, 0.063 cm and 0.65 cm and 0.19 cm and 0.63
cm respectively. The 70.71 Ω quarter wave transformer and 100 Ω microstrip line
dimensions are same as given in Table 3.1.

Fig. 3.10 Artwork of 4x4 RMSA array.

A 4x4 rectangular microstrip antenna array has been simulated, fabricated (on RT-
Duroid substrate h = 0.159 cm and tanδ = 0.001) and tested at 8.5 to 9 GHz. Fig. 3.10
shows the artwork of 4x4 RMSA array used for fabrication. Chamfering has been used to
remove the corners of right-angled bends and sudden discontinuities. Dimensions of the
patches are L = 1cm and W = 1.3 cm at fr = 8.75 GHz.

The measured and theoretical VSWR plots of 4x4 RMSA array are shown in Figs.
3.11 (a) and (b). The measured bandwidth for VSWR ≤ 2 is from 8.46 GHz to 9.25 GHz
which is almost similar to the theoretical bandwidth shown in Fig. 3.11 (b). The
measured and theoretical input impedance plots of 4x4 RMSA array are shown in Figs.
3.12 (a) and (b).

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(a)

(b)

Fig. 3.11 VSWR plots of 4x4 RMSA array (a) Measured (b) Theoretical.

The theoretical radiation pattern in the ϕ = 0° and 90° planes at 8.75 GHz for 4x4
RMSA array is shown in Fig. 3.13. The pattern is in the broadside direction. The gain of
the antenna is 17.4 dB, which is 5.77 dB more than the 2x2 RMSA array. The measured
gain at this frequency is close to 18.4 dB.

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(a) (b)

Fig. 3.12 Input impedance plots of 4x4 RMSA array (a) Measured (b) Theoretical.

Fig. 3.13 Radiation pattern of 4x4 RMSA array.

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3.4 8x8 RMSA Array

Schematic layout of 8x8 RMSA array is depicted in Fig. 3.14 and it has been
constructed from four 4x4 RMSA arrays. 50 Ω input impedance of each of the 4x4
arrays has been transformed to 100 Ω with the help of 70.71 Ω quarter wave
transformers. Two such 100 Ω lines connected in parallel give 50 ohms impedance.
Again these 50 Ω impedances are transformed to 100 Ω . Two 100 Ω lines connected in
parallel results in the desired 50 Ω input impedance. All dimensions are same as
mentioned in the 4x4 RMSA array.

Fig. 3.14 Artwork of 8x8 RMSA array.

The above designed 8x8 RMSA array has been simulated, fabricated and tested at
8.5 to 9 GHz. Fig. 3.14 shows the artwork of 8x8 RMSA array used for fabrication. Here
also chamfering has been used. Four 4x4 arrays are required to design 8x8 array. The
measured and theoretical VSWR plots are shown in Fig. 3.15 (a) and (b) respectively.
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(a)

(b)

Fig. 3.15 VSWR plots of 8x8 RMSA array (a) Measured (b) Theoretical.

The measured bandwidth for VSWR ≤ 2 is from 8.375 GHz to 9.5 GHz. The
theoretical bandwidth is from 8.6 to 9.5 GHz shown in Fig. 3.15 (b). From the Figs. 3.15
(a) and (b) it may be noted that measured bandwidth is 0.225 GHz more than the
theoretical bandwidth. The measured and theoretical input impedance plots of 8x8 RMSA
array are shown in Figs. 3.16(a) and (b) respectively. The theoretical radiation pattern in
the ϕ = 0° and 90° planes at 8.7 GHz is shown in Fig. 3.17 and the gain of the antenna is

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22.7 dB, which is 5.3 dB more than 4x4 RMSA array. The measured gain at this
frequency is 21.4 dB.

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.16 Input impedance plots of 8x8 RMSA array (a) Measured (b) Theoretical.

Fig. 3.17 Radiation pattern of 8x8 RMSA array.

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3.5 16x16 RMSA Array

The16x16 RMSA array shown in the Fig. 3.18 has been constructed from four 8x8
RMSA arrays. 50 Ω input impedance of each of the 8x8 arrays has been transformed to
100 Ω with the help of 70.71 Ω quarter wave transformers. Two such 100 Ω lines
connected in parallel give 50 Ω impedance. Again these 50 ohms impedances are
transformed to 100 Ω . Two 100 Ω lines connected in parallel results in the desired 50 Ω
input impedance. All dimensions are same as mentioned in the 4x4 RMSA array.

Fig. 3.18 Artwork of 16x16 RMSA array.

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The theoretical input impedance and VSWR plots for 16x16 RMSA array are
shown in Fig. 3.19. The bandwidth for VSWR ≤ 2 is from 8.55 GHz to 9.5 GHz. The
theoretical radiation pattern in the ϕ = 0° and 90° planes at 9 GHz is shown in Fig. 3.20.
The pattern is in the broadside direction. The gain of the antenna is 27.4 dB, which is 4.7
dB more than 8x8 RMSA array.

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.19 (a) Input impedance and (b) VSWR plots of 16x16 RMSA array.

Fig. 3.20 Radiation pattern of 16x16 RMSA array.

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The theoretical bandwidth, directivity and gain of single RMSA, 2x2, 4x4, 8x8 and
16x16 RMSA arrays are summarized in Table.3.4.

Table 3.4
Comparison of rectangular microstrip antenna arrays
RMSA array Bandwidth Directivity (D) Gain (G)
(MHz) (dB) (dB)
Single RMSA 400 7.6 6.4
2x2 550 12.6 11.8
4x4 790 18.7 17.4
8x8 900 24.2 22.7
16x16 900 28.5 27.4

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