2166
3, JULY 2005
Multiple Harmonic Source Detection and Equipment
Identification With Cascade Correlation Network
Whei-Min Lin, Member, IEEE, Chia-Hung Lin, Keng-Pang Tu, and Chien-Hsien Wu
Abstract—This paper presents the design of a harmonic source
detection system with a cascade correlation network (CCN). Cur-
rent-injection-based harmonic power flow was used to calculate
bus voltages and total harmonic distortion (THD). THD of volt-
ages is used as indices for meter placement in the power network.
At metering buses, it shows that the harmonic components of volt-
ages under various loads would form particular patterns in the fre-
quency domain, and can be used to create training examples for
CCN. Good meter planning is helpful to reduce the number of me-
ters and training examples. With an IEEE 14-bus power system,
computer simulations were conducted to show the effectiveness of
the proposed system.
Index Terms—Cascade correlation network (CCN), harmonic
source detection, total harmonic distortion (THD).
I. INTRODUCTION
M ODERN technology promotes power electronics which
has become more and more popular in recent years.
These nonlinear loads could create a lot of harmonic currents
to downgrade the power quality. Harmonic distortions cause
problems, such as equipment overheating, motor failures,
misoperation of protective equipment, inaccurate metering, and
sometimes interference with communication circuits. Harmonic
currents also endanger the sensitive high-tech customers such
as those in the science park of Xin-Zhu and Tai-Nan in Taiwan,
R.O.C. Recently, the massive rapid transit system (MRT) and
high-speed railway (HSR) have been rapidly developed [8].
With extensive applications of semiconductor technologies in
the large-scale auto-traction systems, the harmonic distortion
problems could grow worse. To ensure the power quality now
and in a future deregulated industry, harmonic source detection
is important. It is also important to further detect the location
and equipment types.
Applications of artificial neural networks (ANNs) have
been presented in dealing with the problem [6]–[11]. Many re-
searchers have applied ANN to locate harmonic sources [6]–[8],
and detect harmonics in the active filter [9]–[11]. Applications
of multilayer back-propagation network (BPN) [6]–[8], [11]
are widely accepted in the power system. However, training
BPN is time consuming and very slow without guaranteed
global minimum. Another problem of multilayer networks is
Manuscript received October 21, 2003; revised July 27, 2004. Paper no.
TPWRD-00369-2003.
W.-M. Lin and C.-H. Wu are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail:
wmlin@ee.nsysu.edu.tw).
C.-H. Lin is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kao-
Yuan Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail:
eechl53@mail.educities.edu.tw).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.843462
0885-8977/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO.
the difficulty in determining the proper architecture. In [9]
and [10], a partial connecting network was proposed to detect
harmonics in the active filter; however, the training process is
still very slow. Architectural design and the time-consuming
process have become the weaknesses in ANN applications.
The cascade correlation network (CCN) was proposed in
this paper for harmonic source detection. With the independent
training process and the predetermined number of hidden units,
the size of ANN can be effectively controlled. CCN [12], [13]
functions by dynamically adding hidden units to the ANN
architecture. Event-independent hidden units were added one
by one to maximize the correlation. Only a minimum number of
hidden units are necessary to build the network. The algorithm
learns quickly and is capable of constructing a near-optimum
network with high generalization capability.
Utility companies have the responsibility of maintaining low-
voltage distortion. If sufficient harmonic measurements exist,
the utility may estimate better the location of the distorted loads.
However, the cost of measurements is an issue, and choosing
proper measurement points is an important research topic [2],
[3]. The proposed CCN will have the advantages of minimum
metering with a limited number of training examples created at
measurement points only. It is also flexible to structural changes.
In addition, the type of harmonic generating device could be
further identified by the proposed algorithm. A sample power
system will be studied for example. Computer simulations will
also be shown with test results provided.
II. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
Harmonics could create distorted waves and degrade the
voltage quality to impair the operation of electrical apparatus.
In a future deregulated power industry, distribution companies
or major customers might connect to the transmission network
through self-owned substations. Facing a fragmented power
system, the access for measurements will become difficult
due to various ownerships. In [4], it shows that system-wide
harmonic levels can only be estimated from a given set of
harmonic measurements. Locations and the number of mea-
surements need to be chosen in such a way to ensure the system
observability. It is obvious that obtaining harmonic measure-
ments will be limited by the cost and the various ownerships
in the future. Full observability of the network may not be
easily attainable. Reference [5] provided a study for partially
observable measurements for part of the networks.
Measurements of current and voltage harmonics are essen-
tial for the reliable distribution of electric energy. Reference [1]
highlights a few guidelines for measurements. It suggests the
folowing:
LIN et al.: MULTIPLE HARMONIC SOURCE DETECTION AND EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION WITH CCN 2167

1) monitoring existing values of harmonics and checking ad-

missible levels;
2) testing equipment that generates harmonics;
3) diagnosing and troubleshooting situations;
4) observing existing background levels and tracking the
trends in time for voltage and current harmonics;
5) measuring for verification of simulation studies including
harmonic load flow;
6) measuring harmonic currents and voltages with their
respective phase angles to help determine the harmonic
driving point impedance at a given location.
The techniques used for harmonic measurements differ from
those used for the ordinary power system. For example [1], dig-
ital harmonic measuring equipment was designed with digital
filtering and fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques, where the
waveform was recorded with suitable bandwidth (3 kHz) using
analog or digital techniques online. Analog-to-digital conver-
sion and microcomputers are used for real-time data acquisi-
tion (DAQ). The more meters used, the more accurate parame-
ters will be estimated. Quality of estimates is generally a func- Fig. 1. Tower architecture of the CCN.
tion of the number and locations of the measurements [2]. In
an -bus system with measuring devices, we have possible , , with
meter-placement patterns of combinations of weights
initialized by small random
(1) values, and set a target output
with input/output (I/O)
It can be seen that the number of possible combinations can be training pairs. Compute the
very large, and many of them will not even improve the observ- output by logistic-signal
ability. Proper meter placement is important to provide more in- function (activation function)
formation with a reduced number of training samples for ANN. with
j=1
III. DESIGN OF THE HARMONIC DETECTION SYSTEM (HDS)
(2)
j>1
A. CCN
CCN [14] consists of the input layer, hidden layer, and
output layer. Input units are connected to outputs with ad- (3)
justable weight connections. Connections from input units to a
hidden unit are trained when the hidden unit is first added to (4)
the network. Connections from the hidden units to the output
units are also adjustable. Given a training pattern, cascade
and .
correlation starts with a minimal network, consisting only of
Step 2) Compute weight changes and adjust
the input layer, output layer, and a bias input. When a candidate
the weights by
hidden unit is added to the network, the unit is connected to
all input units. All of the connection weights are then adjusted (5)
by the back-propagation algorithm. When training finishes, all
(6)
weights are frozen and the candidate unit becomes a hidden
unit. The new hidden unit is then connected to the output with where is the target output for input
weights being adjustable. Other hidden units are added using vector ,
the same process, and the newly created unit is independent of is the learning coefficient
the former ones. A hidden unit receives signals from all input .
units and a bias. The process continues until all of the hidden Step 3) Compute the squared error term
units are added. by
The tower architecture of the CCN is shown in Fig. 1. The
algorithm of building CCN is delineated below.
(7)
Step 1) Add the first candidate unit
by connecting Adjust the weights until ac-
to the -dimensional input ceptable error limits have been
2168
reached, where is a preset tol-
erance.
Step 4) If acceptable error limits have
been reached, the candidate unit
becomes a hidden unit. Generate a
new candidate unit
and freeze the weights. Go to
Step 1 until all hidden units are
trained.
B. Meter Placement
In a power system, harmonic sources could affect the branch
currents and node voltages. Harmonic measuring should be per-
formed from time to time at selected points with existing har-
monic distortion as background noises before locating harmonic
sources. THD is used to define the total harmonic voltage dis-
tortion. It is commonly used in low-, medium-, and high-voltage
power systems. THD is defined by
(8)
where
total harmonic voltage distortion;
harmonic component of voltage;
fundamental component of voltage;
bus number;
harmonic order . termined with 1) the number of input units being equal to the
Harmonic source also causes voltage distortion for neigh-
boring buses. As the cost of the harmonic measurement is
expensive, proper measurement is an important research topic
[2], [3]. Meter placement adopted by the state estimation (SE)
can provide guidelines in this arena [5], [7], where algorithms
are available to optimize the meter number and locations. Al-
though the measurement of optimization is not a major concern
in this paper, a systematic method is still proposed to reduce
the number of meters. The method is designed by making
use of the network geometry, means to be easy rule-of-thumb
without needing profound theories as SE, and proves to be
straightforward and effective by considering only the geometric
distribution of harmonic sources. An in-depth study and opti-
mization work can be further carried out in future research.
Step 1) With harmonic power flow for var-
ious load conditions, calculate
bus voltages and . ment points. With possible noise and other uncontrollable ef-
Step 2) Sort and find buses with
(IEEE Std. 519-1992
recommended). Select the key
buses as buses with harmonic in-
jection (i.e., containing har-
monic devices), where harmonic
measurement data can be avail-
able.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 3, JULY 2005
Step 3) Trace the key buses and determine
meter placement according to the
bus geometry.
1) Point: If the bus is an iso-
lated island, place a meter.
2) Line: If two or more buses
connect to become a line, place
a meter on the line.
3) Polygon: If a few buses con-
nect to become a loop, place a
meter in the loop.
C. CCN Training Process
With harmonic power flow [15, Appendix], we can calculate
harmonic voltage components at key buses. For example, the
harmonic voltage components of a rectifier are ,
where is the harmonic order, is any positive integer
, and is the pulse number of the rectifier circuit
.
Let each meter monitor harmonic sources, there will be
training stages. Training processes for CCN were stated in
(2)–(7). For stage 1, the first hidden unit will be added to the
network with adjusted weights according to training examples.
Other hidden units are added, one unit per stage, with the same
process until the maximum number is reached. CCN acquires
harmonic components of voltages from supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) and the architecture of CCN are de-
number of harmonic orders; 2) the number of hidden and output
units being equal to the number of monitored harmonic sources;
and 3) the number of biases being equal to the number of mon-
itored harmonic sources.
Although the limit to the number of units in each layer is not
a constraint, the performance of CCN is directly related to its
physical size. A careful evaluation is important for CCN to min-
imize the parameters for training. With the independent training
process, for example, and the predetermined number of hidden
units, the size of CCN can be effectively controlled to avoid the
overfitting problem from free parameters and random weights.
If the monitored power network becomes too large, a proper
partition should be plotted to ensure the CCN performance. Be-
sides, proper meter placement with a partially observable, lim-
ited number of training data can be preplanned including various
load combinations to reduce the data requirement for CCNs.
In real-world applications, training data could be periodically
collected by portable recording instruments placed at measure-
fects, CCNs must learn the varying spectral patterns of the envi-
ronment and harmonic sources. The patterns could be extracted
from either the system operating data or real-world monitors at
measurement points. Constant or other background noises could
be regarded as training data for detection. Effects of the unpre-
dictable noise will be tested in a later section to show the ro-
bustness of the proposed method. Extra training examples can
be collected for a data update and added to the active database.
LIN et al.: MULTIPLE HARMONIC SOURCE DETECTION AND EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION WITH CCN
Fig. 2. Architecture of the HDS.
D. Architecture of the HDS
Architecture of the proposed HDS based on CCN is shown in
Fig. 2. For a 3-m example, HDS includes the SCADA interface,
three structured CCNs (CCN1–CCN3), and display generation.
HDS can be used to detect harmonics with data acquired from
digital harmonic measuring equipment. When the waveform is
recorded with suitable bandwidth, analog or digital techniques
can be used to perform the spectral analysis. In Fig. 2, the output
values of are evaluated by CCNs with values between 0 and
1. For ample harmonic injections, will be close to “1;” oth-
erwise, close to “0.” A fair value 0.5 is used as a threshold in
this paper to separate the existence of harmonics from nonex-
istence. A value greater than 0.5 or less than 0.5 can also be
used as a threshold according to various environments and ex-
periences. Display generation will provide a man-machine in-
terface (MMI) to show the results. In display generation, the se-
lection sort is used to find the maximum value in output [16].
Following the identification of the harmonic source, HDS will
further identify the type of nonlinear devices from checking the
database.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
An IEEE 14-bus system is used as an example in Fig. 3. The
system has five generator buses, with 15 lines, five transformers,
and nonlinear loads as shown in Table I, and the system will be
expanded in a later study as shown by the dotted lines. The bus
and line data are provided in [8]. Most harmonics are related
to power rectifiers or converters with constant harmonic current
modes. Intermittence load such as a dc motor, full- and half-
rated load and work duration will be considered. With harmonic
power-flow studies for various loading conditions, bus voltages
and can be calculated. Sorting , we can find the
key buses with voltage distortion exceeding the limit, and can
select the buses for meter placement. In this test system, 3 m
was chosen and shown in Table II.
2169
For the sample system, there are three chosen paths for
measurements (i.e., Bus 4 Bus 7 Bus 9, Bus 10 Bus 11,
and Bus 6 Bus 12 Bus 13) in Fig. 3. Note that the plan does
not require the entire power system to be observable. The
paths were chosen according to the geometric distribution of
harmonic sources as straightforward point, line, or polygon.
Measurement points can be used to assess harmonic levels and
identify harmonic sources. Fig. 4 shows the various harmonic
load combinations with a measurement point at Bus 12. It has
to be noted that the adjacent Bus 11 is also included since Bus
11 has a harmonic source. The harmonic sources at the nearest
next neighboring buses will be considered in our tests, while the
second next neighboring buses are electrically far enough to be
ignored in our example. It can be seen that a 14 set of training
examples could be collected at Bus 12 by running harmonic
power flow, which yielded 14 input–output training pairs. The
process can also consider various load combinations and work
duration such as intermittence load (dc motor). Input patterns
are harmonic voltages in frequency spectrum, and all harmonic
voltages are normalized according to the largest voltage level
before training. The HDS was designed on a Pentium III PC
with 128-MB random-access memory (RAM) and Matlab
software. To show the effectiveness of the proposed HDS, a
few case studies are chosen for demonstration.
A. Effectiveness Test
The number and location of meters, architectures of CCNs,
the number of training examples, and the executing time for
training CCNs are shown in Table III. For example, at M1-Bus
4 and M2-Bus 10, we have a 28 set of training data for Bus 4
and Bus 10. At M3-Bus 12, with a dc motor as the bus load,
a 35 set of training data were created with 14 set for full rated
and full rated plus 5% load, 14 set for half-rated and half rated
plus 5% load, and another 7 set for bus combinations without
harmonic sources (i.e., the dc motor stops running). With mul-
tiple harmonic sources at Bus 4, Bus 6, Bus 7, Bus 10, Bus
12, and Bus 13, harmonic power flow calculates harmonic volt-
ages to perform the spectral analysis. Fig. 5 shows harmonic
voltages at M1-Bus 4, M2-Bus 10, and M3-Bus 12 After HDS
training, three harmonic detectors identify the harmonic sources
and equipment as shown in Table A.
B. Metering Location Test
Case study B changes the locations of meters as shown in
Table IV. We have three new places chosen for metering, (i.e.,
Bus 9, Bus 11, and Bus 13). Architectures of CCNs, the number
of training examples, and executing time for training CCNs are
shown in Table IV. Training data were also created including
various load combinations with and without harmonic sources
at the metering point. With multiple harmonic sources at Bus
4, Bus 6, Bus 7, Bus 10, Bus 12, and Bus 13, harmonic power
flow also calculates harmonic voltages to perform the spectral
analysis. Fig. 6 shows harmonic voltages at M1-Bus 9, M2-Bus
11, and M3-Bus 13. After HDS training, three harmonic detec-
tors identify the harmonic sources and equipment as shown in
Table B.
2170 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 3, JULY 2005

Fig. 3. IEEE 14-bus power system.

TABLE I
TEST CASES FOR SAMPLE POWER SYSTEM

TABLE II
PLANS OF METER PLACEMENT

C. Harmonic Detection With Variant Test Data

To test the robustness of the proposed method, data were pro-
duced with a meter load varying from –40% to +10% at Bus
12 for the dc motor. Gaussian noises were added randomly with
zero mean and 10% variance. Fig. 7 shows the average output
level versus variant ranges of CCN3 with 54 tests by getting
six load combinations randomly from Fig. 4 for each load level.
Fig. 4. Training examples for CCN at Bus 12.
It can be seen that the proposed method is very robust. With
only two-level load data (full- and half-rated load) for training,
the proposed system can function even for a load change up to D. Test for Topological Changes
–40% plus a noise level with 10% variance. This test shows Training examples of HDS could change flexibly owing to
that the proposed method can work under a severe environment structural changes of the power system. Let there be a new har-
with great load changes and a noisy background as likely to monic load at Bus 15, plus two new lines, one from Bus 10 to
happen in the real world. The authors are also interested in a Bus 15, and another one from Bus 11 to Bus 15 as shown in
possible field test in the future. Fig. 2. In this key bus, we must reconsider load combinations
LIN et al.: MULTIPLE HARMONIC SOURCE DETECTION AND EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION WITH CCN
TABLE III
METER LOCATIONS AND ARCHITECTURES OF CCNS FOR CASE STUDY
Fig. 5. Harmonic voltages at meter places for case study A.
TABLE B
RESULTS OF CASE STUDY B
Fig. 6. Harmonic voltages at meter places for case study B.
and work duration. Old training examples must be modified by
the effect of new harmonic sources, and CCN needs to be re-
trained with new training examples. Case study D shows the
2171
TABLE IV
METER LOCATION AND ARCHITECTURES OF CCNS FOR CASE STUDY B
TABLE A
RESULTS OF CASE STUDY A
Fig. 7. Average output level versus variant range of test data.
TABLE V
METER LOCATIONS AND ARCHITECTURES OF CCNS FOR CASE STUDY D
new locations of meters as shown in Table V. CCN2 will have
layers changed to 20-3-3. Architectures of CCNs, the number
of training examples, and executing time for training CCNs are
shown in Table V.
Case study D shows multiple harmonic sources at Bus 4, Bus
7, Bus 12, Bus 13, and Bus 15. Harmonic power flow calculates
harmonic voltages to perform the spectrum analysis. After HDS
training, three harmonic detectors would identify the harmonic
sources and equipment as shown in Table C.
E. Performance Comparison
Table VI shows the comparison chart of BPN and CCN.
Training BPN is very slow. The training time is approximately
2172
TABLE C
RESULTS OF CASE STUDY D
TABLE VI
COMPARISON BETWEEN BPN AND CCN
1–2 h and, further, BPN needs a large number of weights to
adjust. CCN could improve these drawbacks. It learns fast (i.e.,
1–2 min, and is capable of partial learning without adjusting all
of the weights in each learning stage). When the system con-
figuration or meter locations changed, new load combinations
would form new training examples. It is easy to retrain and
adapt itself to new structural changes. With new data added, it
slightly affects the training time. For example, training CCN2
with 45 training data needs less than 3 min, and CCN has better
adaptability than BPN.
V. CONCLUSION
HDS with CCNs has been developed in this paper. Preliminary
plans for placing meters were meditated to reduce the number of
meters, and the measurement points were used to monitor the har-
monic sources around the neighborhood. With the harmonic volt-
ages provided by SCADA, CCNs can detect multiple harmonic
sources in the power system. The selection sort was used to sort
the outputs by finding values greater than the threshold to identify
the harmonic location and to characterize the type of nonlinear
harmonic devices. Advantages of HDS are that: good estimation
could be obtained with limited meters, measurement points, and
data;partiallyobservable networkisenoughtoreducemeterneed;
minimum sized ANN can be built using simple learning algo-
rithms; fast learning can be expected in comparison with other
multilayer networks such as BPN; partial results can be cached
and used during the training process; HDS is capable of partial
learning with new information and retraining to handle network
structural changes.
CCN tends to use a minimal number of connections, requires
less computation time for operation, and does not need large
weights as BPN. CCN could easily adapt itself to a new envi-
ronment, such as the topological changes. Computer simulation
shows that CCNs-based harmonic detection systems are precise,
easy to work with, and very effective.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 3, JULY 2005
Fig. 8. Flowchart of harmonic power flow.
APPENDIX
The harmonic power-flow models of [15] were used in this
paper. Transmission lines were modeled as pi-equivalent cir-
cuits, transformers were considered as simplified series resis-
tances and reactances, shunt magnetizing components were ig-
nored, and the leakage inductances were assumed to be constant.
Capacitors were considered constant with impedances varied
with frequencies. The generators were series impedances of re-
sistance and reactance for fundamental lad flow. For harmonic
load-flow analysis, generators were modeled as subtransient re-
actances. Linear loads were represented as series impedances
of resistance and reactance. Nonlinear loads were treated as
harmonic current sources. Harmonic current components were
used by field record data. The flowchart of harmonic power-flow
analysis developed in this paper is shown in Fig. 8.
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Graw-Hill, 1986.

Whei-Min Lin (M’87) was born in 1954. He

received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering
from the National Chao-Tung University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1977, the M.S. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Connecticut,
Storrs, in 1982, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of the Texas at
Arlington in 1985.
Currently, he is with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C., where he has been since
1991. He was with Chung-Hwa Institute for the Economic Research, Taiwan, as
a Visiting Researcher after his graduation. He joined Control Data Corporation,
Minneapolis, MN, in 1986 and worked with Control Data Asia, Taipei, Taiwan,
R.O.C., in 1989. His main interests are GIS, distribution systems, geographic
information systems (GIS), SCADA, and automatic control systems.
Dr. Lin is a member of Tau Beta Pi.
Chien-Hsien Wu was born in 1970. He received
the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the
National Taiwan University of Science and Tech-
nology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1994, the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering from the National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in
2001, and is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at
National Sun Yat-Sen University.
His research interests include energy-manage-
ment systems, distribution automatic system, and
harmonic analysis.