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Abstract
Background: DNA sequences from ancient speciments may in fact result from undetected contamination of the ancient
specimens by modern DNA, and the problem is particularly challenging in studies of human fossils. Doubts on the
authenticity of the available sequences have so far hampered genetic comparisons between anatomically archaic
(Neandertal) and early modern (Cro-Magnoid) Europeans.
Methodology/Principal Findings: We typed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region I in a 28,000 years old
Cro-Magnoid individual from the Paglicci cave, in Italy (Paglicci 23) and in all the people who had contact with the sample
since its discovery in 2003. The Paglicci 23 sequence, determined through the analysis of 152 clones, is the Cambridge
reference sequence, and cannot possibly reflect contamination because it differs from all potentially contaminating modern
sequences.
Conclusions/Significance:: The Paglicci 23 individual carried a mtDNA sequence that is still common in Europe, and which
radically differs from those of the almost contemporary Neandertals, demonstrating a genealogical continuity across
28,000 years, from Cro-Magnoid to modern Europeans. Because all potential sources of modern DNA contamination are
known, the Paglicci 23 sample will offer a unique opportunity to get insight for the first time into the nuclear genes of early
modern Europeans.
Citation: Caramelli D, Milani L, Vai S, Modi A, Pecchioli E, et al. (2008) A 28,000 Years Old Cro-Magnon mtDNA Sequence Differs from All Potentially
Contaminating Modern Sequences. PLoS ONE 3(7): e2700. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002700
Editor: Henry Harpending, University of Utah, United States of America
Received April 23, 2008; Accepted June 17, 2008; Published July 16, 2008
Copyright: ß 2008 Caramelli et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Study supported by funds of the Italian Ministery of the Universities (PRIN 2006). No sponsors had any role in any phase of the study, and the authors
do not envisage any conflict of interests.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: g.barbujani@unife.it
sequences after UNG treatment. The sequences of the primers are Author Contributions
also reported.
Conceived and designed the experiments: DC GB. Performed the
Found at: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002700.s001 (0.09 MB experiments: LM SV AM EP MG EP ML AC. Analyzed the data: GB
DOC) GB. Wrote the paper: DC FM GB. Collected the sample: BL FM. Dated
the sample: BL AR. Participated in preliminary tests of macromolecule
Acknowledgments preservation: AC.
We would like to thank Carles Lalueza Fox, who replicated the sequences
in his laboratory at the University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, and
Agnar Helgason for his comments and suggestions.
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