Modulation, Demodulation and

Coding Course

Period 3 - 2005
Sorour Falahati
Lecture 1
 Course information
„ Scope of the course
„ Course material
„ Schedule
„ Staff
„ Grading

„ More information on:

http://www.signal.uu.se/Courses/CourseDirs/ModDemKod/2005/main.html

2005-01-21 Lecture 1 2
 Scope of the course
„ Learning fundamental issues in designing a
digital communication system (DCS):
„ Utilized techniques
„ Formatting and source coding
„ Modulation (Baseband and bandpass signaling)

„ Channel coding

„ Equalization

„ Synchronization

„ Design goals
„ Trade-offs between various parameters

2005-01-21 Lecture 1 3
 Course material
„ Course text book:
„ “Digital communications: Fundamentals and Applications”
by Bernard Sklar,Prentice Hall, 2001,ISBN: 0-13-084788-7
„ Additional recommended books:
„ “Communication systems engineering”, by John G. Proakis
and Masoud Salehi, Prentice Hall, 2002, 2nd edition, ISBN:
0-13-095007-6
„ “Communication Systems, Analysis and design”, by
H.P.E.Stern and S. A. Mahmoud, Prentice Hall, 2004,
ISBN: 0-13-121929-4
„ Material accessible from course homepage:
„ Lecture slides
„ Laboratory syllabus (Lab. PM)
„ Set of exercises and formulae
„ Home assignments and solutions
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 Schedule
„ 12 lectures (from week 3 to week 8)
„ 10 tutorials (from week 4 to week 8)
„ 4 mandatory graded home assignments
„ 1 mandatory lab. work (weeks 8-9)
„ Final written exam 14th March 2005

2005-01-21 Lecture 1 5
 Staff
„ Course responsible and lecturer: Sorour
Falahati.
„ Email: sorour.falahati@signal.uu.se
„ Office: Magistern 2112A
„ Tel.: 018-471 1077
„ Tutorial and laboratory assistant: Daniel
Aronsson.
„ Email: daniel.anorsson@signal.uu.se
„ Office: Magistern 2140B
„ Tel.: 018-471 3071

2005-01-21 Lecture 1 6
 Grading
„ To obtain grade 3, a student has to:
1. To complete the laboratory work
2. To pass all the home assignments (HA)
3. To pass the written final exam
„ The final grade (3,4,5) is calculated as
Final grade:
0.8(grade on final exam)+0.2(average grade on HAs)
„ Exam and home assignments have each 60 points.
0-29 30-39 40-49 50-60
Fail Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5
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Today, we are going to talk about:
„ What are the features of a Digital
communication system (DCS)?
„ Why “digital” instead of “analog”?
„ What do we need to know before taking off
toward designing a DCS?
„ Classification of signals
„ Random process
„ Autocorrelation
„ Power and energy spectral densities
„ Noise in communication systems
„ Signal transmission through linear systems
„ Bandwidth of signal
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 Block diagram of a digital
communication system
Noise

Transmitted Received Received

Info. signal signal info.
SOURCE
Source Transmitter Channel Receiver User

Transmitter

Source Channel
Formatter Modulator
encoder encoder

Receiver

Source Channel
Formatter Demodulator
decoder decoder

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 Digital communication system …
„ Important features of a DCS:
„ Transmitter sends a waveform from a finite
set of possible waveforms during a limited
time
„ Channel distorts, attenuates the transmitted
signal and adds noise to it.
„ Receiver decides which waveform was
transmitted from the noisy received signal
„ Probability of erroneous decision is an
important measure for the system
performance

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 Digital versus analog
„ Advantages of digital communications:
„ Regenerator receiver
Original Regenerated
pulse pulse

Propagation distance

„ Different kinds of digital signal are treated

identically.
Voice
Data A bit is a bit!
Media

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 Classification of signals
„ Deterministic and random signals
„ Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with
respect to the signal value at any time.
„ Random signal: Some degree of uncertainty
in signal values before it actually occurs.
„ Thermal noise in electronic circuits due to the
random movement of electrons
„ Reflection of radio waves from different layers of
ionosphere

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 Classification of signals …
„ Periodic and non-periodic signals

A periodic signal A non-periodic signal

„ Analog and discrete signals

A discrete signal

Analog signals
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 Classification of signals ..
„ Energy and power signals
„ A signal is an energy signal if, and only if, it has
nonzero but finite energy for all time:

„ A signal is a power signal if, and only if, it has

finite but nonzero power for all time:

„ General rule: Periodic and random signals are power

signals. Signals that are both deterministic and non-
periodic are energy signals.

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 Random process
„ A random process is a collection of time functions, or
signals, corresponding to various outcomes of a
random experiment. For each outcome, there exists a
deterministic function, which is called a sample
function or a realization.
Random
variables
Real number

Sample functions
or realizations
(deterministic
function)
time (t)

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 Random process …
„ Strictly stationary: If none of the statistics of the random process
are affected by a shift in the time origin.

„ Wide sense stationary (WSS): If the mean and autocorrelation

function do not change with a shift in the origin time.

„ Cyclostationary: If the mean and autocorrelation function are

periodic in time.

„ Ergodic process: A random process is ergodic in mean and

autocorrelation, if

and

, respectively.

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 Autocorrelation
„ Autocorrelation of an energy signal

„ Autocorrelation of a power signal

„ For a periodic signal:

„ Autocorrelation of a random signal

„ For a WSS process:

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 Spectral density
„ Energy signals:

„ Energy spectral density (ESD):

„ Power signals:

„ Power spectral density (PSD):

„ Random process:
„ Power spectral density (PSD):

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 Properties of an autocorrelation
function
„ For real-valued (and WSS in case of
random signals):
1. Autocorrelation and spectral density form
a Fourier transform pair.
2. Autocorrelation is symmetric around zero.
3. Its maximum value occurs at the origin.
4. Its value at the origin is equal to the
average power or energy.

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 Noise in communication systems

„ Thermal noise is described by a zero-mean Gaussian

random process, n(t).
„ Its PSD is flat, hence, it is called white noise.

[w/Hz]

Power spectral
density

Autocorrelation
function
Probability density function

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 Signal transmission through
linear systems

Input Output
Linear system
„ Deterministic signals:
„ Random signals:

„ Ideal distortionless transmission:

All the frequency components of the signal not only arrive
with an identical time delay, but also are amplified or
attenuated equally.

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 Signal transmission … - cont’d

„ Ideal filters:
Non-causal!
Low-pass

Band-pass High-pass

„ Realizable filters:
RC filters Butterworth filter

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 Bandwidth of signal
„ Baseband versus bandpass:

Baseband Bandpass
signal signal
Local oscillator

„ Bandwidth dilemma:
„ Bandlimited signals are not realizable!
„ Realizable signals have infinite bandwidth!

2005-01-21 Lecture 1 23
 Bandwidth of signal – cont’d
„ Different definition of bandwidth:
a) Half-power bandwidth d) Fractional power containment bandwidth
b) Noise equivalent bandwidth e) Bounded power spectral density
c) Null-to-null bandwidth f) Absolute bandwidth

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)50dB
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