Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Role of Incentives
in
Performance Management
Sana Ali Gillani
2010
Role of incentive in Performance Management
In
Warid Telecom Pakistan
by
1
Al-Quran
Say: “If the ocean were ink (where with to write out) the words of my Lord,
sooner would the ocean be exhausted than would the words of my Lord,
even if We added another ocean like it, for its aid”
2
Acknowledgement
3
Role of incentive in Performance Management
Contents
Page Number
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Aims and Objectives……….………………………………… ……….…..……... 7
1.2 Literature Review………………………………………………………..…….……7
1.2.1 Performance………………..………………………………………………..…..7
1.2.2 Performance Management………………….……………………………..…..7
1.2.2.1 Managing Performance Effectively…………………………...………..….8
1.2.2.2 Benefits of Performance Management………………………….……..…8
1.2.2.3 Concerns about Performance Management…………………….….……9
1.2.3 Incentives………………………………………………………………….……..9
1.2.3.1 Categories of Incentives……………………………………..…..…………9
1.2.3.2 What Incentives can do?.....................................................................10
1.2.3.2.1 Theories on Incentive-Effort Relationship………………….……….…..11
1.2.3.3 Incentives that impact on motivation of staff…………………………...14
4
3.2.1.6. Size in Terms of Employees……………………...………………………19
3.2.1.7. Roles and Positions in the Organization………………………………..19
3.2.1.8. Communication channels…………………………………………………20
3.2.1.9. Control System………………….…………………………………………20
3.2.1.10. Human Resources Management ……………………………..…………20
3.2.1.11. Performance Management System……………………………………..21
3.2.1.12. Reward system…………………………………………………………….21
3.2.1.13. Interdependencies among Various Departments …………………..….22
3.2.1.14. Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior of Organization Members……..22
Appendix I…………………………………………………………………………..…28
References…………………….………………………………………………………33
5
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_management; retrieved on 02-08-2010
2
http://www.managementhelp.org/perf_mng/defntion.htm; retrieved on 02-08-2010
6
Since ineffective employees performance can lead to ineffective
organizational performance on whole. Hence an effective performance
management system needs to be in place and aliened with rewards system
which positively enhance employee’s performance. Thus a study of the role of
incentives in performance management of the employees would help to identify
how far incentives are positively related to employee’s performance, which can
be used to make recommendations and take necessary actions for improvement
to make up for any gaps between current and effective performance
management system.
1.2.1. Performance
4
http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/performancemanagement.html; retrieved on 05-08-2010
5
http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=4405770; retrieved on 05-08-2010
6
U.S. Office of Personnel Management 1900 E Street, NW, Washington, DC, 606-2532
8
Aligns organizational activities and processes to the goals of the
organization.
Cultivates a system-wide, long-term view of the organization.
Produces meaningful measurements.
7
http://www.managementhelp.org/perf_mng/benefits.htm; retrieved on 02-08-2010
8
Sullivan, arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 31.
9
moral incentive can expect a sense of self-esteem, and approval or even
admiration from his community.
3. Coercive incentives are said to exist where a person can expect that the
failure to act in a particular way will result in physical force being used against
them, for example by inflicting pain in punishment, or by confiscating or
destroying their possessions.9
There are three primary ways by which incentives can enhance organizational
performance
3. Selection effect: Incentives attract right kind o people and repel the
wrong kind.12
9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive; retrieved on 02-08-2010
10
Gabor A. (1990) The man who discovered quality, times book, New York.
11
McCartney S. (1995) How to Make an Airline Run on Schedule, Wall Street journal
12
Edward P. (2000) The Power of Incentives, The American Review, 410
10
1.2.3.2.1. Theories on Incentive-Effort Relationship
Expectancy Theory
1. What they think the payoff is for a particular behavior and (in this case,
money)
2. How much they value that payoff (research shows people value
monetary payoff over non-monetary payoff).
11
because they believe they will get money when they perform as expected and
they really like money.
Agency Theory
Agency theory assumes that people are rational and will make choices
based on the choice’s ability to increase either their wealth or leisure. If a task
does not add to economic well-being, people will shirk the task.
Goal-setting Theory
“…proposes that personal goals are the primary determinant of, and immediate
precursor to, effort”
Goals have a main effect on effort, separate from expectancy, and are
themselves affected by monetary incentives in that monetary incentives may
cause people to set goals when they otherwise would not, set more challenging
goals than they otherwise would and have higher goal commitment.
12
necessarily lead to increased performance if the individual is lacking the
requisite skills.
Indirect role of skill on incentives-effort-performance relation: If a
person has the requisite skills, then he/she should tend to believe that the
task could be accomplished. As a result of increased self-efficacy, a
person may then set higher goals and/or be more committed to those
goals.
Environmental variables are all the things surrounding the person who is
doing a task and monetary incentives are one such variable. Additional variables
that would include “time pressure, accountability relationships, assigned goals,
and feedback”
13
Effects of other environmental variables on incentives-effort-
performance relation: Feedback can positively affect motivation,
learning, and self-efficacy and it can interact with monetary incentives
such as when people use feedback to increase their performance. Or, if
information asymmetry exists, feedback can assist people in shirking. 13
13
http://maaw.info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumBonnerSprinkle02.htm; retrieved on 02-08-2010
14
UNDP Conference Notes #8 working draft (2006), incentive systems: Incentives, motivation, and
Development performance.
14
Chapter Two
Incentives
Motivation
Skill
Task complexity
Feedback
Time pressure
Assigned goals
15
Furthermore specific, clear, realistic and challenging assigned goal will
lead to better performance.
Incentives
Motivation
Skill
Performance
Task
Complexity
Feedback
Time
Pressure
Assigned
Goals
16
Chapter Three
DATA COLLECTION
3.1.1. Interview
A structured interview is a research tool in which questions are prepared
in advance. Data could be analyzed later and report results based on analysis.
A face-to-face interview is used in this study, which is based on a direct
meeting between interviewer and interviewee.155 Interviewer guides the questions
and focuses the study.
Face-to-face interview does not bore a respondent and ensures full and
accurate data. Researcher can adapt the questions as necessary, clarify doubts
and ensure that responses are properly understood by repeating or rephrasing
questions.
3.1.2. Questionnaire
Questionnaire is also used to collect data. It is a written set of questions to
which respondents record their answers. Questionnaire formulated for this study
is a blend of close ended as well as open ended questions.
The interval scale (Likert scele) is used in which responses to various
items measuring the variable can be tapped on a five-point sale.
155
http://www.romir.ru/en/products/methods/face/; retrieved on 02-08-2010
17
3.2. Data Collection
Data was collected through interview and questionnaire. Following is the
information obtained based on data.
3.2.1.2. Vision
3.2.1.3. Location
Warid telecom has one head office in Lahore and three regional offices;
Central region (Lahore being focal point)
North region (Islamabad being focal point)
south region (Karachi being focal point)
1616
http://ptcltelephonedirectory.com/blog/about-warid-telecom.html; retrieved on 05-08-2010
19
3.2.1.8. Communication Channels
20
functions. The department has various technical facilities and competent work
force which is managing human resources of the company effectively and
efficiently. It is evident from the 14% increase in the revenue earned by the
company during last year and the lower turnover and absenteeism rate as quoted
by the head of HR- Operations.
21
Financial incentives include
Salary Increments
Bonuses
Leave fair assistance (LFA) which encompasses one additional basic
salary and 5 days leave
Sponsored travel
Accelerated promotion
Sponsored recreation activities
Special prizes
23
Chapter Four
DATA ANALYSIS
25
Chapter Four
5.2. Recommendations
Based on the findings following recommendations can be made to improve
the effectiveness of the PM system.
Performance evaluation should be done bi-annually or quarterly.
Training should be provided to the appraiser to frequently upgrade and
indentify KPI`s and goal setting with reference to current needs. As well as
to evaluate performance objectively and impartially.
Incentives should be provided which will directly contribute to the
employee development for example educational assistance, study leave
etc.
Employees should be involved in formulation of reward policies and
evaluation of their performance.
Sufficient budget should be allocated to the PBI system to increase its
effectiveness in terms of greater employee motivation, satisfaction and
retention.
Frequent up gradation of the policies is recommended for incessant
progress and growth.
26
Employee’s aspirations, expectations and wants should be considered
while designing the reward system.
Underperformers should be provided with appropriate training to enhance
their skill level and motivation.
27
Appendix I
Research Questionnaire
Section One: Demographic and Attributes, Please tick the appropriate box
2 Qualification:
5 Age (Years):
6 Gender :
Male Female
8 In my organization, department
performance goals are developed in line
with Organizational vision and mission
statement.
9 In my opinion, performance
28
management system is in existence in
my organization.
11 Following type of performance based incentives (PBI) are currently offered by the organiza
my performance
12 Following non-financial performance based incentives (PBI) are currently offered to me: (
applicable box)
Accelerated Promotion Salary increment Special prize Sponsored Trav
Sponsored Training And education Sponsored Recreation/entertainment Othe
13 Following non-financial performance based incentives (PBI) are currently offered to me: (
applicable box)
Partially
Strongly
agree Agree/partially
agree disagree D
disagree
29
16 Implementation/reinforcement of
performance based incentive system
based on performances suggested by
Higher Management is suitable.
30
regarding performance targets,
reward entitlements, performance
evaluation and reward distribution
mechanism.
32 Following are my suggestions for PBI improvement, which may be helpful in creating high
positive impact on an employee performance
31
REFERENCES
32
7. http://www.managementhelp.org/perf_mng/benefits.htm; retrieved on 02-
08-2010
8. Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in
action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall.
pp. 31
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive; retrieved on 02-08-2010
10. Gabor A. (1990) The man who discovered quality, times book, New York.
11. McCartney S. (1995) How to Make an Airline Run on Schedule, Wall
Street journal
12. Edward P. (2000) The Power of Incentives, The American Review, 410
13. http://maaw.info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumBonnerSprinkle02.htm;
retrieved on 02-08-2010
14. UNDP Conference Notes #8 working draft (2006), incentive systems:
Incentives, motivation, and Development performance.
15. http://www.romir.ru/en/products/methods/face/; retrieved on 02-08-2010
16. http://ptcltelephonedirectory.com/blog/about-warid-telecom.html; retrieved
on 05-08-2010.
33