| 


 |

 


   !"
#!!
|
 |          
   
| $
!
           

ï ?


As amended in ISM Code 3rd Edition 2010, objectives no. 1.2.2.2 º



   


  





  
 
 
 

 



Risks inherent in the working environment must be identified, evaluated and in consequence measures must
be taken such as to remove or minimize those risks, and so to protect workers and others from those which
are unavoidable.
Risk Assessment should first established the hazards that are present at the place of work and then identify
the significant risks arising out of the work activity. The risk assessment include consideration of the existing
precautions to control the risk, such as permits to work, restricted access and use of warning signs or
personal protective equipment.
The aim of Risk Assessment is to minimize accidents and plague / illness on board ships.

j ? 


  
a.?  is a source of potential harm or damage or a situation with potential for harm or damage;
b.? ë
xposure to the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse or unwelcome circumstance;
c.? ë
  the determination of quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a concrete
situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard).

 ? ë  
-? ISM Code 3rd Edition 2010, Objectives no. 1.2.2.2;

-? Maritime & Coastguard Agency, Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen, Consolidated
Edition 2010;
-? OHSAS 18001:2008, Chapter 4.3.1, ͞Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, & Determining Control͟;

-? International Maritime Organization MSC/Circ.1023.

˜ ? ë
  
The Risk Assessment should cover all risks arising from the work activities of workers and other persons on
board ship. Significant findings of the risk assessment should be recorded / documented both ashore and on
board ship and communicate to the workers or other persons who may be affected by their activities.
The risks in the workplace should be assessed before work begins on any task for which no valid risk
assessment exists. An assessment must be reviewed and updated as necessary, to ensure that it reflects any
significant changes of equipment or procedure.
 |  
 |

 


   !"
#!!
|
 |          
   
| $

           

The process of risk assessment should be carried out by suitably experienced personnel, specifically Safety
Officer or Supervisor, Chief Engineer, Master and Safety Manager or Operation Manager.
The requirement to assess risk does not extend to any consequential peril to the ship resulting from the
particular work activity, nor to any external hazards which may imperil the ship, either of which may cause
harm to those on board or to others. These aspects are covered by other regulations.
The assessment should depend on the level of risks identified and whether those risks are already controlled
by satisfactory precautions or procedures to ensure that they are as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).

˜ ï ?   ë
  
The main elements of risk assessment process are:
(a).? Classify work activities;
(b).? Identify hazards & personnel at risk;
(c).? Identify risk controls;
(d).? Estimate the risk;
(e).? Decide the tolerability of the risks;
(f).? Prepare risk control action plan;
(g).? Review adequacy of action plan;
(h).? Ensure risk assessment and controls are effective and up to date;
(i).? Administrative details: Name of Assessor, Date, Location or Ship Name, Name of Reviewer, etc.

˜ j ? 


 


 
Classification of activities are intended to manage & identify separate work activities will be assessed.
The Classification of activity are:
(a).? Department or location on board ship;
(b).? Stages of an operation or work routine;
(c).? Planned & unscheduled maintenance;
(d).? Defined tasks.
Information required for each work activity should include but not limited to:
(a).? Tasks being carried out, tasks duration & frequency;
(b).? Location of the work / activity is carried out;
(c).? Personnel / workers who occasionally carries out the task;
(d).? Others who may be affected by the work (e.g. contractors, passengers);
(e).? Training that personnel have received for the task.

M ? 
  
Hazards that clearly possess negligible potential for harm should not be documented or given further
consideration, provided that appropriate control measures remain in place.
 |  
 |

 


   !"
#!!
|
 |          
   
| $
$
           

To simplify the process of identifying hazards, hazards could be categorized by topic as following:
(a).? Mechanical;
(b).? Electrical;
(c).? Physical;
(d).? Radiation;
(e).? Substances;
(f).? Fire & explosion;
(g).? Chemical;
(h).? Biological;
(i).? Psychological.

Õ ? 
ë
 
A risk assessment should be comprehensive enough to identify hazards and the required control measures
to reduce the risk of harm, including those planned or already in place. Separate controls may be applicable
to reduce likelihood, e.g. Risk Control Systems and to reduce severity, e.g. improved PPE.
Risk Control Systems provide the method of management control for individual control measures or types of
control measure, such as Permit To Work System.
When evaluating existing risk control systems, consideration should be given to measures that reduce the
likelihood of and / or the severity of harm. The following hierarchy can be applied:
(a).? If practicable eliminate hazards altogether or try to combat risks at the source;
(b).? If elimination is not possible, try to reduce risk at the source;
(c).? Reduce risk via procedures and safe systems of work, adopting PPE only as the last resort after
all other control measures have been considered.

Õ ï ?  
ë

The risk from the hazard may be determined by estimating:
(a).? The potential severity of harm;
(b).? The likelihood that harm will occur.

These two components should be judged independently.

To establish potential severity of harm, the following should be considered:
(a).? Part(s) of the body likely to be affected;
(b).? Nature of the harm, ranging from slight to extreme:
i.? Slight Harm;
ii.? Moderate Harm;
iii.? Severe Harm;
iv.? Extreme Harm.
 |  
 |

 


   !"
#!!
|
 |          
   
| $

           

In order to establish the likelihood of harm, the following issues should be assessed:
(a).? number of personnel exposed;
(b).? frequency and duration of exposure to the hazard;
(c).? effects of failure of power or water supply;
(d).? effects of failure of plant and machinery components and safety devices;
(e).? exposure to the elements;
(f).? protection afforded by personal protective equipment and its limitations;
(g).? possibility of unsafe acts by persons for example, who:
i.? may not know what the hazards are;
ii.? may not have the knowledge, physical capacity, or skills to do the work;
iii.? underestimate risks to which they are exposed;
iv.? underestimate the practicality and utility of safe working methods.
A possible categorization of severity harm levels based on the four bands, of very likely; likely; unlikely or
very unlikely, is shown in table below:


  


    

 !
 !

Type of Occurrence Typically experienced Typically experienced Typically experienced Less than 1% chance of
at least once every six once every five years once during working being experienced by
months by an by an individual lifetime of an an individual during
individual individual their working lifetime.

Any given hazard is more serious if it affects a greater number of people. But some of the more serious
hazards may be associated with an occasional task carried out by just one person, for example
maintenance of inaccessible parts of lifting equipment.
A simple method for estimating risks according to the potential severity of harm and the likelihood, as
described above, can be shown in the following table.

#ë$
 ë
"   
 ë 
SLIGHT HARM MODERATE HARM SEVERE HARM EXTREME HARM
VERY UNLIKELY VERY LOW RISK VERY LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK HIGH RISK

UNLIKELY VERY LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK HIGH RISK VERY HIGH RISK

LIKELY LOW RISK HIGH RISK VERY HIGH RISK VERY HIGH RISK

VERY LIKELY LOW RISK VERY HIGH RISK VERY HIGH RISK VERY HIGH RISK

Õ j ? 
%

 
 
In making decisions as to whether the risk is tolerable the work force should be consulted. To do this
the organization should first establish tolerability criteria to provide a basis for consistency in all its risk
assessments.
 |  
 |

 


   !"
#!!
|
 |          
   
| $
%
           

This should involve consultation with workers representatives, other stakeholders and should take
account of legislation and regulatory agency guidance, where applicable. A simple evaluation of risk
tolerability, based on a five band structure is shown in table below:

Category of Risk Evaluation of Tolerability

Very Low Acceptable
Low Tolerable
Medium Risks that should be reduced
High So that they are tolerable or acceptable
Very High Unacceptable

£ ? ë

&
To decide what action should be taken to improve occupational health & safety, controls are required & the
time scale for action.
Risk ʹ based control plan can be shown in the following table:
 # 
These risks are considered acceptable. No further action necessary other
ë$ 
than to ensure that the controls are to be maintained.
No additional controls are required unless they can be implemented at a
 very low cost. Arrangements should be made to ensure that controls are
maintained.
Consideration should be given as to whether the risk can be lowered to a
tolerable level and preferably to an acceptable level, but the costs of
additional risk should be taken into account. The risk reduction measures
!
should be implemented within a defined time period. Arrangements should
be made to ensure that controls are maintained, particularly if the risk
levels are associated with harmful consequences.
Risk reduction measures should be implemented urgently within a defined
time period and it might be necessary to consider suspending or restricting
activity, or to apply interim risk control measures, until this has been
 
  completed. Considerable resources might have to be allocated to
additional control measures. Arrangements should be made to ensure that
controls are maintained, particularly if the risk levels are associated with
extremely harmful consequences and very harmful consequences.
These risks are unacceptable. Substantial improvements in risk controls are
necessary, so that the risk is reduced to a tolerable & acceptable level. The
ë$ 
  work activity should be halted until the risk controls that are implemented
reduce the risk so that it is no longer very high. If it is not possible to
reduce the risk, the work should remain prohibited.
 |  
 |

 


   !"
#!!
|
 |          
   
| $
&
           

Note: where the risk is associated with extremely harmful consequences, further assessment is necessary to
increase confidence in the actual likelihood of harm.
The outcome of a risk assessment should be an inventory of actions, in priority order, to devise, maintain or
improve controls.
Controls should be chosen taking into account the following, which are in order of effectiveness:
(a).? Elimination;
(b).? Substitution by something less hazardous and risky;
(c).? Enclosure (enclose the hazard in a way that eliminates or controls the risk);
(d).? Guarding/Segregation of people;
(e).? Safe system of work that reduces the risk to an acceptable level;
(f).? Written procedures that are known and understood by those affected;
(g).? Review the blend of technical and procedural control;
(h).? Adequate supervision;
(i).? Identification of training needs;
(j).? Information/Instruction (signs, hand-outs);
(k).? Personal Protective Equipment (last resort) ʹ cannot be controlled by any other means.

In addition to emergency and evacuation plans, it may be necessary to provide emergency equipment
relevant to the specific hazards.

 ? ë
' 
&
Any action plan should be reviewed before implementation, typically by asking:
(a).? Will the revised controls lead to tolerable risk levels?
(b).? Are new hazards created?
(c).? What do people affected think about the need for, and practicality of, the revised preventive
measures?
(d).? Will the revised controls be used in practice, and not ignored in the face of, for example, pressures
to get the job done?

Risk Assessment and control is a continual process. Written risk assessments should be subject to periodic
formal reviews to confirm the validity of the assessment and whether the risk controls are still effective and
adequate. The risks arising from any new hazards identified should be assessed before work commences,
either by sending details of the new hazard to the person responsible for the assessment, or by the person in
charge of the work.
Having completed a detailed risk assessment and put control measures in place to reduce the risk to an
acceptable or tolerable level, a Safe Work Procedure should be written. A Safe Work Procedure should be
understandable to all, and made available prior to any work being carried out.
     |    |

 

      #
| |    | '
  

?


e ?1
?


ce?
?
?
ee
s?? s ? ssesse
?
?

ssy?? cves? ?
?
?
?
e
y?s?
?
?
?
e
y? s?

s? ?
?
?
se? s? ?
?
?
?
ee
e?e?
e
y??e?
?
s?
?
?
?
e e? s?

? c
?

??
ve? s?

s?s?ecessy??
?
?
?
eve? e cy?? c
?

?ʹ?

?ee?e? ss? e??
?
e
e? ?
?
?

se? s? ssesse
?
? ?


s? e? ecve?
?--?
e? ?
?
? ?
 Annex 2.
 ë#"####
ë
NAME OF SHIP: _______________________________________ RECORD NO.: _________________

WORK AREA BEING ASSESSED: _________________________________ DATE: _______________________

Task ID Work Process / Action Hazard Associated with Activity Controls Already in Place Significant Risk Identified Further Assessment
number Undertaken in Area Required (Y/N)?


(




 %
'    )*
 


' 
 +*
* +*


   


#
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,