Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Water Treatment
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF CIVIL & ENVT. ENGG.
UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & ENERGY
STUDIES
DEHRADUN
• Most wastewaters and waters contain
solids, and in many treatment processes
solids are generated e.g., phosphate
precipitation, coagulation and activated
sludge bioxidation.
• Particles in water and wastewater that will
settle by gravity within a reasonable period
of time can be removed by "sedimentation"
in sedimentation basins (also known as
"clarifiers").
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 2
• “Settleable” doesn’t necessarily mean that
these particles will settle easily by gravity.
• In many cases they must be coaxed out of
suspension or “solution” by the addition of
chemicals or increased gravity (centrifugation
or filtration).
• Because of the high volumetric flow rates
associated with water and wastewater
treatment systems, gravity sedimentation is
the only practical, economical method to
remove these solids. i.e., processes such as
centrifugation are not economical, in most
cases.
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 3
Gravity separation can obviously be applied
only to those particles which have density
greater than water. But this density must be
significantly greater than that of water due to
particle surface effects and turbulence in the
sedimentation tanks.
Goals of gravity sedimentation:
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 5
Type II (flocculent sedimentation)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 6
Comparison of Type I and II sedimentation
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 7
Zone Settling &Compression (Type III and IV)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 8
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 9
Type I Settling
Discrete Settling
10
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Discrete Settling
11
Gravitational Force
Fg
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Determination of Particle Settling Velocity
CD A p w v 2
(2) Drag Force
FD p
Assumes Spherical
4g p w
Valid for any NR
v s v p(t ) d p
3CD w
Equating (1) = (2)
(3) Settling Velocity
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 12
Type I Settling
CD = f(Reynolds Number, Particle
Shape)
v P dP w
(4) (5) For spherical particles:
NR CD
24
3
0.34
NR NR
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 13
Type I Settling
(7)
g( p w )d
2
vs v p p
18
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 14
Type I Settling
Settling in the Transitional to Turbulent Region
15
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
16
Type I Settling
Discrete Settling in an Ideal Settling Tank
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Discrete Settling
17
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Ideal Settling Basins
18
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Inlet Zone - Assumptions
19
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Settling Zone - Assumptions
20
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Sludge Zone - Assumptions
21
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Outlet Zone - Assumptions
22
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Settling Paths of Discrete Particles
23
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
What Happens to the Particles?
25
If vs ≥ vo
Particles will be completely removed from the WW
If vs = vo
If the particle is starting at the top of the settling zone (H), it
will just barely settle before the end of the tank
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
What Happens to the Particles?
26
If vs < vo
Partial removal
If the particle enters at or below height “h”:
100% removal
If the particle enters above height “h”:
It will not reach the bottom before the outlet zone
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Design Strategy for Sedimentation Basins
27
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Critical Velocity
28
L
to
u
H Hu HuW Q
vo
to L LW A
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Overflow Rate
29
Q
vo
A
Q/A is called the OVERFLOW RATE of the settling
tank
Q = flowrate of water [m 3/s]
h v st o v s
FX Fx < 1
When vs < vo
H v oto v o
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Fractional Removal of Particles
31
vs vs
Fx
v o Q
A
The fractional removal of the particles is dependent
on:
Particle settling velocity
Total flowrate
Surface area of the settling tank
NOT A FUNCTION OF DEPTH!
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I Settling
Overall Removal (F)
32
fo
1
F (1 f o )
vo
v dfs
o
Where:
(1 f o )
Fraction of particles with vs ≥ vo
(all completely removed)
fo
1
vo
vsdf Fraction of particles with vs < vo
that are removed; Fx = vs/vo
o
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
33
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Types of Settling
34
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Flocculant Particle Settling
35
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Flocculant Particle Settling
36
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Flocculant Particle Settling
37
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Flocculant Particle Settling
38
Particles flocculate as
settling, increasing in
mass and settling at a
faster rate
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Influencing Factors
39
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Overflow Rate
40
Q
vo
A
Q/A is called the OVERFLOW RATE of the settling tank
Q = flowrate of water [m3/s]
vo = critical settling velocity [m/s]
A = surface area of basin (L· w) [m2]
In design, the overflow rate is set to ensure complete removal
of the particles of a given size
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Clarifier Dimensions
41
A = 4W2
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type II Settling
Scouring Velocity
42
Q
u
Where: HW
u = horizontal velocity (m/s)
Q = water flowrate (m3/s)
HW = cross-sectional area (entry area) in the direction of flow (m2)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Hindered or Zone Settling
44
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Hindered or Zone Settling
45
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type I
(Discrete)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 46
Type II
(Flocculent)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 47
Type III
(Zone)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 48
Type III Settling
Settling49Test
Zones:
A. Clarified liquid
B. Uniform
concentration/settling
velocity
C. Transition
D. Compression
Time
1. Initial phase
2. Zone settling phase
3. Transition phase
4. Compression phase
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Settling Test
50
1. Initial Phase
Slow settling
No floc adherence
2. Zone Settling Phase
Constant settling period
Suspension settles at a uniform velocity characteristic of the
initial solids concentration
3. Transition Phase
Interface settling velocity begins to decrease
4. Compression Phase
Solids concentration at the interface increases and settling
velocity increases until equilibrium is reached (settling stops)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 51 Figure 5-28, Metcalf & Eddy
Type III Settling
Clarifier Design
52
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Interface Height vs Time
53
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Clarifier Design
54
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Solids Flux and Clarifiers
55
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Solids Flux and Clarifiers
56
Gs v s X
Where:
Gs = solids flux [M/L2•T]
vs = settling velocity [L/T]
X = concentration [M/L3]
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Clarifier Design
57
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 58
Type III Settling
Batch Settling Test
59
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Designing Clarifiers
60
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
PAVAN MANDAPAKA 61 Figure 5-28, Metcalf & Eddy
Type III Settling
Clarification Area
62
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Clarification Area
63
Qe
vo
Where:
Ac
vo = initial zone settling velocity at the feed concentration (X),
[m/h], (function of X)
Ac = surface area for clarification [m2]
Qe = overflow rate of clarified liquid [m3/h]
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Thickening Area
64
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Thickening Area
65
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Gravity Flux
66
Where:
Gg v i X i
Gg = gravity flux [M/L2•T] (kg/(m2•h))
vi = settling velocity at solids concentration Xi [L/T] (m/h)
Xi = local concentration of solids [M/L3] (kg/m3)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Determination of Gravity Flux
67
Step A
Determination of the Zone Settling Velocity
Step B Step C
Settling Velocity (from Step A) Gravity Flux vs Concentration
vs Concentration
Qu
ub
A
Where:
ub = bulk downward velocity of the solids [L/T] (m/h)
Qu = underflow flowrate [L3/h] (m3/h)
A = surface area of settling tank [L2] (m2)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Bulk Flux
71
Gu ub Xi
Where:
Gu = bulk mass flux [M/L2•T] (kg/(m2•h))
ub = bulk downward velocity of the solids [L/T] (m/h)
Xi = local concentration of solids [M/L3] (kg/m3)
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Determination of Bulk Flux
72
• The bulk flux of solids is a linear function of the solids concentration with a slope
equal to ub
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Total Flux
73
G Gg Gu
G X iv i X i ub
G X i (v i ub )
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Total Flux
74
PAVAN MANDAPAKA
Type III Settling
Thickening Area
76
Q Xo
A
GL
Where:
Q = influent flow rate (m3/h)
GL = limiting solid flux (kg/(m2h))
Xo = influent concentration of solids (kg/m3)