Electrical Engineering Program

KAUST
EE 244: Wireless Communications, Spring 2011

Homework # 3
Date Assigned: Tue. March 22, 2011.
Date Due: Sunday April 10 , 2011.
Reading: Chapter 2 of Stuber reference book and/or Chapters 4 of the Rappaport reference book.

Problem 1
Many wireless communication systems use the power outage probability as a performance measure, where
the power outage probability is defined as the probability that the received power falls below some power
threshold Tp . Typically, the bit error rate for received power below Tp is unacceptable for the desired
application.

(a) Assume you received signal has a Rayleigh fading amplitude with an average fading power Ω.
(a-1) Derive the probability density function (PDF) of the fading power and deduce the power outage
probability in terms of Ω and Tp ?
(a-2) Evaluate this outage probability for Ω= 20 dB and Tp = 5 dB.
(a-3) If your application requires a power outage probability of 10−2 for the threshold Tp = 10dB, what
value of Ω is required ?

(b) Assume now that your received signal has a LOS component, so its amplitude has a Rician distribution
with an average fading power Ω and a Rician factor K.
(b-1) Derive the PDF of the fading power then deduce the outage probability in terms of the Marcum
Q-function1 , Ω, K, and Tp .
(b-2) Check that your answer reduces to the Rayleigh case (as given by (a-1)) for K = 0.
(b-3) What happens if K tends to infinity ?
(b-4) Plot the power outage probability as function of Tp /Ω (from -10 dB to 20 dB) for K = 0, K = 5 dB,
and K = 10 dB. Use a dB scale on the x-axis and a log scale on the Y-axis. Comment on these curves.

(c) Assume now that your received signal follows a Nakagami distribution with an average fading power
Ω and a fading parameter m.
(c-1) Derive the PDF of the fading power then deduce the outage probability in terms of the complementary
incomplete gamma function2 , Ω, m, and Tp . Show that you answer can be written in terms of a finite sum
for the particular case when m is restricted to integer values.
(c-2) Check that your answer reduces to the Rayleigh case (as given by (a-1)) for m = 1.
(c-3) Plot the power outage probability as function of Tp /Ω (from -10 dB to 20 dB) for m = 1, m = 2 ,
and m = 4. Use a dB scale on the x-axis and a log scale on the Y-axis. Comment on these curves.

 2 2
1
x exp − x +a
R∞
The Marcum Q-function is traditionally defined by Q(a, b) = b 2
I0 (ax) dx.
2
The complementary incomplete gamma function is traditionally defined as Γ(α, x) = x e−t tα−1 dt.
R∞

1
Problem 2
Suppose r(t) is a stationary band-pass random process

r(t) = rI (t) cos(2πfc t) − rQ (t) sin(2πfc t)

Show that the autocorrelation of r(t) is

E[r(t)r(t + τ )] = φrI ,rI (τ ) cos(2πfc t) − φrQ ,rI (τ ) sin(2πfc t)

Problem 3
Consider a wide-sense stationary zero-mean complex Gaussian random process r(t) having autocorrelation
function φr,r (τ ) = φrI ,rI (τ ) + jφrI ,rQ (τ ). Show that the autocorrelation and autocovariance functions of
the squarred-envelop α2 (t) = |r(t)|2 are given by

φα2 α2 (τ ) = 4φ2rI rI (0) + 4|φrr (τ )|2

µα2 α2 (τ ) = 4|φrr (τ )|2

Problem 4
A vehicle experiences 2-D isotropic scattering and receives a Rayleigh faded 900 MHz signal while travelling
at a constant velocity for 10 s. The average duration of fades 10 dB below the rms envelope level is 1
ms. How far does the vehicle travel during the 10 s interval. How many fades is the envelop expected to
undergo that are 10 dB below the rms envelope level during the 10 s interval? Assume that the local mean
remains constant during travel.

Problem 5
Consider the COST-207 typical urban (TU) and bad urban (BU) power delay profiles shown in Fig 2.39
with the delays and fractional powers given in Table 2.1 3
(a) Calculate the average delay, µτ .
(b) Calculate the rms delay spread στ
(c) Calculate the approximate value of W50 .
(d) If the channel is to be used with a modulation that requires an equalizer whenever the symbol dura-
tion T < 10στ , determine the maximum symbol rate that can be supported without requiring and equalizer.

3
Stuber textbook (2nd edition)

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