Draft Report

PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY,

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND GREENHOUSE GAS
ABATEMENT (PREGA)
Tajikistan

MICRO-HYDRO POWER STATION IN

THE MOUNTAIN VILLAGE OF JORF
A Pre-Feasibility Study Report1

April 2006

1
Prepared by the National Technical Experts, Imangazi Sariev and Yuri Nevenchanny under the
supervision of the National Counterpart Agency Coordinator, Alaibek Obozov, Center of
Renewable Energy Use

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 Table of Contents

Page No.

1. Introduction 3
2. Objectives of the Project 7
3. Brief Description of the Project 7
3.1 An Estimation of Potential of Small Water-Power Engineering 7
3.2 Us of Energy of the Small Rivers 7
3.3 The Cost of Small Hydroelectric Power Stations (HEPS) 8
4. Actions 8
5. Expected Results 8
6. The Project Implementation Plan 9
7. Financial, Economic and Ecological Analyses 9
7.1 Budget 10
7.2 Cost on sections 10
7.3 Ecological analysis 12
7.4 Works on construction of Mini HEPS 13
8. Conclusion 13

Annexes 15-19

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 1. Introduction

The village (kishlak) of Jorf is situated in the Darvaz district of GBAO region of Tajikistan.
There are 600 people and 74 households in this kishlak. The monthly average income per capita
is 40 somoni (12 US dollars). On the whole the population is engaged in agriculture

1.1 Location and Environment

East of Tajikistan is occupied with the Pamir mountain system. Here there are two mountain
areas: Western - Pamir, where the Jorf village is located, and East – Pamir. The Darvaz mountain
range is one of four high-mountainous spurs of the western side of the range of Academy of
Science. The valleys of the rivers Obihingou, Yahsu, Vanj and Pianj surround the Darvaz range.
The highest mount in the Eastern part is peak Arnavad (6083m).

The western Pamir region is characterized by exclusive roughness of the surface in contrast of
heights. The amplitude of fluctuation of heights is more than 5000 m. Forms of a relief are
typically erosive. For the Western Pamir region, narrow mountain ranges with sharp serrated
ridges covered with eternal snows and alternating to deep gorges of the rough rivers are
widespread. The bottom of the ranges lay at the height to 1700-1800 m above sea level, and their

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tops rise to 6000 m and higher. All mountain ranges of the Western Pamir (and their four
mountain ranges: Peter the Great, Darvaz, Vanj and Yazgulem) in view of their significant height
carry glaciers on their slopes.

1.2 The Climate

Depending on heterogeneity of physical and geographical conditions within the limits of

Tajikistan it is possible to meet five climatic zones. The territory of the Western Pamir is a zone
of a dry climate with moderately warm summers and moderately severe winters.

The mode of deposits in high-mountainous areas of Pamir is determined basically by orographical

factors. Higher rainfall characterizes the windward, western side of Northwest and Western
Pamirs (Badakhshan). Here, on Fedchenko glacier, the mid-annual sum of precipitation achieves
1192 mm; on the Western Pamir there are places where the amount of precipitation is less than
600 mm per year.

The maximum quantity of precipitation falls during the cold period of the year: on the average
about 65 % of the annual quantity. The maximum of precipitation in high-mountainous areas falls
in April - July. At this time of the year there is a big contrast of temperatures between coming
cold airs and already significant warmed up spreading surface. Therefore for spring month’s
cloudbursts and thunderstorms are very frequent. In the mountain areas of the Western Tajikistan
the least quantity of precipitation falls in the summer months.

The mode of humidity of air in mountains in winter months considerably goes down (on the long-
term average data by 10-12 %) in comparison with the adjoining plain.

Badakhshan has a mountainous Central Asian climate with long summer drought and a maximum
of precipitation during the winter-spring period. Winter at places of heights up to 2000 m is
moderately mild, with temperatures of January from -2° up to -8°C, and in high mountains
(about 4000 m) is already -15 to -20°. Winter begins at the end of November and lasts for about
three and a half months. In January average monthly temperature of air is -5 to -8°. Daily
fluctuations of temperature are insignificant: in the afternoon it does not rise above -3°, at night it
is -10 to -11°. However, in very cold years the temperature of the air can drop to -30°, and in
separate days it is even lower. The approach of spring is felt in the beginning of March when the
day time air temperature rises up to +3° - +4°.

On the Western Pamirs, summer begins at the end of June. Summer temperatures are high enough
and it remains for two or two and a half months at the height of 2000m - +24°. At the heights of
from 2000m up to 3000m the temperature is +18° up to +20°, higher than 3000 up to 4000m July
temperatures do not fall below +8°С. The warmest months are July and August. Autumn is rather
warm. Average daily temperatures in autumn months are positive, and in September at daytime it
reaches +20°C. The quantity of precipitation in valleys is 100-200 mm and in West Badakhshan
rises up to 300mm.

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1.3 The rivers

The most important in the economic sense and largest in size are the inflows of the river Pjanj,
which are flowing down as the rough mountain rivers from Pamir and Alai, is the river Gunt, the
second largest inflow of the river Pianj is the river Bartang, with the length of 490 km. To the
north from Bartang, on the same gorge, the river Yazgulem flows out from under powerful
glaciers. Its length is 84km. The next large inflow of Pianj is the river Vanj, with a length of 94
km. The rivers are fed from glaciers and snowmelt. The high water lasts from April till October to
November, the greatest charges of water are in July, less often in August. The rivers have high
water content.

1.4 Justification of the Problem

The sharp shortage of organic fuel, difficulty of its delivery to the mountain areas of Tajikistan,
and the absence of electric power in the settlements remote from the main electric lines makes the
inhabitants of mountains use wood as fuel. Forests of the first category and fruit trees are cut
down. Cutting down of forests and bushes for their subsequent use as fuel, results in reduction of
the area and volume of large forests, uncovering of hillsides, to increase the risk of earth flows
and soil erosion. This deforestation creates the conditions for development of processes of
desertification and reduces potential of lands and biomass for absorption of carbon dioxide from
atmosphere. The country’s energy laws and regulations are listed in Annex 1.

The inhabitants of mountain regions are the poorest in the republic. Absence of adequate social
and economic conditions compels people to irrational use of local natural resources and the
migration of the able-bodied population from region.

All these factors result in infringement of ecology of mountain regions, in soil erosion,
desertification of the mountain lands, deterioration of health of the population, and decrease in
educational levels. These problems can be partially solved by construction of small Hydroelectric
Power Station (HEPS) in the village.

The village Jorf is situated in the Eastern part of GBAO. Two rivers are flowing across the village
and one of them dries up in winter. For stable power supply of inhabitants of mountain village
Jorf, it is possible to use the energy of the water of the local small river, which does not dry up
throughout the year. On this small river it is possible to construct some HEPS with capacity of
100 kW. Private farms, mills for grinding of flour from local wheat, and small shops for
processing agricultural production can become consumers of the electric power.

For revealing the opinion of the local population to construction of a small HEPS in the village
Jorf, the group carried out sociological interrogation (the questionnaire is applied).

• To the question of the questionnaire, “what kind of fuel do you use for preparation of
food?” - 100 % of households have answered that they use topak and firewood, and
electric power.

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 • To the question of the questionnaire, “what kind of fuel do you use for heating
houses?” -77,5 % of households have answered that they use the electric power; 15,2
% - coal and fire wood; 7,3 %-fire wood.
• To the question of the questionnaire, “what quantity of fuel do you use for preparation
of food?” - They answered that they use per year 5,475 kg of fire wood, 3-5 tons of
coal, and 1-2 tons of topak per one household.
• To the question of the questionnaire, “for how much time is the electricity currently
provided per day?” - 100 % of the people have answered: During the autumn-winter
period, two hours in the evening and 2 hours in the morning. During the spring-and-
summer period, electricity is provided for 24 hours per day.
• To the question whether there are debts for payment for the electricity supply?” - 82 %
of the population have answered "no "; and 18 % (9 households) have answered "yes".
• To the question “For what period do you have debts?” 7 households have answered
that they have debts for a month and 2 households - for 2 months.
• To the question whether they will support a construction of small Hydroelectric Power
Station in their village - 100 % have answered "yes". 100 % of the population has
answered, "yes" to the question whether they are ready to pay for the more reliable
electric power.

During the sociological survey it is revealed, that the local population are ready to pay for regular
supply of electric power, because otherwise they should spend more money for purchase of coal
and firewood.

Hukumat of Darvaz district and Jorf Jamoat are ready to accept active participation in the
construction of the HEPS and to bring the feasible contribution to its implementation. In this
village the average family of 5 persons, seasonally use per day is 10-15 kg of dry wood for
preparation of food, water and space heating, as well as 0,3-0,5 l of diesel oil for illumination
with the help of a lamp. In the whole it corresponds to cumulative expenses of energy capacity of
approximately 2 kw, that is 0,4 kWt per person that is twice lower, than average per capita
consumption in the scale of the Earth (at calculation of average consumption of energy per capita
1 kw).

It is known, that for creation of comfortable conditions of life, on the average, 2 kW per person is
needed. For increase of the standard of living of inhabitants of mountain regions it is necessary
not only to increase quantity of consumed energy, but also to change qualitatively the structure of
energy use, and methods of obtaining energy, in view of reduction in quantity of the by-products
negatively influencing human habitation and health. Annex 2 reflects the energy supply balance
of the village Jorf and Annex 3 is the schedule of electricity supply and necessary capacity of
energy users.

1.5 Contribution to sustainable development

One of the primary goals of construction of renewable energy source (RES), in this case
construction of small HEPS in the high-mountainous village of Jorf, is reduction of emissions of
greenhouse gases that promotes the global purpose of solution of the problem of climate change.
Thus the RES projects lead to reduction of emissions of harmful substances, such as CO, NO,

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SO2 and dust, improving unique local ecology. Effective power technologies provide resource
saving. Development of renewable energy sources promotes reduction of risk of deforestation,
reduction of quantity of natural hazards, and improvement of vital conditions of inhabitants of the
highland region.

In Tajikistan, RES projects have not been implemented because on the one hand, the republic has
not been a party to the Kyoto Protocol until now, and on the other hand there is no potential for
management of projects. In the republic there are good opportunities for attraction of the
international investments/donors to RES.

2. Objectives and Tasks of the Project

Objective: To construct micro HEPS in the mountain village Jorf in Darvaz district of GBAO

Tasks:
(i) Elaboration of the project of mini HEPS. Verify water resources, including
initiation of a flow-rate monitoring plan.
(ii) Plan, discuss and agree with the community the form of management, tariff and a
suitable system of ownership, maintenance and operation. When fully agreed then
the project can proceed as below,
(iii) Purchasing and manufacturing of parts and components for the mini HEPS.
(iv) Installation and testing of the installation.
(v) The creation of the network for the electric supply of the consumers.

3. Brief Description of the Project

3.1 An Estimation of Potential of Small Water-Power Engineering

Village Jorf of Darvaz GBAO is rich in hydro potential of the mountain rivers and inflows of the
river Pianj, the water content of which varies during the year. Taking into account climatic
conditions of village Jorf from all renewable energy sources, the most promising is the small
Hydro Power station.

3.2 Use of Energy of the Small Rivers

The immediate task represents the construction of a mini HEPS with a capacity of 100 kW. Small
Hydroelectric Power Stations can be used for various purposes. The electric power micro
Hydroelectric Power Station can be used as an addition to the existing distribution grid
transformer (for which the service life for a long time has already been expired). The micro
hydro’s output will be especially valuable during the autumn-winter period when the electricity
from the overloaded grid comes according to a limited schedule. The micro hydro’s output will
provide for illumination of houses, school, medical station and as a provision of reliable energy
for small farmer enterprises for agricultural processing production, mills, street illumination, and
other needs.

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At the same time the use of highly effective electric devices (fluorescent lamps, small power
intensive heaters, etc.) can provide additional benefits and opportunities of preservation and use
of energy. In the feasibility stage, a suitable means of load management will need to be developed
and agreed with the Jorf Village community to ensure that all individual electrical maximum
loads do not all occur at the same time.

The time of financial recovery of the outlay of small and mini HEPS is 3-8 years, time of
operation before capital reconstruction is 20-25 years.

3.3. The Cost of Small Hydroelectric Power Stations

Specific cost of small Hydroelectric Power Stations varies from 400 up to 800 USD per 1 kW of
established capacity, charges on transportation and installation works add another 600-1200 USD
per kW. Expenses in many respects are determined by conditions of the district, technology used,
specificity of transportation, etc. Internationally, small hydro installed costs would be expected to
be between USD2,000 and USD3,000 per kW, depending on the terrain.

The Government of Tajikistan pays attention to the development of small power projects;
however the republic now is not capable of providing the necessary financing in this sphere. In
this connection, the most suitable variant is realization of development of small power by
attraction of local and foreign investors/donors.

4. Actions

The signing of the contract with local population and Khukumat about joint work on construction
of small Hydroelectric Power Station.

(i) Monitoring of the area and drawing up ToR;

(ii) Drawing up of the engineering specifications on installation and hydraulic
engineering system;
(iii) Calculation of efficiency of installation and key parameters of mini Hydroelectric
Power Station;
(iv) A choice of the basic units and details, their purchase and manufacturing;
(v) Transportation of units and details of destination;
(vi) Construction of a water-fence and the pipeline to destination;
(vii) Assembling of installation;
(viii) Test of installation and put it into operation; and
(ix) Creation of a network of electricity supply.

5. Expected Results

The project will promote reduction of poverty, by decrease of expenses for purchase of energy
carriers, to provide steady development and preservation of the environment.

The project is directed on supply public and private enterprises with the electric power in the
mountain village Jorf, development of business, creation of new workplaces, improvement of

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conditions of life of the population, preservation of ecology of mountain district, and reduction of
the emission of GHG.

The independent power supply will allow the population to have an alternative power supply and
to be independent from dictatorship of the state centralized power supply systems. It will promote
democratization of society and creation for the remote mountain inhabitants of the republic equal
conditions with city dwellers.

Creation and distribution of local energy installations will positively affect the position of women
in the family and society. However, the exact mechanisms will need to be detailed in the more
comprehensive feasibility study phase.

Additional benefits will include the further replication of modern effective technologies,
development of an industrial base, improvement of professional skills of experts, and creation of
a service infrastructure.

The further operation and service of installation will be provided by the Jamoat management. The
payment for the electric power will be accessible to local residents.

The main beneficiaries of the electric power will be private enterprises and organizations (e.g.
shop on manufacture of silk strings, electric mills), Medical center, and a school. In the feasibility
phase, a more detailed energy study will need to be undertaken to estimate the expected loads.
Information on peak and off-peak demands will be critical to ensure that the system is adequately
sized.

6. The Project Implementation Plan

• Preparation of the report under the Pre-project (PFS) - June, 2006

• Studying and preparation of the Project (FS) - September, 2006
• Preparation of the technical project - December, 2006
• Mini HEPS Installation - January - October, 2007
• The beginning of work of Mini HEPS - January, 2008
• Service life (25 years) – 2033

7. Financial, Economic and Ecological Analyses

7.1. Budget

(i) The equipment is expected to comprise 62 % of the cost of the whole project, as follows:
• The turbine
• The generator
• A speed regulator
• The distribution and control equipment, including power meters for each consumer
• The transformer
• Spare parts
• An electric cable and connecting wires

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It is recommended that the distribution system be constructed to the full, national construction
specification for local distribution lines.
(ii) The pipeline - 5 % from the cost of the project
• A water-in taking branch pipe
• The pressure head pipeline
• A pipe of tail water

(iii) Building materials - 3 % from the cost of the project

• Cement
• Metal products (a channel, angles, armature, etc.)
• Insulation and other auxiliary materials

(iv) The personnel for Mini HEPS МГЭС - 10 % from the cost of the project
• The head of the project
• The engineer - developer
• The designer
• The installer
• The engineer - tester
• Working builders

(v) During the work the following additional expenses - 10 % from the cost of the project are
necessary
• Stationery
• Transport, traveling and living expenses
• Orders to the foreign organizations

(vi) Spadework and management of the Project - 10 % of the cost of the project

The natural contribution of local residents and Jamoat is calculated in 10 % of the cost of the
project.

7.2. Cost on sections

Preparation of ToR – 10, 000 USD

Materials and equipment

Note that the following costs are initial estimates only, and may turn out to be higher once more
detailed site investigations are undertaken in the feasibility study.

The name Quantity Cost in US dollars

1. Pipes metal (cement, 2000
asbestine) m.
2. Pipes plastic m. 1000
3. Cement t. 1000

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4. Bearings (channels, 1000
angle bars, etc.) m.
5. The turbine (pieces) 1
6.The generator (pieces) 1 35000
7. A regulator of a voltage 1 620
(pieces)
8. A cable, electric wires in m. 1000
9. insulating, etc. auxiliary 500
materials
Total: 71,900

Power meters for the hydro power plant’s output will also need to be included

The Personnel

Quantity of the A payment per Quantity of A total sum

persons month months
The Head 1 300 12 3600
(Manager)
The engineer – 1 200 12 2400
developer
The engineer – 2 150 3+3=6 800
designer
The engineer – 2 100 3+3=6 600
installer
The engineer – 2 100 2+2=4 400
tester
Builders 4 80 4+4=8 1600
Total: 9,400

Preparation of ToR 10,000

Materials and Equipment 71,900
The Personnel 9,400
Others
• Orders to other organizations 3000
• Transport charges 2000
• Traveling and living expenses 3000
• Stationery 300
• Contingencies 700
Total: 9,000
Local residents (in-kind contribution) 10,000
Total Project Cost 110,300 USD

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7.3 The ecological analysis

Electric power of Mini HEPS in the village Jorf can be used, either alongside the existing limited
energy capacity electric system, and independently - when the state network does not supply
energy in autumn-winter beyond two hours in the morning and tow hours in the evening.

The baseline is: Fuel consumed by the population for the power supply and technology of power
supply.
Calculation of СО2 emissions

Type of energy Electric energy, Cost, Volume (mass), СО2 emissions

carrier rWt.h (year) In $ tons per year per year (tons)
Electric energy Summer 150000 2000 - -
Winter 100000
Coal 35000 7000 70 210
Fire wood 50000 5000 100 300
Topak 6000 600 30 90
Diesel fuel 3000 2500 5 15
Total 344000 17000 205 615
Mini HEPS - Jorf 670000 5360 -

Income from the sale of СО2 saved

Base line Annual Estimated income, thousand USD

reduction of 5$ per ton 10$ per ton 20$ per ton
СО2 thousand
tons
Base line of the 0,6 3,0 6,0 12,0
project

In principle, the initial financial and economic analysis shows that Mini HEPS in the village Jorf
should be financially viable and economically effective. However, before there can be a definite
conclusion in this area there needs to be some analysis of the tariff and expected electricity sales,
and these need to be factored into the equation along with more accurate expected annual
operating costs and expenses. Annex 4 indicates the HEPS Jorf payback period to be 17.5 years.

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7.4 Works on construction of Mini HEPS

At construction of the hydro installation, it is not expected to be necessary to construct a dam and
a water basin. Rather, the plan is to divert part of the water from the small river through the
pipeline to the hydro power station.
Due to the sharp fall of the water at the site, a 40-50 meter water head can be created over a
distance (penstock length) of less than 100 meters. For maintenance of the hydro unit with the
necessary charge of water (0,3 m3 per second) suitable plastic pipes can be used which are
characterized by durability and reliability in operation.

Due to the derivational channel (by-pass) for maintenance of Mini HEPS with water the channel
of the river will not be blocked, and that will promote the preservation of conditions of continued
viability of local fauna.

The civil works will be carried out with the use of small technical equipment and manually.

Established Н, m Q, Electricity
3
capacity, kWt m / second production kWh
per year

Mini HEPS Jorf 100 40 0,32 670000

Where Н – head of water

Q – Water design flow rate

8. Conclusion

The Jorf mini-hydro project would utilize proven hydro engineering principles at a very
promising hydro site with a nearby village that would be able to obtain suitable social and
productive uses from the electricity generated, The electricity generated would back up the
currently limited availability of electricity from the grid, particularly in the autumn-winter period
when the current grid electricity supply is only provided for 2 hours in the morning and two
hours in the evening. The hydro station would reduce the use of coal, unsustainably harvested
firewood, and diesel used for lighting in autumn and winter evenings. Jorf village has an
excellent site for a mini hydro power plant (short penstock and high flow) and there is good
community interest. So long as correct social mobilisation procedures are followed to ensure
community education and awareness on basic management and operation, and the engineering is
correctly done with no shortcuts, then this proposed mini hydropower project should be
succesful.

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It is recommended that the feasibility study would provide more detail on issues including:

• Expected loads and demand patterns

• Expected tariff, using power meters
• Expected annual operating expenses
• Verification of details of existing power system, if any.
• Potential for utilisation of off peak power (e.g. pumped irrigation or off peak water
heating during midnight hours)
• Additional detail of the community mobilization approach proposed

With the additional data provided, it is possible to see a concept of this type progressing
successfully, but without this information it is not yet possible to assess the true feasibility of the
concept.

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 Annex 1

Законодательство Республики Таджикистан в области энергетики.

The legislations of Republic of Tajikistan in the field of Energy

Laws and Regulations of the Republic of Tajikistan

1. The law “ About Energy” (2000.)

2. The law “About Power Supply” (2002)
3. The law “About amendments to the Law РТ “About Energy” (2005).
4. The law “ On Nature Protection” (1993.)
5. The law “On Ecological Examination”
6. The Resolution of the Government of RT “About development of small energy in the Republic
of Tajikistan” (1997.)
7. The Resolution of the Government of RT “About tariffs for electric energy” (2006.)
8. Regulations “About peculiarities of licensing of separate kinds of activity” (2005.)
9. Instruction for use of water objects for needs of waterpower engineering (2003).
10. The Water Code
11. The Land Code
12. The Forestry Code
13. The Vienna Convention on protection of ozone layer (1996)
14. The convention on climate change (1998).

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 Annex 2

Institutions, unit. Table 1: Energy supply balance of the village Jorf

Enterprises, unit.

Energy consumption per year Cost

Duration of the work,

Energy production
(months
kWt*h In USD
Capacity, (technical
D

Enterprises
Households

Institutions

Installations

Price of one
kWt*h
(Operators salaries,
potential)

Expenses per year

kWt

maintenance)
50-80 kWt

10-20 kWt

10-30 kWt
kWt.h

74 3 3 100 10 670000 470000 - 100000 - 50000 - 110300 4300 0,008 –

500000 130000 70000 0,038

Note: In the village Jorf the caoacity of HEPS will allow not only to supply every family but will supply a Scool,
Medical center,office mill, shop on processing of agricultural production and a shop for cocoon processing

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 Annex 3

Table 2: Schedule of electricity supply and necessary capacity of energy users

Month Households School Medical Jamoat Mill Sop on Shop on

50-80 kWt 10-15 kWt center 3-5 kWt 5-10 kWt processing of processing of
4-5 kWt agricultural cocoon
production 5-10 kWt
5-10 kWt

January х х х х х - -
February х х х х х - -
March х х х х - - х
April х х х х - - х
May х х х х - - х
June х - х х - - -
July - - - - - - -
August - - - - - - -
September х х х х - х -
October х х х х х х -
November х х х х х х -
December х х х х х - -

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 Annex 4

Table 4: HEPS JORF - Payback Period 17,5 years

Amount/
Names of indicators Unit.
Cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Installed capacity of
kWt 100
HEPS
Quantity of working
hours of HEPS per Hour 5000
year
Construction period Month 12
Specific cost USD. 1950
Construction cost USD. 195000
Profit tax rate % 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Capital investments USD. 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670
Volume of produced Thousand
500 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.018 0,2
ergy kWt /hour
Price per 1 kWt USD 0,015 5360 6030 6700 7370 8040 9380 10050 10720 12060 13400
Volume of
USD 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
production sold
Quantity of workers 2 (3)
Salary per 1 man per
USD. 200
year
Expenses:
Salary USD 400 (600)
Depreciation USD
Annual summary
USD
expenses
Profit USD
Profit tax USD
Net profit USD

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 Continuation

Names of indicators Unit.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Installed capacity of
kWt
HEPS
Quantity of working
hours of HEPS per Hour
year
Construction period Month
Specific cost USD.
Construction cost USD.
Profit tax rate % 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Capital investments USD.
Volume of produced Thousand
ergy kWt /hour
Price per 1 kWt USD 0,022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038
Volume of
USD
production sold
Quantity of workers 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Salary per 1 man per
USD.
year
Expenses:
Salary USD
Depreciation USD
Annual summary
USD
expenses
Profit USD
Profit tax USD
Net profit USD
Equity at the end of
USD
the year

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