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10. Dynamics
We will now begin the study of dynamics, or the analysis of bodies in motion.
Dynamics includes:
First, we will look at the dynamics of particles, meaning that the motion of the object or
particle will be considered without regard to its size. This essentially means that motion
or rotation of the object about its own centre will be neglected.
Velocity – distance travelled in a certain amount of time, magnitude of the velocity is the
speed, velocity is a vector and therefore has a direction, magnitude and sense.
Units: m/s
Positive velocity indicates that the particle is moving in the positive direction, negative –
particle is moving in the negative direction.
x dx
average velocity v
t dt
v dv dv
average acceleration a a v
t dt dx
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For particle in uniform rectilinear motion, the acceleration is zero and the velocity is
constant.
dx
v constant
dt
x t
dx v dt
x0 0
x x0 vt
x x0 vt
For a particle in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, the acceleration is constant, and
the following equations can be derived:
dv
a constant
dt
v t
dv a dt
v0 0
v v0 at; v v0 at - equation 1
dx
v0 at
dt
x t
dx v0 at dt
x0 0
1 2
x x0 v0 t at - equation 2
2
dv
Or v a constant
dx
v x
vdv a dx
v0 x0
1 2 2
v v0 ax x0
2
2
v2 v0 2a x x0 - equation 3
Example question #1
The cheetah can run as fast as 75 mi/h. Assume that the animal’s acceleration is constant
and that it reaches top speed in 4 s, what distance can it cover in 10 s?
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Consider two particles moving along the same straight line. If the position of A and B
are measured with respect to the same origin, the difference xB-xA defines the relative
position coordinate of B with respect to A (xB/A).
O A B
xA xB/A
xB
xB / A xB xA ; vB / A vB vA ; aB / A aB aA
Sometimes, the position of a particle may depend on the position of one or more other
particles. In the figure above, the position of block B depends on position of block A.
Since rope is of constant length, it follows that sum of lengths of segments must be
constant.
xA + 2xB = constant
Only one of xA or xB can be chosen arbitrarily – this system has 1 degree of freedom
(DOF)
For linearly related positions, similar relations hold between velocities and
accelerations.
2vA + 2vB + vC = constant
2aA + 2aB + aC = constant
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We have now seen motion along a straight line path, which can be defined by scalar
values. But motion along a curved path requires description using vectors. This is most
easily done using Cartesian vectors.
Consider a point P (x,y,z) whose position is given by the Cartesian vector r :
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Example Question #1
The skier leaves the 20° surface at 10 m/s. Determine the distance d to the point where
he lands, and the magnitudes of his velocity parallel and perpendicular to the surface just
before he lands.
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Consider the motion of a particle along a curved path. The figure below shows the
velocity of the particle at times t and t + ∆t. The change in velocity ∆v has two
components:
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dv
F ma m
dt
(No longer in static equilibrium where sum of the forces =0, now dynamic equilibrium.)
Fx i Fy j Fz k m ax i a y j az k
Example Problem #4
The two crates shown are released from rest. Their masses are mA = 40 kg and mB = 30
kg, and the coefficients of friction between crate A and the inclined surface are s =0.2
and k =0.15. What is the acceleration of the crates?
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We have seen how to resolve an object’s acceleration in terms of a normal and tangential
component. Therefore, we can also write Newton’s second law in the following form:
Ft et Fn en m(at et an en )
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Example Problem #5
A civil engineer’s preliminary design for a freeway off-ramp is circular with radius R =
60 m. If she assumes that the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road
is at least s =0.4, what is the maximum speed at which the vehicles can enter the ramp
without losing traction?
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