Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ENGLISH
(From beginners or false beginners to
intermediates)
CHIŞINĂU 2001
INTRODUCTIONS IN PHONETICS
Introducere in fonetica
Engleza este o limba germanica si are semne conventionale din
alfabetul latin.
Totusi cu timpul, Engleza s-a transformat dintr-o limba
fonetica, pronutarea careia a devenit o problema reala pentru
straini. Venind in ajutor studentului in pronuntarea corecta a
cuvintelor, mai intai vom descrie sunetele, iar apoi, cuvintele
vor fi descrise in Sistema Internationala de Semne, cunoscuta
deasemenea ca Alfabetul Fonetic. Toate vocalele insotite de /:/
arata lungimea vocalei respective.
Rules of Reading
In limba engleza sunt 26 de litere si 44 de sunete. Aceasta se explica
prin faptul ca vocalele a, e, i, o, u, y se citesc diferit in pozitii diferite.
Tabelul de mai jos va va ajuta sa sistematizati si sa memorizati citirea
lor.
2
Vocală Silabă Silabă Vocala Vocal Excepţii
deschisă închisă a
(se termină (se termină în a+r
în vocală) consoană)
a + re
O [ou] [ ә] [ ә:] -
rose [rouz] box [boks] fork [fo:k] do [du:]
close [klouz] fox [foks] horse [ho:s] son [sΛn]
nose [nouz] clock [klok] pork [po:k] who [hu:]
open [oupn] cock [kok] form [fo:m] two [tu:]
one [wΛn]
you [ju:]
U [ju:] [Λ] [ ә:] -
pupil [pju:pl] cup [kΛp] fur [fә:] put [put]
music duck [dΛk] turn [t ә:n]
[mju:zik] duster[dΛstә] burn [bә:n]
pure [pju:ә] plus [plΛs] curl [kә: l]
mute [mju:t] cut [kΛt] purpose
student [pә:pәz]
[stju:dnt]
3
VOWELS [vauэlz] – description and pronunciation (descrierea si
pronuntarea)
“A”
4
I [ai] - eu
now [nau] - acum
eye [ai] - ochi
cow [cau] - vaca
buy [bai] - a cumpara
mouse [maus] - soarece
“E”
[eiэ] in triftongi
player [pleiэ] - jucator/actor
prayer [preiэ] - rugaciune
layer [leiэ] - strat
5
[eэ] o prelungire a lui ‘e’ in ‘ă’
hair [heэ] - par
fair [feэ] - blond/targ/onest/corect
bear [beэ] - a purta/a suporta/urs
rare [reэ] - rar
care [keэ] - grija/atentie
“I”
“O”
[o] rostit scurt si deschis, putin nazal.
not [not] - nu
pot [pot] - oala/vas/cratita/ghiveci
fog [fog] - ceata
[o:] ca in l. romana: alcool, co-operativa.
floor [flo:] - etaj/podea
storm [sto:m] - furtuna
door [do:] - usa
[oi] ca in l. romana: oi, noi, doi.
toilet [toilit] - toaleta, baie/WC
boy [boi] - baiat
6
toy [toi] - jucarie
“U”
[u] ca romaneste: drum, cum, fum.
cook [cuk] - a gati/bucatar
book [buk] - carte
put [put] - a pune
[u:] ca romaneste: vacuum
soon [su:n] - curand /indata
noon [nu:n] - amiaza
spoon [spu:n] - lingura
7
[g] goose [gu:s] - gasca
gold [gould] - aur
good [gud] - bun/a/
8
kind [kaind] - fel/amabil
cold [kould] - frig
[h] he [hi:] - el
who [hu:] - cine
husbund [hΛzbэnd] - sot
9
jam - [dзæm] - gem
joy - [dзoi] - bucurie
ee ea eo
[i:]
10
green [gri:n] meal [mi:l]
feed [fi:d] mean [mi:n]
teach [ti:t∫э] speech [spi:t∫]
meet [mi:t] meat [mi:t]
ai ay
[ei]
coat [kout]
coal [koul]
soap [soup]
boat [bout]
float [flout]
ou
[au] [Λ]
11
mood [mud] cool [ku:l]
took [tuk] moon [mu:n]
NOTE: [oo] before ‘d’, ‘k’ is pronounced [u] ([oo] inainte de ‘d’ si
‘k’ este rostit [u] scurt).
ow ew
ng
[ŋ]
ring [riŋ]
sing [siŋ]
thing [θiŋ]
long [loŋ]
th
[ð] [θ]
wh wa
12
[w] [wo]
when [wen] was [woz]
where [wεэ] wash [wo∫]
what [wot] watch [wot∫]
which [wit∫] want [wont]
why [wai] wander [wondэ]
war wor
[wo:] [wз:]
wr
[r]
wrist [rist]
write [rait]
wrong [roŋ]
wrinkle [riŋkl]
wrap [ræp]
ch sh
[t∫] [∫]
13
check [t∫ek] fish [fi∫]
chief [t∫if] wash [wo:∫]
ture sure
[t∫э] [зэ]
sion [зn] at the end of the word after vowels (la sfarsit de cuvant
dupa vocale). Example: television [teliviзn]
a + ss [a:s] a + ll [o:l]
a + st [a:st] a + lk [o:lk]
ear air
[iэ] [еэ]
14
clear [kliэ] hair [hеэ]
dear [diэ] pair [pеэ]
tear [tiэ] fair [fеэ]
near [niэ] chair [t∫еэ]
hear [hiэ] air [eэ]
eer our
qu + vowel i+ ld, nd
15
UNIT 1
Articolul nehotarat [Idefinite Article] din l. engleza este ‘a, an’,
echivalentul articolului nehotarat din l. romana ‘un, o’ [un om, o
carte].
Inaintea vocalelor “an [эn]” – an animal, an egg, an hour, an
economist, an eye, an agency.
Inaintea consoanelor si sunetelor ‘w’ si ‘j’ “a [э]” a lady, a boy, a
table, a European [juэrэpiэn], a window, a university.
Intrebuintare:
Inaintea vocalelor the [ði]: the animal, the apple, the egg.
16
Inaintea consoanelor the [ðз]: the lady, the man, the university, the
teacher, the European[juэrэpi:эn].
17
Articolul hotarat se refera la un obiect sau lucru considerat de a fi
unic: the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the Lord, the Bible, the
air, the universe etc.
EXERCISES:
18
1. … teacher: 4. … worker; 7. … book;
2. … English car; 5. … farmer; 8. … doctor;
3. … engineer; 6. … nurse; 9. … chair;
19
4. She says that she loves … sea.
5. Mr. Wilson is … professor at … Oxford University.
6. … Greens come to London today.
7. I like … tea.
8. They go to … Black Sea for their holiday.
9. We visit … United States.
10. … Atlantic lies between … Europe and America.
11. They go to … Travel Agency and book … train tickets.
12. … Music Festival will take place in … Moscow next year.
AFFIRMATIVE (Afirmativ)
Singular
I am (I’m) = eu sunt
you are (You’re) = tu esti
he/she/it is (he’s/she’s/it’s) = el, ea este
Plural
we are (we’re) = noi suntem
you are (you’re) = voi sunteti
they are (they’re) = ei sunt
20
NEGATIVE (Negativ)
I am not (I’m) not
You are not (aren’t)
He/she/it is not (isn’t)
We are not (aren’t)
You are not (aren’t)
They are not (aren’t)
Note: 1. You is singular and plural but the verb with you is always
plural, e.g.
Are you a man? (singular)
Are you all students? (plural)
2. Always write a capital letter for I, e.g.
My friends and I are in the garden.
EXERCISES:
1. He is an economist.
2. You are doctors.
3. She is a good woman.
21
4. They are here.
5. You are near the window.
6. It is on the desk.
7. Tom is in the classroom.
8. They are at work.
9. It is on the chair.
10. The manager is in the office.
22
UNIT 2
The PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor)
23
Cele care au mutatie vocalica:
a man – men
a woman – women [wimin]
a foot – feet
a tooth – teeth
a mouse – mice [mais]
a goose [gu:s] – geese [gi:s]
Plurale neregulate:
- sonorizarea consoanei finale:
[θ] – [ðz] path [pa:θ] – paths [pa:ðz]
bath [ba:θ ] – baths [ba:ðz]
mouth [mauθ] – mouths [mauðz]
24
- Plurale straine:
a nucleus [nju:kliэs] nucleu – (nuclei) [nju:kliai] (nuclei)
a bacterium – bacteria
an analysis [э‘nælisis] – analyses [э‘nælisi:z]
Examples:
This is a book. It’s here.
These are books. They are there.
That is a picture.
Those are pictures.
This is a pencil.
Is this a pencil ?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
25
PREPOZITII DE LOC.
26
The Construction “THERE IS/ARE”
There is = este, exista, se afla, se gaseste.
There are = sunt, exista, se afla, se gasesc.
There is are forma prescurtata there’s
La viteza normala de vorbire there is si there are sunt neaccentuate si
contin de regula forme slabe.
There is a man at the door.
La interogativ is si are sunt accentuate, iar there are forma tare.
‘Is there a cup of tea for me too?
‘Are there many books on the table?
Folosim there is, there are de a denumi lucruri care exista sau nu
exista.
There’s a child’s picture but there aren’t any plants.
Deseori folosim “there” cand vorbim despre ceva pentru prima data,
si “it” cand descriem detaliile.
There is a good office. It’s dark.
There is a computer in the office. It’s very modern.
EXAMPLES
27
Intrebari disjunctive la propozitiile continand there is (there’s),
there are, there is not (there isn’t, there’s not), there are not (there
aren’t) sunt:
EXERCISES:
1. Give the plural of these words:
1. a star. 2. a mountain. 3. a tree. 4. a pound. 5. a knife. 6. a waiter. 7.
a woman. 8. a man. 9. an eye. 10. a wife. 11. an airplane. 12. a box. 13.
a bench. 14. a city. 15. a radio. 16. a tomato. 17. a girl. 18. a brush. 19.
a peach. 20. an address.
28
4. Those texts are easy. (difficult)
5. That office is bad. (good)
6. This tie is nice. (plain)
7. These books are thin. (thick)
8. That room is dark. (light)
9. This cat is white. (black)
11. Those days are good. (bad)
29
6. Answer these questions negatively (with no). Use he, she, it, or
they in the answers:
1. Is this a tree?
2. Are these trees?
3. Is that a book?
4. Are the girls in the office?
5. Is the boy near the door?
6. Are the flowers on the table?
7. Is the door open?
8. Are the books on the shelf?
9. Is the piano in the corner of the room?
10. Is the computer under the desk?
30
Vocabulary:
31
UNIT 3
The verb to have/ to have got (Present Tense)
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
Note: In stilul vorbit, formelor verbului “to have” li se adauga got fara
nici o modificare a sensului.
32
II. Pronumele personale la cazurile nominativ si obiectiv:
Nominative Objective
I me (mie, pe mine)
You you (tie, pe tine)
He him (lui, pe el)
She her (ei, pe ea)
It it (le el, pe ea)
We us (noua, pe noi)
You you (voua, pe voi)
They them (lor, pe ei)
E.g. Help me! = (Ajuta-ma). I see him every day. (Il vad pe el in
fiecare zi). Give them these books. (Dati-le lor cartile acestea.).
33
In propozitia interogativa verbul totdeauna preceda subiectul:
E.g. Does Dan have a new car? (Are Dan o masina noua?)
Is he a teacher? (Este el profesor?)
E.g. Who is she? (Cine este ea?). She is Jane. (Ea este Jane).
What is Bill? (Ce este Bill?) He is an economist. (El este
economist).
The word who is for people.
The word what is for things. Note: Who is he? He is Mr. X. What is
he? He is a driver.
The students are in the classroom.
Who are in the classroom?
The students are in the classroom, or The students are, or The
students.
Are the students in the classroom? Yes, they are.
Where are the students? They are in the classroom.
The train is in the station.
What is in the station?
The train is in the station, or The train is, or The train.
34
NUMERALS
(Cardinal Numerals) (Ordinal Numerals)
0- nought/zero [no:t] [zirou]
1 one [wΛn] the first [fз:st] 1st
2 two [tu:] -“- second [sekэnd] 2nd
3 three [θri:] third [θЗ:d] 3rd
4 four [fo:] fourth [fo:θ] 4th
5 five [faiv] fifth [fifθ] 5th
6 six [siks] sixth [sikθ] 6th
7 seven [sevn] seventh [sevnθ] 7th
8 eight [eit] eighth [eitθ] 8th
9 nine [nain] ninth [nainθ] 9th
10 - ten [ten] tenth [tenθ] 10th
11- eleven [ilэvn] eleventh [ilэvn] 11th
12- twelve [twelv] twelfth [twelfθ] 12th
13- thirteen [θз:ti:n] thirteenth [θз:ti:nθ] 13th
14- fourteen [fo:ti:n] fourteenth [fo:ti:nθ] 14th
15- fifteen [fifti:n] fifteenth [fifti:nθ] 15th
16- sixteen [siksti:n] sixteenth [siksti:nθ ]16th
17- seventeen [sevnti:n] seventeenth [sevnti:nθ]17th
18- eighteen [ei’ti:n] eighteenth [eiti:nθ] 18th
19- nineteen [nainti:n] nineteenth [nainti:nθ] 19th
20- twenty [twenti] twentieth [twentiiθ] 20th
21- twenty-one [twenti wΛn] twenty first 21st
30- thirty [θз:ti] thirtieth [θз:ti:θ] 30th
40- forty [fo:ti] fortieth [fo:tiiθ] 40th
50- fifty [fifti] fiftieth [fiftiiθ] 50th
60- sixty [siksti] sixtieth [sikstiiθ] 60th
70- seventy [seventi] seventieth [seventiiθ] 70th
80- eighty [eiti] eightieth [eitiiθ] 80th
90- ninety [nainti] ninetieth [naintiiθ] 90th
100-one (a) hundred [h Λndrэd] hundredth [h Λndrэdθ] 100th
101- one (a) hundred and one (the) hundred and first 101st
1000- one (a) thousand [θauznd] thousandth [θauzndθ] 1000th
1000000 – one (a) million [miliэn] the millionth [miljэnθ]
1000000th
35
Numeralele ordinale, cu exceptia primelor trei, se formeaza din
numeralele cardinale corespunzatoare, cu ajutorul sufixului -th:
Grupul de litere ve din five si twelve devine f in numeralele
corespunzatoare (the fifth, the twelfth). Eight primeste doar un h (the
eighth).
Vocala e din nine cade (the ninth).
De la twenty la ninety, y se transforma in ie, la care se adauga th.
Exercises:
1. Put in have or has (Completati cu have sau has).
1. I … an English book. 5. You … a little cat.
2. She … a nice dress. 6. We … a new company.
3. He … a little dog. 7. They … a clean house.
4. They … a new chief. 8. Dan … an interesting book.
36
1. Do you have you a new pencil? 5. Does your father have a new
hat?
2. Has your teacher got a new bag? 6. Does your sister have a red
blouse?
3. Do you have a cat? 7. Do they have good friends?
4. Has Mary got a big family? 8. Has Tom got a big flat?
8+4= 1 + 11 = 4+7=
2+5= 10 + 1= 2+8=
4+3= 5 + 5= 7+1=
3+9= 6 + 3= 6+6=
37
7. Translate into English
Aceasta este familia mea. Ea este mare. Aceastea sunt parintii mei.
Tatal meu este inalt. El este doctor. Cati ani are tatal tau? Mama mea
este tanara si frumoasa. Ea este invatatoare. Aveti frati, surori? Da, am
doi frati si trei surori. Fratii sunt studenti si surorile eleve. Cine sunt
aceia? Acei sunt bunei mei. Ei nu sunt prea invarsta. Bunelul este
muncitor si bunica contabil. Cati ani au ei? Noi suntem nepotii lui.
Avem un unchi si o matusa. Ei locuesc nu departe de noi. Cati copii au
ei? Ei nu au copii.
Vocabulary
family familie
average medie
husband sot
wife sotie
parents parinti
father tata
mother mama
grandparents bunici
grandfather bunel
grandmother bunica
children copii
school-children elevi
son fecior
daughter fiica
sister sora
brother frate
grandson nepot (de bunic)
granddaughter nepoata (de bunic)
uncle unchi
aunt matusa
nephew [nefju:] nepot (de unchi)
niece [ni:s] nepoata (de unchi)
cousin verisor(a)
godfather nas
godmother nasa
bride mireasa
38
bridegroom mire
wedding cununie
parents-in-law socri
subject obiect de studiu
to work a lucra
to play a se juca
summer vara
farmer fermier, agricultor
usually de obicei
nursery cresa
every fiecare
friend prieten
in-laws cuscri
39
MEETING PEOPLE
40
UNIT 4
Formeaza predicatul numai insotite de alt verb (la infinitiv fara to).
Formeaza interogativul prin inversare:
41
Must – a trebui
You must go home. Tu trebuie sa mergi acasa.
Any – ceva, catva, catava, cativa, cateva, unii, unele, vreun(ul), vreo,
vreuna, vreunii, vreunele, putin(a) –
Se foloseste in propozitii interogative in locul lui some:
Are there any books on the table?
Is there any milk in the bottle?
Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative cu sensul de oarecare:
You may take any of these books. Poti lua oarecare din aceste carti.
Some poate fi folosit in propozitii interogative cand intrebarea nu se
refera la some:
May I have some water? Pot sa beau putina apa?
Yes, you may.
Comparati cu:
Is there any sugar in the cup?
Yes, there is (some).
Any se foloseste in propozitii negative si se traduce prin nu, nici un,
nici o:
I haven’t any chocolates on the table.
42
There isn’t any mistake in my work. (Nu exista nici o greseala in
lucrarea mea).
No inlocuieste pe not … any.
There is no mistake in my work.
43
[o:] – sau, si se rostesc cu urmatoarea intonatie: prima parte a intrebarii
(pana la conjunctia “or”) se rosteste cu un ton ascendent, iar partea
care urmeaza dupa “or” cu un ton descendent:
44
Make sentences:
Model: I can play football. (tennis)
I can play football, but I can’t play tennis.
1. I can drink tea. (milk)
2. They can play chess. (rugby)
3. We can read books. (novels)
4. You can clean the blackboard. (the window)
5. She can speak Romanian. (English)
6. He can draw my dining-room. (classroom)
7. He can open the door. (the window)
8. I can write exercise 3. (exercise 5)
Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year.
December, January and February are winter months. The weather is
cold. Usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. You
can see snow everywhere. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go
skating and skiing.
March, April, May are spring months. It’s a very nice season.The
weather is fine and it is warm. There are many green trees in the
streets and in the parks. Sometimes it rains but as usually the sun
shines brightly.
June, July and August are summer months. It is hot or warm. The days
are long and the nights are short. There are many green trees and nice
flowers in the parks in summer.
September, October, November are autumn months.It is cool. The
weather is changeable. It often rains. The days become shorter and the
nights longer. You can see yellow, red and brown leaves everywhere.
It is time for gathering harvest.
45
Exercises:
1. Put in must or mustn’t
1. Children … run in the street.
2. You … do your homework.
3. We … learn our lessons.
4. You …sit on the table.
5. We … read in bed.
6. You … eat breakfast in the morning.
7. They … answer these questions.
8. He … smoke in the office.
3. Put in many, much, few, a few, little, a little and a lot of.
1. There are not … books on the desk.
2. Mr. Brown receives very … visitors on Tuesday.
3. She types … letters every day.
4. There are … students in the canteen.
5. I want … coffee, please.
6. There is not … bread at home.
7. There are … students at the lesson.
8. I have … cigarettes at home.
46
4. Make up alternative questions
1. He is a worker. 2. They have many friends. 3. She is a good
manager. 4. I have much work. 5. Paris is the capital of France. 6.
The bag is under the table.
Vocabulary
Drawing room/living room/sitting room camera de zi
Bed room dormitor
Bath room baie
Dining room sufragerie
Kitchen bucatarie
Balcony balcon
Entrance hall hol de intrare
1. Bed room 1. Dormitorul
bed pat
carpet covor
wardrobe sifonier
window fereastra
curtain perdea, draperie
dressing-table masa de toaleta
2. Drawing room 2. Camera de zi
sofa canapea
armchair fotoliu
chair scaun
TV-set televizor
picture tablou
door usa
furniture mobila
mirror oglinda
piano pian
3. Dining room 3. Sufragerie
table masa
stool taburet
lamp lampa
buffet bufet
glass-case vitrina
47
4. Kitchen 4. Bucatarie
oven/cooker/stove aragaz
fridge frigider
cupboard dulap
sink chiuveta
vacuum-cleaner aspirator
5. Room 5. Camera
wall perete
floor dusumea/podea
ceiling tavan
blinds jaluzele
6. Entrance hall 6. Holul de intrare
peg cuier
clothes imbracaminte
key cheie
wallpaper tapet
7. Bathroom 7.(Camera de)baie
basin chiuveta
water-closet closet, WC
soap sapun
towel prosop
Verbs Verbe
to open a deschide
to shut/close a inchide
to eat a manca
to drink a bea
to sit a sedea
to watch a privi
to look (at) a privi (la)
to dry a (se) sterge
to wash a (se) spala
to dress a (se) imbraca
to make-up a (se) machia
to go to bed a merge la culcare
to get up a se scula
to sleep a dormi
to cook a gati
48
to come in a intra in
to go out/to leave a iesi/a pleca
to live a locui/a trai
to put a pune
Text: My Flat
I have a large flat in a new block of flats. There are ten floors in our
house. Our house has all modern conveniences such as: central
heating, electricity, gas, running water, and a telephone. Our flat is
very confortable. There are four rooms in it: a dining room, a bed
room, a bath room and a kitchen. In the bed room we have a bed near
the window and a wardrobe near the door. There is a lamp above the
bed. There is a green carpet on the floor. The walls are white, the
curtains are white, too and the blinds are green. It’s a nice bedroom.
The living room is large and light. The walls in this room are yellow.
The ceiling is white and the floor is brown. There is a square table in
the middle of the room. There is a vase of flowers on it. There are two
arm-chairs and a standard-lamp in the corner. We sit down in the arm-
chairs and watch TV. There is also a piano in the room. My sister
plays the piano very well. She loves music. To the right of the piano
there is a writing-table. There are some books on it.
Our dining room is a large room. In the middle of it there is a big
round table and some chairs.
The bedroom is not large. There are two beds, a night table
(commode), a telephone, a wardrobe and a mirror.
The study is large. There is a large writing-table in front of the
window. There are many things in it. There are a sofa and a bookcase
in the corner.
The kitchen is not very large. There is a window and on the sill I have
many flower pots. There are a cupboard, a table, some stools, a sink
and a fridge. In the kitchen we have breakfast, dinner and supper. I like
my flat very much.
49
Dialogue
50
UNIT 5
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Sometimes – uneori, cateodata are loc variabil in propozitie: I
sometimes have news from him. Sometimes we go for a walk. She says
sometimes that she loves him. (Uneori ea spune ca-l iubeste).
Terminatia Prezentului Indefinit la persoana a 3-a singular se conduce
dupa aceleasi reguli ortografice si fonetice ca si pluralul substantivelor.
Verbele terminate in consoana, e, w sau y precedate de o vocala (e
vorba de litere), adauga terminatia –s:
he knows,
she forgets,
it changes,
she plays.
Cele terminate in y precedat de o consoana formeaza persoana a 3-a
singular in –ies:
To cry-cries,
to fly-flies,
to hurry-hurries.
Cele trminate in –ss, -s, ch, -tch, sh, -x = es:
She teaches,
He fixes
He watches,
She passes,
it washes.
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Affirmative Interrogative Negative
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The Days of the Week (Zilele saptamanii)
54
Lunch 1. masa de pranz
2. gustarea de pranz
luncheon dejun
supper 1. cina
2. supeu
Exercises:
1. Make sentences:
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gets up in the mornig.
the afternoon.
washes the evening.
He goes to school
She watches TV at noon.
plays in the park night.
eight o’clock.
Monday.
goes to bed on Thursday.
Sunday.
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1. I have coffee in the morning. (often)
2. Peter has tea in the morning.(usually)
3. She watches TV in the afternoon. (never)
4. My friend and I play chess on Sunday. (sometimes)
5. He goes to the cinema on Saturday. (often)
6. She listens to the music in the evening. (seldom)
7. He runs in the park every morning. (usually)
8. Mother cleans the rooms every Saturday. (always)
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7. Put in the interrogative:
1. He goes to work every day. (who, where, when, what)
2. She has two brothers and three sisters. (who, what, how many)
3. My parents live in a small town near Paris.(who, what, where, what
kind of)
4. They have a three-room flat in a new house in the centre of London.
(who, what, how many, what kind of, where)
5. He comes to the factory at eight o’clock in the morning. (who,
what, where, when)
Vocabulary
to walk [wo:k] a merge (pe jos)
week [wi:k] saptamana
to receive [ri’si:v] a primi (in vizita)
to stay [stei] a sta, a ramane
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to want [wont] a dori, a vrea
to study [stΛdi] a studia
only [ounli] numai
to rest [rest] a se odihni
young [jΛŋ] tanar(a)
to go [gou] a merge, a pleca, a se duce
boy [boi] bait
girl [gз:l] fata
factory [fæktori] fabrica
to listen [lisn] to a asculta
to [tu:] (prep.) la, spre, catre
to discuss [diskΛs] a discuta
to return [ritз:n] a se intoarce
hard [ha:d] intens
after [a:ftэ] dupa
questions [kwest∫nz] intrebari
to read [ri:d] a citi
home [houm] acasa
newspaper [nju:speipэ] ziar
university [ju:nivз:siti] universitate
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On Saturday we clean the house and cook breakfast, lunch and dinner
for our family.
On Sundays we rest from work. We walk in the park with our children.
They play and we read some newspapers. We go home at 7 o’clock.
The children go to bed at 9 o’clock, but we don’t. We watch TV and
listen to the radio.
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UNIT 6
The form of the Possessive/Genitive Case (cazul
posesiv/genitivul in ‘s)
The declension of nouns (Declinarea substantivelor)
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Genitivul sinteticse foloseste de asemenea:
(the) baker’s (shop) – brutarie
butcher’s – macelarie
florist’s – florarie
grocer’s – bacanie
greengrocer’s – zarzavagerie
tobacconist’s - tutungerie
doctor’s, dentist’s (office)
mother’s (house) Let’s go to mother’s tonight.
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Personal Pronouns Pronumele Posesive
(Pronumele personale) (Pronumele posesive)
Dependente Independente
I my mine
You your yours
He his his
She her hers
It its its
We our ours
You your yours
They their theirs
- Se traduce in limba romana prin “nu-i asa?” sau “Nu?” sau “Asa-
i?”
- Dupa o propozitie afirmativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are forma
interogativ-negativa:
Fred is a student, isn’t he?
Mr. Smith has got a car, hasn’t he?
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- Dupa o propozitie negativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are forma
interogativa simpla:
He is not a student, is he?
She can’t speak English, can she?
- In intrebarile disjunctive se folosesc pronumele personale si, de
regula, formele prescurtate ale verbelor.
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Exercises:
1. Model: The teacher has a good book.
The teacher’s book is good
1. Mr. Robinson has a new car.
2. The boy has an old computer.
3. The pupil has a clean notebook.
4. Our ather has a white shirt.
5. The woman has a new dress.
6. My sister has a new bag.
7. The man has a blue uniform.
8. His brother has a dirty suit.
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their new car. 4. She brings me a cup of coffee. 5. He demonstrates his
project to them.
Vocabulary
capital capitala
old vechi
city oras (mare)
huge urias, imens
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bridge pod
across peste
river rau
narrow ingust
pavements trotuar, pavaj
financial financiar
sights punct turistic de atractie
bell clopot
to weigh a cantari
residence residenta
queen regina
cars automobile
buses autobuse
tube (underground)
/subway (Am.v) metrou
nice frumos
TEXT: LONDON
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UNIT 7
Affirmative
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Interrogative
Am I reading ?
Are you reading a book ?
Is he reading a book ?
Is she reading a book ?
Are we reading a book ?
Are you reading a book ?
Are they reading a book ?
Negative
I am not (I’m) not reading a book
You are not (aren’t) reading a book
He is not (isn’t) reading a book
She is not (isn’t) reading a book
We are not (aren’t) reading a book
You are not (aren’t) reading a book
They are not (aren’t) reading a book
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- verbe care exprima sentimente sau stari sufletesti (love, regret,
prefer, want, like, to etc.)
- verbe care exprima o perceptie senzoriala (see, hear, smell etc)
- verbe care exprima posesia (have, belong (to) – a apartine, to own-
a poseda, cat si verbul “to be”)
- verbe modale (can, must, may )
Tipuri de adverbe:
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- She comes today (Vine astazi)
- We often have dinner at home. (Noi deseori luam pranzul acasa)
2. Adverbe de mod:
Slowly (lent), bravely (cu curaj), angrily (suparat)
- He is working slowly.
- She replies angrily. (Ea raspunde pe un ton suparat)
3. Adverbe de loc:
Here (aici), there (acolo), near (aproape), below (dedesubt), down
(jos), up (sus) etc.
They stop here. (Ei sau oprit aici)
Exercises:
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2. The men and the women are standing.
3. The students are drinking cups of tea.
4. The dog is sleeping.
5. You are playing football.
6. I am staying at that hotel.
7. She is looking for her.
8. We are looking after the children.
9. He is smoking a cigarette.
10.The birds are flying over the sea.
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4. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present
continuous.
1. We (to study) at university. We (to study) English and French there.
Now we (to be) in the classroom, we (to read) an English text. We (not
make) mistakes.
2. We (to speak) Romanian at home, but we (to speak) English
at the university.
3. You (to speak) Romanian now? We (to speak) English
because we (to be) at the English lesson.
4. He (to go) to the university in the evening. Where he (to go)
now?
He always (to go) to the office at 9.
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8. Translate into English
1. Cand te duci la culcare? 2. Ce asculti? 3. Unde luati pranzul?
4. Ei va viziteaza des? 5. Unde va petreci vacanta de vara? 6. Ea
culege flori. 7. Aceasta floare miroase frumos. 8. El e prietenul tau,
nu-i asa ? 9. Imi place painea foarte mult. - 10. Si parintelor mei. 11.
Trebuie sa pleci, nu-i asa? 12. Omul acela este fratele cumnatei mele.
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If you want to attain something,
you have to fight like a lion.
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UNIT 8
76
To try – tried [traid]
To cry – cried [kraid]
Affitmative Interrogative
Negative
I did not (didn’t) play tennis
You did not (didn’t) play tennis
He, she, (it) did not (didn’t) play tennis
We did not (didn’t) play tennis
You did not (didn’t) play tennis
They did not (didn’t) play tennis
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Afirmative Interrogative
I, he, she, it was Was I, he, she, it?
We, you, they were Were we, you, they?
Negative
I, he, she, it was not(wasn’t)
We,you,they were not(weren’t)
Conjugarea verbului “to have” la Trecutul Simplu:
Afirmative Interrogative
I, he, she, it, Did I, he, she, it, we,
You, they had you, they have?
Negative
I, he, she, it, we, did not (didn’t)
You, they did not (didn’t)
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elementul din propozitia principala determinat de ele este exprimat
prin substantiv animat:
The boy who is playing in the yard is my son.
Baiatul, care se joaca in ograda, este feciorul meu.
The girl whom you see in that room is my daughter.
Fata, pe care o vezi in odaia ceea, este fiica mea.
The writer whose book you are reading lives in Canada.
Scriitorul, a carui carte o cititi acum, locuieste in Canada.
Exercises:
1. a). Give the Simple Past Tense form of the following regular
verbs. Transcribe and pronounce them.
to close-closed, to open-opened, to listen-listened, to live-lived, to
receive-received, to shave-shaved, to play-played, to stay-stayd, to
collect-collected, to dictate-dictated, to translate-translated, to start-
started, to help-helped, to like-liked, to look-looked, to pass-passed, to
smoke-smoked, to thank-thanked, to work-worked, to wash-washed, to
watch-watched, to rain-rained, to snow-snowed, to finish-finished.
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2. Put the following into the past tense:
1. He comes to the class every day.
2. You do that work very well.
3. John thinks a lot about his work.
4. Peter buys his suit this week.
5. I know the answer to your question.
6. I believe what you tell me.
7. Jane pays ten pounds and she gets a good dress.
8. We speak English every day.
9. He likes your picture.
10.We have lunch at 12 o’clock today.
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He stayed at home last Sunday, didn’t he? Yes, he did.
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6. Do you like the girl? The girl is sitting on the sofa and listening to
the music.
7. The manager works at our company. The manager wants to study
German.
8. I want to speak to the woman. I teach her children.
9. Where are the papers? You wanted to show them to me.
10. What’s the name of the book? John is reading it.
11. The woman is my sister’s brother-in-law. I always meet the
woman at the university.
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Vocabulary
all toti, toate
town orasel
alone singur
busy ocupat
very glad foarte bucuros
homework tema pentru acasa
quickly repede
by heart pe de rost
phrase fraza
difficult greu, dificil
well bine
home casa, camin
at home acasa
as a matter of fact de fapt
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UNIT 9
Can poate fi inlocuit prin to be able to, must prin to have to, to be to,
may – to be allowed to.
Present Past
I can do it now. I was able to do it yesterday.
(Pot s-o fac acum) I couldn’t do it yesterday.
I am able to do it. I wasn’t able to do it yesterday.
I couldn’t do it yesterday.
Could you do it yesterday?
I must do it. I had to do it yesterday.
(Trebuie s-o fac) Did I have to do it yesterday?
I have to do it. He was to give a lecture yesterday.
I don’t have to do it.
I am to give a lecture today.
You may go home. You might go home yesterday.
(Poti merge acasa) You were allowed to go home
You are allowed to go home. yesterday.
You aren’t allowed to go home. Were you allowed to go home?
Are you allowed to go home?
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Comparison of Adjectives (Gradele de comparatie a
adjectivelor)
In limba engleza adjectivele nu se schimba in dependenta de numar
sau de caz, ci numai dupa gradele de comparatie. Exista trei grade de
comparatie: pozitiv, comparativ si superlativ.
85
Mod de Comparativde Superlativ
Formare Pozitiv superioritate relativ (cel
(mai … decat) mai …)
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Unele adjective formeaza comparativul si superlativul in mod
neregulat:
much – mult
more (the) most
many – multi
Substantivarea adjectivelor
Un adjectiv poate deveni substantiv primind articolul hotarat the. Ex:
Rich = bogat – the rich (=cei bogati) = substantiv plural
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English = englezesc – The English (englezii) = substantiv plural
Chinese = chinezesc – the Chinese (chinezul/chinezii) = substantiv la
singular sau la plural.
Exercises:
1. Give the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives
(Dati comparativul si superlativul urmatoarelor adjective):
High, strong, fat, much, fascinating, dry, weak, thin, a little, pretty,
handsome, red, few, cosy, many, beautiful, yellow, bad, ill, mad.
3.Complete the gaps with as, so, as/so, than, of (Completati spatiile
goale cu as, so, as/so, than, of):
1. Better an egg today … a hen tomorrow.
2. Blood is thicker … water. (In echivalenta: Sangele apa nu se face)
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3. Helen is the youngest … all.
4. She is not … lazy … her brothers.
5. During the rush hours the buses are … slow … the taxis.
6. I never go to bed later … 11 o’clock.
7. I’m not delighted … you are.
8. I’m … much interested … you are.
9. His plays are less interesting … his novels.
1. Did John come home as late as Dick did? 2. Does John speak
French as well as Bill does? 3. Can he play hockey as well as football?
4. Can she speak French as well as English? 5. I don’t like oranges as
much as apples.
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6. Put in must or have/has (got) to.
1. I’m tired. I … go to bed early. 2. John … go to the university on
Saturdays. 3. We … get another dog soon. 4. “This is a great book.” I
… read it. 5. A soldier … obey orders. 6. We … go to London for a
meeting. 7. I think we … pay in advance. 8. You really … visit us
soon. 9. I … try to spend more time at home. 10. You … knock before
you come into my room.
90
Vocabulary
to decide a hotari
to become a deveni
writer scriitor
because fiindca, pentru ca
hardly abea, putin probabil
to study a studia
subject subiect
relatives rude
alone singur
world lume, univers
to be interested in a se interesa in
future viitor
to agree a fi de acord
to help a ajuta
even chiar
to teach/taught a invata, a preda
language grai, limbaj
to want a dori
mistake gresala
When Martin Eden decided to become a writer, his first task was to
receive an education. But the university did not allow him to become a
student, because he could hardly read, and he did not know English
grammar. Besides, he had not studied the subjects that every child learns at
school. Martin Eden was alone in the world: he had no parents or relatives
who were interested in his future. There was only one person who agreed to
help him. She was Ruth, the daughter of a rich businessman. But even she
did not believe that Martin would become a writer. She taught him the
English language and English literature, but she didn’t want him to become
a writer. She wanted him to go to work in her father’s office. She
understood that she had made a mistake only much later, when Martin
became one of the most popular writers in America.
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UNIT 10
92
THE IMPERATIVE
Modul de formare:
1. Infinitivul scurt (fara to) al verbului:
Ex: Cross now! Traverseaza/ti acum!)
Ring me tomorrow! (Suna-ma maine!)
2. Don’t + inf. Scurt – (pentru a forma un imperativ negativ)
Ex: Don’t cross now! (Nu traversa/ti acum!)
Don’t ring me tomorrow!
3. Let’s (let us) + infinitiv. scurt, (pentru persoan I pl.)
Ex: Let’s cross! (Sa traversam!/ Hai sa traversam)
Let’s ring tomorrow!
4. Do + forma afirmativa, in unele cazuri:
Ex.: Do take care! (Ai grija!)
Do tell me! – (Spune-mi! (Hai te rog, spune-mi!)
- pentru a indulci tonul, pentru a suna mai politicos
Ex: Do sit down! (Va rog, lua-ti loc!)
Do come in! (Intra-ti, va rog)
Do help yourself! (Serviti-va, va rog)
Exercises:
1. Transform these sentences into the Simple Future. (Treceti
propozitiile aceste la viitorul simplu)
1. His lecture is very interesting. 2. You like the play. 3. I can’t see
you tomorrow. 4. She must study French. 5. They can visit Paris. 6.
It’s all right. 7. I must see a doctor. 8. You have to go to the airport.
9. It isn’t difficult. 10. Can she bring me a few books?
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won’t go for a walk in the park next Sunday. 7. He’ll help them do
their homework next Tuesday. 8. Iris won’t be able to practice this
afternoon.
1. I will leave for London next week. 2. I shall have to do the washing
up this morning. 3. We will do our duty. 4. You will come to our
party. 5. He will be back soon. 6. She will go there by bus. 7. They
will stay home next Friday. 8. He will teach English next month.
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7. Translate into English.
1. Veti putea veni duminica viitoare? 2. (El) va trebui (urmeaza) sa
tina miine o lectie. 3. Cand (trebuie) sa revin? 4. Ei vor astepta, nu-
asa? 5. Nu vor astepta, nu-i asa? 6. El va veni luni. 7. Lectia lui este
foarte interesanta. 8. Citeste scrisoarea pentru mine, te rog. 9. Lasa-l
pe el sa lucreze mai mult. 10 Hai sa mergem la teatru. 11. Nu, eu nu
voi merge. 12. El va trebui sa studieze chineza.
Vocabulary
mountains munti
to hear a auzi
plenty of o multime
to ski a schia
as much as tot atat de mult
overdo/overdid exagera, a intrece masura
after mai tarziu, dupa aceea
muscular fever febra musculara
to annoy a enerva, a necaji, a nelinisti
terribly teribil,ingrozitor
mistake greseala
cautious prudent, atent.
to want a dori, a vrea
to keep an eye on smb./smth. a fi cu ochii pe cineva/ceva
chalet [∫ælei] cabana
to travel [trævl] a calatori
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will be cautious. He will have to ski less the first day if he wants to ski
again the following day. Paul is going to keep an eye on him to see
that he is not going to make the mistake a second time.
As they are going to live in one of the chalets they will have a very
nice weekend. They will go by bus to Sinaya and they will return by
bus too. So they will travel by bus a lot.
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PART II
UNIT 11 (eleven)
Future Continuous /Near Future (Viitorul apropiat)
Acest timp este inexistent in limba romana si, de acea, se va traduce cu
timpul PRESENT insotit de adverbe de timp ca: IMEDIAT, CHIAR
ACUM, INDATA.
El indica faptul ca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in viitor este
foarte apropiata de momentul prezent.
Ex: He’ll be coming soon. (Vine foarte curand/Vine imediat)
Afirrmative
I (we) shall be going
He (she, you, they) will be going
Interrogative
Shal I (we) be reading ?
Will he (she, it, you, they) be going ?
Negative
I (we) shall not (shan’t) be going
He (she, it, you, they) will not (won’t) be going
Intrebuintare:
1. Pentru a reda o actiune care se va afla in proces de desfasurare
intr-un anumit moment de timp in viitor:
The students will be having a seminar tomorrow at 2.
(Studentii vor avea un seminar miine la ora 2.)
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2. Pentru exprimarea unei actiuni, care va dura o perioada de
timp cu granite bine limitate:
They will be working in the library from two till six o’clock tomorrow.
(Ei vor lucra in biblioteca de la ora 2 pana la 6 miine).
98
I am going to invite her to my birthday party. (Intentionez sa o invit la
ziua mea de nastere) (prezent)
He’ll be going to buy himself a new car. (In viitor intentionez (va
intentiona) sa-si cumpere o masina noua.) (viitor)
99
Jane opened the tin herself. Nobody helped her. (Jane a deschis
singura cutia de conserve. Nimeni nu a ajutat-o)
EXERCISES:
100
4. You will be having your next English class next week. (when)
5. He will be staying in this hotel two weeks. (where)
101
In both foreign countries they will be visiting museums, art gallaries,
cathedrals, churches, palaces, old castles and plenty of interesting
places. The trip will last about a fortnight and will not cost much.
We are very sorry that we shall not be able to join our friends too, as
we also like such excursions. We shall be in the Danube Delta at the
time when our friends are abroad and we shall be having a pleasant
time too.
Next year, we may be going abroad. Some of our friends have decided
to go to Berlin and visit also a few other German cities. We may join
them too, as we were able to join them when they made a trip about
the country a couple of years ago.
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UNIT 12 (twelve)
The Past Continuous Tense (Trecutul Continuu)
Trecutul Continuu se formeaza cu trecutul verbului auxiliar to be
(was, were) plus Participiul I al verbului de conjugat (-ing). Acest
timp se traduce aproape totdeauna cu imperfectul din limba romana
(faceam, mergea, mancau)
Affirmative
I (he, she, it) was reading
We (you, they) were reading
Interrogative
Was I (he, she, it) reading?
Were we (you, they) reading?
Negative
I (he, she, it) was not reading
We (you, they) were not reading
103
I was just going to ring you up.
(Tocmai aveam de gand sa-ti telefonez).
What were you going to do? (Ce aveai de gand sa faci?)
Something ceva
Somewhere undeva
In propozitii interogative:
In propozitii afirmative:
104
Anybody/anyone oricine
Anything orice
Anywhere oriunde
Anybody/anyone can borrow books from the public library.
(Oricine poate imprumuta carti de la biblioteca publica.
Anything is better than rancid butter. (Orice e mai bun decat untul
rancid)
Take me anywhere. (Du-ma oriunde)
105
Everybody/everyone toti, toata lumea
Everything tot(ul), toate
Everywhere peste tot, pretutindeni
Everybody/everyone si everything se acorda cu verbul la singular:
Everybody is at home.
Everything has an end. (Totul are [toate au] un sfarsit.
Exercises
1. Put the verb in parentheses into the Past Continuous Tense:
2. Bill got off the bus while it (go). 2. John (walk) home when he
saw Ann. 3. I came into the room because the boys (make) a lot of
noise. 4. Mike hurt his leg while he (play) football. 5. The car hit the
tree while it (travel) at 60 miles an hour.
2.Open the parentheses and put the verbs in the Present and Past
Continuous Tenses.
1. What John (do) now? He (watch) TV. There’s a hockey match on.
2. What you (do) at eight o’clock last night? I (read) a very interesting
article about the Olympic Games in Sydney. 3. John and Bill (play) a
game of chess when I returned home yesterday. 4. What they (talk)
about? They (discuss) the football semi-finals. 5. What your brother
(do) from seven to nine last night? He (play) basketball. He is a very
good basketball player. 6. Who (swim) now? Two swimmers from
France and Great Britain.
3. Put the verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past
Simple.
Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) the dinner, the phone rang
(ring).
1. George (fall) off the ladder while he (paint) the ceiling. 2. Last
night I (read) in bed when suddenly I (hear) a scream. 3. (you/watch)
television when I phoned you? 4. Ann (wait) for me when I (arrive). 5.
I (not/drive) very fast when the accident (happen). 6. I (break) a plate
last night. I (do) the washing up when it (slip) out of my hand. 7. Tom
(take) a photograph of me while I (not/look). 8. We (not/go) out
106
because it (rain). 9. What (you/do) at this time yesterday? 10. I (see)
Carol at the party. She (wear) a really beautiful dress.
107
Ploua tare cand ati coborat din tren. 5. Cand ma plimbam prin park am
vazut un coleg sezand pe-o banca. 6. Vantul sufla usor. 7. Ce incercati
sa investati? 8. Nu stiu nimic. 9. Nimeni nu poate sti tot. 10. Nimic nu
este destul de bun pentru tine. 11. Poti sa-mi dai ceva de mancare? –
Ce de exemplu? – Orice. 12. Oricine poate vedea aceasta. 13. Este
cineva la usa.
Vocabulary
shop magazin
store magazin universal
mall complex de
magazine
cu alei si parcaje
market piata de legume
goods marfuri
food alimente/hrana
bread paine
sweets dulciuri
pastry paste fainoase
vegetables legume
fruit fructe
shoes incaltaminte
jewels bijuterii
clothes haine
medicine medicamente
bill nota de plata
counter tejghea
cash-desk casa de plata
shop-assistant vanzator
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perfumer’s parfumerie
tobacconist’s tutungerie
barber’s frizerie
hairdresser’s coafura
haberdasher’s galanterie
ADJECTIVES
fresh proaspat
stale vechi/ne-proaspat
cheap ieftin
expensive scump/costisitor
large mare/larg
tight stramt
necessary necesar
useful folositor
useless nefolositor
VERBS
to shop a targui
to go shopping a merge
la cumparaturi
to buy a cumpara
to sell a vinde
to pay a plati
to ask a intreba/a cere
to answer a raspunde
to cost a costa
to help a ajuta
to need a avea nevoie
to show a arata
to want a dori/a vrea
to like a place
to run short of a ramane fara
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Text: Shopping (Cumparaturi)
Whenever I run short of food I have to go to buy something. I
generally go to the market on Friday and buy food for the next
week. First, I make a list of what I need to buy, then I take a
large shopping bag and then I drive to the market. I go to the
butcher’s when I need some fresh meat, or to the fishmonger’s
when I need some fresh fish. The bread is stale, so, I’m going to
buy some, but the baker doesn’t sell it to me, because it is not
fresh. He tells me to come in the afternoon, because he thinks he
is going to have some fresher bread. I also need to buy some
vegetables and fruit, and maybe, some cakes for lunch. Maybe
tomorrow I’m going to go again for some milk and mineral
water.
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UNIT 13 (thirteen)
Present Perfect Simple (Prezentul perfect)
Affirmative
I have written
You have written
We have written
They have written
He, she, (it) has written
Interrogative
Have I written?
Have you written?
Have we written?
Have they written?
Has he/she written?
Negative
I have not (haven’t) written
You have not (haven’t) written
We have not (haven’t) written
They have not (haven’t) written
He/she has not (hasn’t) written
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For se refera la intreaga perioada dintre momentul inceperii
actiunii si momentul vorbirii.
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You haven’t eaten yet (Nu ai mancat inca).
Have you eaten yet? (Ai mancat deja?)
I’ve always loved you. (Totdeauna te-am iubit)
- Sa nu uitam ca, in functie de contex, Present Perfect se poate
traduce cu Perfectul Compus din limba romana.
Comparati:
We have been friends since we graduated.
Santem prieteni (Prezentul) de cand am absolvit.
I’ve met him several times since we graduated.
L-am intalnit (Perfectul compus) de mai multe ori de cand am
absolvit.
Complementul compus
In limba engleza este foarte raspandita constructia “complementul
compus”, care contine un substantiv (sau pronume la cazul acuzativ) si
un verb la infinitiv sau participiul I:
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Exercises:
1. Respond to these requests according to the model.
Please help Peter do his homework. (already)
I’ve already helped him.
1.Peter has just gone for a walk. (Tom) 2. John has returned from
Moscow this week. (Bill) 3. Jane has typed a lot of letters today.
(Mary) 4. My brother has bought the new French textbook today.
(your friend) 5. I’ve already spoken to him. (he) 6. She’s seen them
today. (you)
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+? 5. Open the brackets and use the proper tenses (Simple Present,
Simple Past, Present Continuous and Present Perfect Tense).
I am (be) a student. I am having (have) an English class now. We have
done (do) just exercise five and now we are answering (answer) the
teacher’s questions. 2. You have bought (buy) already fruit and
vegetables? Yes, I have. When you ??? (go) shopping? I (go) shopping
after lunch yesterday. 3. He have came (come) just to the office. It’s
five minutes to nine. And when he came (come) to the office
yesterday? He came (come) at ten to nine yesterday. 4. Peter (leave)
for school fifteen minutes ago but Ann (not to leave) for college yet. 5.
Peter (not to go) to see his mother yesterday. His elder brother Nick
(go) just to see her. She (be) ill lately.
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Text: “HAYDN’S FIRST OPERA”
When Haydn was about eighteen years old he sang in a chorus.
But soon his voice broke and he lost his place as a chorister. He began
playing the violin in the streets of Vienna and sometimes he played at
dances. Very often he composed the music himself.
One day Haydn’s friend decided to play a serenade under the
window of a well-known clown, Bernardone Kurtz by name, and
asked Haydn to write the music. When the music was ready they went
to the house where Kurtz lived and played it. Kurtz liked the melody
so much that he appeared on the balcony and asked: “Who wrote that
beautiful music?”
“I did,” said Haydn.
Kurtz invited Haydn to his room and gave him some verses and
asked to write an opera. Haydn was afraid.
“I have never written such music,” he said, “but I’ll try.” He
began working and everything went well till he came to a place where
there was a storm at sea.
“How can I put a storm at sea into music when I have never seen
the sea!” said Haydn. He went to Kurtz, but the clown could not help
him as he had never been to the sea himself.
At last Haydn lost his temper, crashed his hands upon the piano
and cried out: “Dash the storm!”
“That’s it! That’s it!” cried Kurtz jumping up of his chair, “Go on like
that.”
Many years had passed since Haydn’s name became famous all
over the world. He had written wonderful music to his operas but he
could not forget the storm in his first opera. He always laughed when
he thought of it.
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UNIT 14 (fourteen)
Present Perfect Continuous (Prezentul Perfect
Continuu)
Se formeaza de la prezentul perfect al verbului to be (have/has
been) si Participiul I a verbului de conjugat.
Acest timp nu are corespondent in limba romana, traducand-se prin
perfectul compus.
Se exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si continuata pana in momentul
vorbirii:
a. actiunea poate incepe intr-un moment definit din trecut (SINCE).
b. Actiunea poate indica o perioada de timp, delimitata, in trecut
(FOR).
Intrebarea specifica acestui timp este HOW LONG? (Cat timp?) –
durata.
Affirmative
I (you, we, they) have been looking for a job for two weeks
He (she, it) has been looking for a job for two weeks
Negative
I (you, we, they) have not been looking for a job for two weeks
He (she, it) has not been looking for a job for two weeks
Interrogative
Have I (we, you, they) been looknig for a jog for two weeks?
Has he (she,it) been looking for a job for two weeks?
Ex: I have been speaking for three hours.(Am vorbit timp de trei ore)
She has been working all morning. ( A lucrat toata dimineata.)
She has been playing the piano since she was a little girl. (Canta
la pian de cand era mica).
It has been raining since yesterday.(Ploua incontinuu de ieri)
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Nota: Dupa cum se poate remarca, din exemplele de mai sus, acest
timp se poate traduce fie prin “perfectul compus”, fie prin
“prezent” insotit de un adverb de timp care sa indice continuitatea
actiunii.
118
Ca pronume nedefinite, (neurmate de un substantiv), another se
traduce prin altul, alta, iar others prin altii, altele:
Give me another, please. (Dati-mi altul/alta, va rog).
Others will help you if I can’t. (Te vor ajuta altii daca eu nu pot)
The other se traduce prin celalalt, cealalta, iar the others prin ceilalti,
celelalte:
Where is the other? (Unde este celalalt/cealalta?)
Where are the others? (Unde sunt ceilalti/celelalte?)
Exercises
1. Respond to these sentences according to the models.
a). Have you been staying here long? (for a month)
I’ve (I have) been staying here for a month.
1.Have you been learning English long? I have been learning it for a
year and a half. (for a year and a half) 2. Has it been raining long? It
has been raining since early morrning. (since early morning) 3. Has it
been snowing long? (since yesterday) 4. Has he been collecting stamps
long? (for five years)
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1. He (to be) very busy lately. 2. I (wait) for you since six o’clock in
the afternoon. 3. How long you (to know) Jane? 4. I (not to meet) the
Browns since last year. 5. It (to rain) since early morning. 6. We (to
work) hard for two hours. 7. How long your sister (to teach) at
college? For fifteen years. 8. The north wind (to blow) since early
morning.
5. Complete the gaps with the Reciprocal Pronoun (each other, one
another) or the Reflexive (myself, youself, etc).
1. I … don’t smoke. 2. She hates … . 3. They congratulated … . 4.
Tom and Bill were smiling at … . 5. They always write to … . 6. He
wrote a letter to … .
6. Translate into English
1. Lucrez aici de sapte ani. 2. Lucrez aici din 1990. 3. De cat timp
lucrezi aici? 4. Asteptam de o ora si jumatate. 5. El studiaza franceza
de trei ani. 6. Ploua de o saptamana. 7. Ei se iubesc. 8. Ei se vor ajuta
unii pe altii. 9. Se intrebau unii pe altii ce se intamplase. 10. Ori de
cate ori se intalneau isi vorbeau englezeste.
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3. as, is, can’t , we, each, see, other, dark, it, that. We can’t see each
other as it is dark that.
4. do, for, each, will, anything, they, other. They will do everything
for each other.
5. were, about, talking, they, one, holiday, to, next, their, another.
Text: JAPAN AND U.S. CANDY VENTURE
A well-known U.S. candy company was interested in selling its
product overseas. The company found a possible partner based in
Tokyo, Japan. The Tokyo company seemed to be perfect for the deal.
After many phone calls between the two parties, a decision was made
to meet in Tokyo. The U.S. company chose one of its businessmen,
Mike Waller, to represent it in Tokyo. He was the company’s most
persuasive negotiator.
Before Waller left the United States, he and the company lawyer
worked together to write a detailed contract for the deal. The contract
was fifty pages long. The deal would be advantageous for both
companies. It promised big profits.
Waller left for Japan with the contract. He was pleased with his careful
preparation. He thought his future partners would be satisfied with his
work and would be ready to bargain about the details in the contract.
He had studied their company interests and was sure they would want
to change a few conditions in the contract. He planned to agree to
those changes as concessions. He was certain the meetings would
result in good negotiations and a quick final agreement.
On the day of the meeting in Tokyo, Waller entered the boardroom
with copies of the contract for the Japanese businessmen at the
meeting. He handed them each a copy and began discussing the
details. The representatives of the Tokyo company did not open their
contracts. They didn’t discuss the contract at all, but instead spoke
about general business issues. They spoke about the proposed
cooperation between the two companies but they didn’t make any
promises.
Waller then went back to the United States. He felt extremely
surprised and disappointed. The Japanese businessmen had never
asked him one question about the contract. No agreements or
121
commitments had been made. He wasn’t even sure if there would be
another round of negotiations.
VOCABULARY
partner partener, asociat
overseas in strainatate
deal afacere
persuasive persuasiv, convingator
lawyer avocat, jurist
advantageous avantajos, profitabil, prielnic
profit profit, beneficiu
to bargain a negocia, a face o afacere
interests interese, avantaje
to agree to a fi de acord cu
concession concesie, cedare
to hand a da, a inmana
agreement acord
commitments depozitii in fata unei comisii; obligatii
round of negotiations runda de negocieri
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UNIT 15
Affirmative
I (he, she, it, you, they) had worked
Interrogative
Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they) worked ?
Negative
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not (hadn’t) worked
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I wish I’d gone there. (Pacat ca nu m-am dus acolo./As dori sa ma fi
dus …).
Affirmative
I shall have asked (eu) voi fi intrebat
You will have asked
He, she, (it) will have asked
We, you, they will have asked
Interrogative
Shall I (we) have asked ?
Will he, she, (it), you, they have asked ?
Negative
I (we) shall not (shan’t) have asked
He, she, (it), you, they will not (won’t) have asked
Future Perfect este un timp folosit rar, exclusiv in limba scrisa, fiind
aproape cu totul absent din exprimarea obisnuita. Exprima o actiune
care nu a avut inca loc, dar care se va fi intamplat inainte de un
moment in viitor, sau a unei actiuni viitoare redate prin Presentul
Simplu:
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The Interrogative Pronouns sunt:
Who – cine ?
Which – care? (selectiv)
What – ce? care? (neselectiv)
Who is he? Cine este el?
Which (of them) do you prefer? – Pe care o/il preferi?
What do you know? – Ce stii?
What is the capital of France? – Care (neselectiv) este capitala
Frantei?
Whose (atat ca pronume cat si adjectiv) poate fi (a) subiect sau (b)
complement:
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a). Whose poem impressed you most? – A cui poem te-a impresionat
cel mai mult?
b). Whose poem did you appreciate most? – A cui cuvantare ai
apreciat-o mai mult?
EXERCISES:
1. Supply the most suitable tense (past or past perfect):
1. They (go) home after they (finish) their work. 2. She said that she
already (see) the Pyramids. 3. We (hear) that a fire (break out) in the
neighbouring house. 4. He told me he (catch) a young lion and (shoot)
two others. 5. They (drink) small cups of coffee after they (finish)
dinner. 6. She told her teacher that her mother (help) her with her
homework the previous evening, and (tell) her the words she (not
know). 7. The fire (spread) to the next building before the firemen
(arrive).8. Cyril was very angry and said that he (eat) two flies in his
fruit salad. The waiter asked him why he (eat) them. Cyril said he (be)
short-sighted and already (swallow) them when his friend (tell) him
what he (eat). 9. The little girl (ask) what (happen) to her ice-cream.
10. His mother (worry) a lot about him before she (hear) that he was
safe. 11. He (can not) help thinking that he (see) that face somewhere
before. 12. The politician (declare) that his party always (stand) for
social security.
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3. Insert who, whose, whom, to whom, which, what according to the
sense:
1. … was that man? – Our new neighbour. 2. … is his name? 3. …
daughter did he marry? – Mr. Brown’s. 4. … of them do you want? 5.
… happens in Chapter II? 6. … did you meet at the seaside? 7. … did
you lend my dictionary? 8. … is the capital of France? 9. … car did
you drive? – My father’s. 10. … did you lend my bicycle? 11. For …
did Ted cut eleven roses? 12. To … of you did he address the letter?
13. In … did you put the flowers? 14. At … painting did they look? –
Picasso’s. 15. By … were you lent the money? 16. About … of them
were they talking.
127
The manager was a calm, serious man. While talking to him I
held my fifty-six dollars in my pocket.
“Are you the manager?” I said God knows I didn’t doubt it.
“Yes,” he said.
“Can I see you,” I asked, “alone”? I didn’t want to say “alone”
again, but without this word the question seemed useless.
“Come in here, “he said, and led the way to a private room.
“We’re safe from interruption here,” he said. “Sit down.”
We both sat down and looked at each other. I found no voice to
speak. “You’re one of Pinkerton’s detectives, I suppose,” he said.
The expression in my eyes had made him think that I was a
detective, and he looked worried.
“To speak the truth,” I began. “I’m not a detective at all. I’ve
come to open an account. I intend to keep all my money in this bank.”
The manager looked serious, he felt sure now that I was a very
rich man, probably a son of Baron Rothschild.
“A large account, I suppose,” he said.
“Rather a large one, “ I whispered. “I intend to place in this bank
the sum of fifty-six dollars now, and fifty dollars a month regularly.”
The manager got up and opened the door. He called out to the
clerk.
“Mr. Montgomery,” he said loudly, “this gentleman is opening
an account. He will place fifty-six dollars in it. Good morning.”
“Good morning,” I said, standing up, and walked through a big
door into a safe.
“Come out,” said the manager coldly and showed me the other
way. I went up to the clerk and pushed the money to him. My face was
terribly pale.
“Here, I said, “put it in my account.” The sound of my voice
seemed to mean, “Let’s do this painful thing while we feel that we
want to do it.”
When the operation had been performed, I remembered that I
hadn’t left any money for present use. My idea was to draw out six
dollars. Someone gave me a cheque-book and someone else began
telling me how to write it out. The people in the bank seemed to think
that I was a man who owned millions of dollars, but I was not feeling
very well, I wrote something on the cheque and pushed it towards the clerk.
He looked at it.
128
“What, are you drawing it all out again?” he asked in surprise.
Then I realized that I had written fifty-six dollars instead of six. I was
too upset to think clearly now. I had a feeling that it was impossible to
explain the thing. All the clerks stopped writing to look at me. One of them
prepared to pay the money.
“How will you have it?” he said.
“What?”
“How will you have it?”
“Oh,” I caught his meaning and answered without even trying to
think, - “in fifty-dollar notes.”
He gave me a fifty-dollar note.
“And the six?” he asked coldly.
“In six-dollar notes,” I said.
He gave me six dollars, and I ran out. As the big door closed behind
me, I heard a sound of laughter that went up to the roof of the bank. Since
then I use a bank no more. I keep my money in my pocket and my savings
in silver dollars in a sock.
VOCABULARY
129
UNIT 16
At that time, they didn’t know that the sun does not turn round the
earth.
130
La acea vreme, nu se stia ca soarele nu se invarteste in jurul
pamantului.
4). Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la viitor, verbul din propozitia
subordonata temporala sau din conditionala este la prezent sau la Present Perfect.
Aceasta exceptie de la regula concordantei timpurilor se produce dupa
when – cand, as soon as – de indata ce, after – dupa, before – inainte
ca, while – in timp ce, if – daca, until – pana cand/atat timp cat,
unless – daca nu:
I’ll go when I’m ready. Voi pleca atunci cand voi fi/sunt gata.
I’ll call you if I don’t find it. Te voi suna daca nu-l gasesc/nu-l voi
gasi.
We’ll wait until you come. Vom astepta pana cand vei veni/vii.
The show will start as soon as the president has arrived.
Spectacolul va incepe de indata ce presedintele va sosi/soseste.
131
EXERCISES:
1. Put the following into the Past Tense observing the rules of the
sequence of tenses:
1. My uncle says he has just come back from London. 2. He says he
feels better now. 3. I know that you are ill. 4. We find that she has left
home at eight o’clock this morning. 5. He says that he has a good
camera. 6. She says she will come to see us next Sunday. 7. She says
Bill told her a lot of interesting things about his travels in the south. 8.
I hear that he has bought a new car. 9. I suppose that he will send us a
letter. 10. I think that he lives in New York.
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4. Translate into English:
1. El spune ca merge acasa cu autobuzul in fiecare zi. 2. El intreaba cat
e ceasul. 3. A spus ca ieri a pescuit toata ziua. 4. L-am intrebat daca
vor fi acasa deseara. 5. El scrie ca se distreaza foarte bine. 6. Credeam
ca dormea. 7. Ma intrebam daca ajunsesera deja. 8. M-a intrebat daca
stiu cand pleaca trenul. 9. Le-a spus parintelor lui ca vor merge intr-o
excursie. 10. El a scris ca a fost foarte bolnav timp de cinci zile. 11. L-
am intrebat de cata vreme asteapta autobuzul. 12. El a spus ca-mi va
repara ceasul pana maine. 13. M-a intrebat daca te iubesc si eu am
spus ca da. 14. El a spus ca imi va aduce ambele carti vineri, dar inca
nu mi le-a adus. 15. El a zis ca la sfarsitul anului se vor implini cinci
ani de cand studiaza engleza, dar ca inca n-a inteles folosirea
timpurilor.
133
years of age may go into a pub (although many pubs have a children’s
room away from the bar). Fourteen-year-olds may go into a pub but
may not buy or drink alcohol. You must be 18 before you can legally
buy or drink alcohol in a pub.
Wine bars began to appear in large numbers, mainly in the cities,
in the early 1980s. Now we can find them even in smaller towns. As
their names imply, they specialize in selling different types of wine,
although they may also have a limited range of beers and spirits. They
also serve meals, usually of a higher standard than those found in pubs.
The British wine-producing industry has been expanding rapidly
in recent years. Britain now produces some good quality white wines,
mainly from vineyards in the south-east of England where the climate
is particularly suitable.
VOCABULARY
Real-ale - bere naturala
beer – bere
pub – carciuma
a pint [paint] – pinta (unitate de masura a capacitatii insemnand 0,568
l; in S.U.A. 0,473 l)
lager - bere germana
bitter – amar
stout – bere neagra
to store – a tine, a pastra (in depozit)
to pressurize – a etansa, a presuriza
barrel – butoi
keg – butoias
to pour [po:] – a turna
mainly – in special, mai ales
to expand – a (se) extinde
vineyard – vie, podgorie
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UNIT 17
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (Vorbirea
directa si indirecta)
Vorbirea directa este redarea intocmai a spuselor cuiva.
He asked me, “Do you work this week?”
M-a intrebat: - Lucrezi saptamana aceasta?
In limba engleza, dupa verbele (to ask – a intreba, to say – a spune
etc.) se foloseste virgula si nu doua puncte, iar vorbirea directa este
pusa intre ghilimele:
135
Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut, cel din
subordonata sufera o schimbare de timp:
She said, “I want to study English She said that she wanted to
this year” study English that year.
She said, “Peter is looking for the She said that Peter was looking
dog now.” for the dog then.
John said, “Will you come and dine with us tonight?” John spuse: -
Vreti sa veniti sa luati cina cui noi diseara?”
John asked (us) if/whether we would come and dine with them that
night. John ne-a intrebat daca vrem sa mergem sa luam cina cu ei in
seara aceea.
3).Intrebari speciale:
136
I asked her, “What reports have you written?”
I asked her what reports she had written.
He asked me, “What are you doing now?”
He asked me what I was doing then.
He said, “Don’t book tickets for the theatre for next Sunday.”
He asked me not to book tickets for the theatre for the following
Sunday.
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EXERCISES:
1. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. I said to her, “I have something to show you.” 2. He said, “I am
going away tomorrow.” 3. “I’ve been in London for a month so far I
haven’t had time to visit the Tower,” said Tom. 4. She replied, “I’ll
come with you as soon as I am ready.” 5. Mary said, “I usually spend
my holidays in the south.” 6. He said, “I am going to a rest-home
tomorrow.” 7. I said to them, “I can give you my uncle’s address.” 8.
He said to me, “I want to see you today.” 9. The student said, “I can’t
answer this question. I don’t understand it.” 10. She said, “I didn’t go
to the concert yesterday.”
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5. Translate into English.
Aesop was a very clever man who lived many hundreds of years ago
in Greece. He wrote many fine stories. He was well known as a man
who was fond of jokes. One day, as he was enjoying a walk, he met a
traveller, who greeted him and said:
“King man, can you tell me how soon I shall get to town?”
“Go,” Aesop answered.
“I know I must go,” protested the traveller, “but I should like you
to tell me how soon I shall get to town?”
“Go,” Aesop said again angrily.
“This man must be mad,” the traveller thought and went on.
After he had gone some distance, Aesop shouted after him: “You
will get to town in two hours.”
The traveller turned round in astonishment. “Why didn’t you tell
me that before?” he asked.
“How could I have told you that before?” answered Aesop. “I
didn’t know how fast you could walk.”
139
UNIT 18
140
Diateza pasiva la Present si Past Continuous se formeaza de la
Prezentul si Trecutul Continuu al verbului to be (am,are, is being;
was,were being) si Participiul 2 al verbului de conjugat:
EXERCISES:
141
electrician for his work. 4. They promise us higher salaries. 5.
Somebody will tell you what time the train leaves. 6. Someone taught
him French and gave him a dictionary. 7. They have made my uncle a
captain. 8. Someone is showing Mary how to bathe a baby. 9. You can
leave the key with the clerk downstairs. 10. You must do three of
these exercises tomorrow. 11. By the middle of the autumn we had
planted all the trees. 12. They have made a number of the
experiments in this laboratory. 13. By six o’clock they had finished
the work. 14. At twelve o’clock the workers were loading the trucks.
142
5. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert. (Who)
6. The mail is delivered at 7 o’clock. (What time)
7. I shall not be allowed to go there. (Why)
8. The factory is being restructured by this team. (By which)
9. The body was found in the river. (Where)
10.This book will be returned to the library next week. (When)
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and suggested that they should go and see the girl whose name was
Ada.
Ada and George Brown loved each other dearly. The girl didn’t
want to marry the farmer. She wanted to find George.
Tripp suggested that the writer pay the bill at the hotel where
Ada was staying and buy a railway ticket for Ada to get back home.
He said that it would cost the writer three dollars.
He asked for another dollar for himself. He wanted whisky. He
added that the writer would be able to write a new short story. It would
cost only four dollars.
Ada was really beautiful. She told them all the details. She and
George were in love when the boy was eight and she was five. When
George was nineteen, he left the village and left for New York. He
promised to come back for Ada, but she never saw him again.
On the day George left they cut a cent into two pieces till they
met again.
The two men were very sorry for Ada and advised her to go
home. They saw her to the station and then went home. When they
were going to the bus-stop, Tripp took his cheap watch out of his
pocket and the writer saw half of the cent cut in two. George Brown
and Tripp were one and the same man.
The writer took out a dollar and put it into Tripp’s hand.
VOCABULARY
famous vestit
acquaintance cunostinta
to spend/spent/spent a cheltui, a consuma
to marry a (se) casatori
to suggest a propune, a sugera
to add a adauga
pocket buzunar
cheap ieftin
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UNIT 19
145
- Infinitivul perfect, aspectul simplu, diateza pasiva:
To have been written – a fi fost scris
We aren’t the only one to have been helped. Nu esti singurul in
situatia de a fi fost ajutat.
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PREPOZITII OBLIGATORII
EXERCISES:
1. Insert “to” where necessary before the infinitives in brackets.
1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. She can (sing) quite well. 3.
He will be able (swim) very soon. 4. I used (live) in a caravan. 5. I
want (see) the house where our president was born. 6. He made her
(repeat) the message. 7. May I (use) your phone? 8. You needn’t (ask)
for permission; you can (use) it whenever you like. 9. If you want (get)
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there before dark you should (start) at once. 10. He wouldn’t let my
baby (play) with his gold watch. 11. He made us (wait) for hours. 12.
I’d like him (go) to a university but I can’t (make) him (go).
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glad to have met you. 5. I am very happy to have had the pleasure of
making your acquaintance. 6. The child did not like to be washed. 7.
When Clyde looked at the girl closely, he remembered to have seen
her at IBM company. 8. He is very forgetful, but he doesn’t like to be
reminded of his duties. 9. I am very sorry to have spoilt your mood.
10. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents?
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a moment when hia aunt was feeling much better than usual and asked her
for details of her will.
The old woman told her nephew that she had made a will when she
was a young girl. She was very religious and left all her money to some
religious people in China. She didn’t make any other will.
The next day Hilary found out that when a woman married, an earlier
will lost its value. A new will must be made, the money goes to the nearest
relation. His future was safe.
Hilary badly needed money, he owed a lot to shopkeepers, who
trusted him because his aunt was rich. It was impossible for Hilary to speak
with his aunt about money. She got very bad and got angry when money
was mentioned. One morning she told Hilary that she was going to send for
her lawyer to make a new will. Hilary was afraid that she wanted to leave
all her money to somebody else. So he made a decision. Every night his
aunt took some medicine to make her sleep. Hilary decided to double the
portion. He could put her to sleep forever.
He put some more medicine into the glass. His aunt took the glass
and looked at Hilary. She thanked her nephew and said: “If I am alive
tomorrow, I shall change the will in your favour. If I die tonight, you will
get nothing.”
She explained to her nephew that she had never been married, so her
first will did not lose its value. Hilary tried to take the glass away but the
old lady raised it and drank.
VOCABULARY
to belong to a apartine, a tine de
to fail a nu reusi, a da gres, a uita
unfortunately din nefericire/pacate
therefore de aceea, prin urmare, deci
to be eager to a fi nerabdator sa
to earn a castiga
to book a astepta
passage calatorie pe mare, trecere, cale
to cure a vindeca, a lecui
will vointa, testament
to owe a datora, a fi dator
shopkeeper vanzator
to trust a avea incredere
to be angry a fi suparat
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UNIT 20
151
- dupa anumite verbe cu prepozitii: to agree on - a cadea de acord
sa/asupra, to agree to – a cadea de acord ca, to aim at – a tinti
la/sa, to believe in – a crede in, to consist in – a consta in, to
prevent from – a-i impiedica sa, to succeed in – a reusi in/sa, to
complain of – a se plange de, to depend on - o a depine de, to
thank for – a multumi pentru, to be afraid of – a-i fi frica de, to
think of – a se gandi la, to approve of – a aproba, a accepta, to
rely on – a conta pe etc.
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The Perfect Gerund (Gerundul perfect)
Gerundul perfect este identic ca forma cu participiul perfect: having
come – venind, having been seen – fiind vazut, having solved –
rezolvand.
Gerundul perfect exprima intotdeauna o actiune sau o stare ce a
avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau stari exprimate de verbul
personal:
Comparati:
I like travelling. Imi place sa calatoresc.
cu I’d like to travel to the U.S. As vrea sa merg in Statele Unite.
I remenber seeing him. Imi amintesc faptul ca l-am vazut.
cu Remember to call me tomorrow. Nu uita sa ma suni maine.
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Alte exemple:
EXERCISES:
1. Complete the following sentences by putting the given verbs into
the gerund form:
1.They started (write) the lesson before the teacher came in. 2. I began
(read) a novel yesterday. 3. We don’t like (have) to do homework. 4.
Do you mind (speak) to John and (ask) him to help us? 5. We enjoyed
(see) you and (hear) all your news. 6. We thought of (drive) across
France. We’re rather tired of (go) by train. 7. It has stopped (rain). I
hate (go) out in the rain. 8. I love (eat) oranges, but I dislike (peel)
them. 9. My uncle has given up (smoke) and now prefers (eat) sweets.
10. I hate (practise) (read) aloud without first (learn) the new words.
11. I suggest (do) more sentences on the gerund next time. 12. I began
(look) for the missing papers a few days ago, but now I must stop (try)
to find them.
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would you like me (do) them for you? 12. Do stop (talk); I am trying
(finish) a letter.
4. Fill the gaps with the correct prepositions and put the vers from
brackets into the gerand.
1. Jane Eyre was fond …(read). 2. They accuse him … (have) robbed
the house. 3. She insisted … (join) our group. 4. The poor peasant
thanked Robin Hood heartily … (have) helped him. 5. We were
prevented … (go) to the sea by the bad weather. 6. You have little
chance … (improve) the situation. 7. He persisted … (try) to solve that
difficult problem. 8. We are tired … (say) this so many times. 9. I
don’t have any intention … (interfere) in your affairs. 10. I insist …
(be) told the truth. 11. I object … his (borrow) money from you. 12 I
stretched out my hand to prevent her … (fall).
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TEXT: THE VALUABLE FENCE
(by H.A. Smith)
The Greggs were coming back from their first trip to Europe. On
board the Queen Elizabeth they got acquainted with a Frenchman. His
English was good and soon they got quite friendly. The Frenchman
told the Greggs that he was an artist and his name was Lautisse. He
asked them to keep it a secret. He did not like publicity.
The Greggs didn’t know any artist whose name was Lautisse. So
they talked to the ship’s librarian and found out that their new friend
was the world famous artist whose pictures were very valuable and
expensive. The librarian found a book with a biographical sketch and a
photograph. The sketch said that the artist had retired at fifty-three to a
villa on the Riviera. He said he would never touch a brush again.
Lautisse was going to spend a month in New York. Mrs. Gregg
suggested that he come to their place for the weekend. The artist
accepted the invitation and made them promise not to invite any other
people to their place and not to speak to him about art.
At the appointed time Lautisse arrived at the Greggs and they
were happy to see him. Mr. Gregg and his wife did their best to
entertain the famous artist, but he did not want to go for a swim or
walk in the woods. He wanted to sit and relax.
The next morning Mr. Gregg got up very early as he wanted to
paint the fence around the vegetable garden. He took a brush and was
about to begin painting when Lautisse approached him. As soon as he
saw the brush, he seized it from Mr. Gregg and began painting the
fence.
The same day Lautisse started for New York. Some
correspondents found out about Lautisse’s stay in New York. An
article was published in one of the newspapers saying:
“Mr. Lautisse has spent all his time in New York except for the
weekend at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Gregg. He met the Greggs on
the ship coming from Europe.”
The day after the story appeared, two reporters came to the
Greggs’ place. They wanted to know everything about the stay of the
famous artist at their place. They were shown the fence painted and
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signed by Lautisse. A long article, headlined “Lautisse paints again”,
was published the next day.
The fence turned out to be a valuable thing. It was sold for a big
sum of money. It was taken to a museum. Mr. Gregg could not keep
from laughing when he saw his fence in the museum. The fence was
not worth it.
VOCABULARY
fence gard
to get acquainted with a face cunostinta cu
expensive scump, costisitor
sketch schita
to seize a apuca, a se folosi de
to turn out a se arata, a se dovedi
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UNIT 21
THE CONDITIONALS (Propozitii conditionale)
Propozitia conditionala contine doua parti:
1) principala si 2) secundara, care de obicei, incepe cu “if” (daca)
If he has time, he will help us. Daca el va avea timp, ne va ajuta.
Form:
If + Present Simple + will + base form of the verb.
condition result
Use (intrebuintare):
Type (1) The Conditional is used to express a possible condition
and a probable result. (Conditionalul unul este utilizat pentru a
exprima o conditie posibila si un rezultat probabil)
I will post the letter if you like. (Eu voi expedia scrisoarea daca vrei)
Notes:
1. Notice that future tense is not used in a condition.
If you will leave now, you will catch the train. (This is WRONG –
e gresit)
If you leave now, you will catch the train. (This is RIGHT -
e corect)
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Unless I hear from you, I’ll come at 8.00. (Daca nu am nici o
informatie de la tine, voi veni la 8.00).
b) will can be replaced by another modal verb.( will poate fi
inlocuit cu un alt verb modal).
If you find my money …
I can buy you an ice-cream.
You should give it back to me.
You must tell me immediately.
c) will can be replaced by an imperative
If you like good food, eat at Brown’s restaurant.
d) will can be replaced by another future tense
If it doesn’t rain, I’m going to play tennis.
e) The Present Simple can be replaced by The Present Perfect in
the conditional clause.
If you have finished the exercise, you can do the next one.
TYPE (2)
Form:
If + Past Simple, would + base form of the verb
condition result
Uses (intrebuintare):
Type (2) The Conditional is used to express a hypothetical
(presupus) condition and its probable result.
a) The condition is hypothetical because the speaker knows that
what he or she is saying is improbable or impossible. (Conditia este
presupusa pentru ca vorbitorul stie ca ceea ce spune el sau ea este
improbabil sau imposibil.)
I would lend Mary money if she needed it. (Ia-si imprumuta
Mariei bani daca ar avea nevoie)
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(Implicatia este ca conditia este improbabila, deoarece eu stiu ca ea are
suficienti bani)
If I were a bird, I would fly to you. (Daca as fi pasare as zbura
la tine)
(Implacatia este ca conditia este imposibila pentru ca eu nu sunt
pasare)
NOTES:
1. After “if”, was sometimes changes to “were” (In cazul cand verbul
predicat din partea introdusa de “if” este “be”, se foloseste forma
“were”, la toate persoanele singular si plural)
If Peter were here he would help us. Daca Peter ar fi aici, el ne-
ar ajuta.
2. “Would” can be replaced by another modal verb in the result
clause.
If I stopped smoking, I could run faster.
TYPE (3)
If you had studied hard, you would have passed all the exams.
(Daca ai fi studiat intens ai fi sustinut toate examenele)
If they had studied all the themes, they could have written the test.
(Daca ei ar fi studiat toate temele ei ar fi putut scrie testul)
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Uses (intrebuintare):
All (3) types are impossible ideas, because we know the condition
was not fulfilled, but we like to imagine the result if … (Conditional
trecut de tipul 3 exprima o actiune a carei realizare a depins de
indeplinirea unei conditii:
I should/would have come in time if I had not missed the buss. (As
fi venit la timp daca nu as fi pierdut autobusul.)
He would have come if you had called him. – but he didn’t come!
Why? Because you didn’t call him.
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Let’s suppose he accepted. Sa presupunem ca el accepta.
If only I had a car! Daca macar as avea o masina!
The Zero Conditional expresses conditions that are always true, with
automatic results.
It means when (atunci) cand or whenever (oricand, ori de cate ori).
Flowers die if you don’t water them. (Florile mor daca nu le uzi.)
It is necessary that they should submit the business plan this week.
E necesar ca ei sa prezinte planul de afaceri saptamana aceasta.
He insisted that they should come to the meeting.
El a insistat ca ei sa vina la adunare.
EXERCISES:
1. Read the following sentences and notice carefully the tenses of
the two verbs. Then say what kind of condition each sentence is:
1. They will get wet if it rains. 2. If it rained, I would stay at home. 3.
If you had left earlier, you would have caught the train. 4. If you eat
too much, you will be ill. 5. If I hadn’t told him, he would never have
known. 6. You’ll catch the train if you take a taxi. 7. If you didn’t do
much maths at school, you would find economics difficult. 8. What
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would you do if you lost your job? 9. I would have been in bad trouble
if Jane hadn't helped me.
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5. Write sentences beginning with I wish …
Example: I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely).
I wish I knew more people.
1. I can’t give up smoking (but I’d like to). 2. George isn’t here (and I
need him). 3. I haven’t any pens (and I need one). 4. It’s cold (and I
hate cold weather). 5. Mary can’t go to the party (she’s your best
friend). 6. I have to work tomorrow (but I like to stay in bed). 7. I
don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). 8.
I’m not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s a pity).
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TEXT: “CHEWING GUM”
We all know about chewing gum. It’s the sweet substance people
buy just to chew but not swallow.
History tells us that the man most responsible for chewing gum
was Mexican dictator, General Antonio Lopez Santa Ana. He was the
General who defeated the Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio, one
hundred fifty years ago.
A few months after that famous battle, Santa Ana was captured
and permitted to return home to Mexico.
Instead of going straight home, the General took the long way –
east to New York City. He took with him a large amount of a strange
material called chicle. It was the dried juice of a tree found in the
jungles of Mexico and Central America. General Santa Ana met a man
named Thomas Adams. Mister Adams agreed to experiment with
chicle. But after many weeks he admitted failure. He looked for the
General to tell him the sad news, but he learned that Santa Ana had
gone back home to Mexico.
Huge amounts of chicle remained. And Adams wondered what to
do with it.
One day, Adams was in a store when he saw a little girl buy a
piece of wax to chew. Adams had seen the General break off small
pieces of chicle from time to time and chew it. He told the store owner
that he had something better than wax and he made several hundred
little balls of chicle.
The store owner sold them all and asked for more.
Adams sent to Mexico for more chicle. And the chewing gum
industry was born.
One of the early chewing gum makers was Wiliam White, a
popcorn salesman. Chewing gum made him a rich man. It also made
him famous enough to be elected to Congress.
Once, during a visit to England, William White was presented to
King Edward the seventh. White gave the King a box of chewing gum
and urged him to try it right there and then.
The surprised King Edward accepted the gum, but refused to
chew it before his guests.
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Many stories were spread about chewing gum in the early days.
Some warned it was dangerous. It swallowed, they said, the gum
would make the intestines stick together. And painful death would
follow.
Some Americans use “chewing gum” in a funny expression to
joke about someone’s lack of intelligence. They say the person does
not have the mental ability to walk and chew gum at the same time.
VOCABULRY
chewing gum guma de mestecat
to swallow a inghiti
chicle guma de mestecat
failure esec, nereusita
wax ceara
to warn a avertiza
painful dureros, greu
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UNIT 22
The more we work, the more we get. Cu cat mai mult lucram, cu
atat mai mult primim.
The easier the text is, the quicker we translate it. Cu cat textul este
mai usor, cu atat mai repede il traducem.
They are to start this project at the end of the month. Ei trebuie sa
inceapa acest proiect la sfarsitul lunii.
In cazul cand verbul “to be” este urmat de asemenea verbe ca to see,
to observe, to notice, to find, to feel etc, la diateza pasiva, traducerea
in romana se face prin “poate fi”, sau “se poate”:
His aim is to prove that his material is the best. Scopul lui este de a
demonstra ca metoda sa este cea mai buna.
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Anumite dificultati poate crea imbinari to fail + infinitiv. In romaneste
traducerea se efectuaza prin forma negativa a verbului predicat la timpul
respectiv:
They failed to understand us. Ei n-au reusit sa ne inteleaga. (Ei nu ne-au
inteles)
CONJUCTIONS (Conjunctiile)
Exista doua feluri de conjunctii: conjunctii coordonatoare, care leaga doi
termeni de acelasi fel; conjunctii subordonatoare, care leaga o propozitie
regenta de o subordonata.
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2. Conjunctii coordonatoare (corelative)
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EXERCISES:
1. Translate into Romanian
1. The more we learn English, the better we know it. 2. Our aim is to
know English well. 3. The sooner he comes, the better. 4. You are to
come at nine next time. 5. The seminar is to begin at 3 p.m. 6. She
failed to come on time. 7. Both John and Mary study French. 8. We
must take either English or French this year. 9. Neither Peter nor Paul
participate in the conference. 10. He is not only a good scientist, but
also a good teacher. 11. You must do this job whether you like it or
not. 12. She talked about London as if she had lived there. 13. As soon
as you arrive in Paris, give us a call. 14. As far as I know, this team is
not involved in the Energy Project. 15. John knows French as well as
Mary does. 16. As long as we work here, we shall deal with this
problem. 17. In order to translate the text, use the dictionary. 18. She
plays both tennis and badminton. 19. That’s neither interesting nor
true. 20. I like living both in the country and in the city.
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Differences between American English and British English
171
post code zip code
to put through to connect
No fixed rules: spirits liquor
dispatch/despatch shop store
realise/realize subway underpass
utilise/utilize number plate licence plate
to ring up to call up
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IRREGULAR VERBS (Verbe neregulate sau “tari”)
Infinitive Past Simple Participle II
to be was/were been
to bear bore born
to become became become
to begin began begun
to bleed bled bled
to blow blew blown
to break broke broken
to bring brought brought
to build built built
to burn burnt burnt
to burst burst burst
to buy bought bought
to catch caught caught
to choose chose chosen
to come came come
to cost cost cost
to cut cut cut
to deal dealt dealt
to dig dug dug
to do did done
to draw drew drawn
to dream dreamt dreamt
to drink drank drunk
to drive drove driven
to eat ate eaten
to fall fell fallen
to feed fed fed
to feel felt felt
to find found found
to fly flew flown
to forget forgot forgotten
to freeze froze frozen
to get got got
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to give gave given
to go went gone
to grow grew grown
to hang hung hung
to have had had
to hear heard heard
to hide hid hidden
to hold held held
to hurt hurt hurt
to keep kept kept
to kneel knelt knelt
to know knew known
to lay laid laid
to lead led led
to learn learnt learnt
to leave left left
to lend lent lent
to let let let
to lie lay lain
to light lit lit
to lose lost lost
to make made made
to mean meant meant
to meet met met
to pay paid paid
to put put put
to read read [red] read [red]
to rend rent rent
to ride rode ridden
to ring rang rung
to rise rose risen
to run ran run
to say said said
to see saw seen
to seek sought sought
to sell sold sold
to send sent sent
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to set set set
to shake shook shaken
to shine shone shone
to shoot shot shot
to show showed shown
to shut shut shut
to sing sang sung
to sit sat sat
to sleep slept slept
to smell smelt smelt
to speak spoke spoken
to spell spelt spelt
to spend spent spent
to steal stole stolen
to stick stuck stuck
to strike struck struck
to swear swore sworn
to sweep swept swept
to swim swam swum
to take took taken
to teach taught taught
to tell told told
to think thought thought
to throw threw thrown
to understand understood understood
to wake woke woken
to wear wore worn
to win won won
to wind wound wound
to withdraw withdrew withdrawn
to write wrote written
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HURRAY !!!
I AM A WINNER, BECAUSE I KNOW
ENGLISH.
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