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1) A 2 nF capacitor is to be charged by placing it in series with a 1 M Ω resistor and connecting the circuit
to the terminals of a 12 V battery. Determine: (a) the final charge on the capacitor; (b) the time constant of
the circuit; (c) the initial current in the circuit; (d) the circuits 'half-life'; (d) the time required for the charge
to reach 90% of its final value.
Solution: The circuit is a shown. We close the switch at time t = 0. The time i(t)
characteristics of the circuit are determined solely by the resistance and
capacitance values. Thus we have: S
12V
1M Ω
τ (time constant) = RC = (2 x 10-9)(1 x 106) = 2 m sec.
2 nf +
T 1/2 (half-life) = .693 τ = 1.386 m sec.
We analyze the circuit first from a 'physical' perspective. That is, let's ask ourselves what we expect to
happen? The quantities of interest are q(t) the charge on the capacitor; vc(t) the potential difference across
the capacitor; i(t) the current in the circuit; and vR(t) the potential difference across the resistor. We know
the following:
q(t): The charge on the capacitor starts (t=0) at zero, and builds up to a final value. Hence, the potential
difference across C starts at 0 and builds up to a final value.
i(t): The current in the circuit disappears when the capacitor is fully charged. Thus i(t) starts at some initial
value Io and goes to 0. The potential difference across R behaves the same as i(t).
Since i( ∞ )= 0, then vR( ∞ ) = 0, and the entire 12 V is across the capacitor. Thus: vc( ∞ ) = 12 V, and
q( ∞ ) = Qf = Cvc( ∞ ) = 24 n C. Since q(t=0) = 0 then vc(0) = 0 and vR(0) = 12 V. Hence Io = i(t=0) =
12/R = 12 µ A.
Making a table, we can now fill in the values of the physical quantities of interest at the four key times: 0,
T1/2 , τ , and ∞ .
The shape of the curves describing these variables can now plotted, and their corresponding mathematical
functions can be written down:
q(t)
q(t) = Qf {1 - exp(- t/ τ )} = (24 nC){1 - exp[-t/(2x10-3)]
Q f
q(t)
Time
i(t)
-3
i(t) = Io exp(- t/τ ) = (12 A) exp[-t/(2x10 )]
i(t)
Time
The variable vc(t) has the same shape as q(t) since vc(t) = (1/C) q(t), and vR(t) has the same shape as i(t)
since VR(t) = R i(t) .
Let us calculate (for practice) the values of these functions at some time other than the 4 key times.
Consider time t' = 1 m sec. We would have: t'/τ = (1 msec)/(2 msec) = .5 and
q(t') = (24 nC){1 - exp(-.5)} = (24 nC){1 -.6065} = (24 nC)(.3935) = 9.44 nC
We have calculated all desired quantities but one. We are asked for the time required for the charge to
reach 90% of its final value. Calling this time t', we have:
We first 'flip-over' this equation: 10 = exp(+t'/τ ). Now take the natural log of both sides: ln 10 = t'/τ
t' = (ln 10) τ . We need a calculator for this calculation.
We analyze the circuit first from a 'physical' perspective. That is, let's ask ourselves what we expect to
happen? The quantities of interest are i(t) the current in the circuit; and vR(t) the potential difference across
the resistor; the back emf in the coil, E = L di/dt. (If we wish, we can include the 'rate of change of the
current' as a 4th variable. We know the following: the final state (steady state) situation, is that there is a
(constant) dc current If in the circuit, and the back emf of the coil has disappeared. Hence:
E (t): The back emf starts (t=0) at Vo, and decreases to a final value of zero. This is the same as vL(t), the
potential difference across L.
i(t): The current in the circuit starts at 0 and builds up to a final value I f. The potential difference across R
behaves the same as i(t).
di/dt: Behaves the same as the back emf (they are proportional). Thus this starts at a maximum value and
decreases to zero.
Since i( ∞ )= If, then vR( ∞ ) = IfR = the entire 12 V is across the resisitor. Thus: If = 12/100 = .12 A. Since
i(t=0) = 0 then vR(0) = 0 and vL(0) = 12 V. Hence di/dt @ t=0 = 12/L = 24 A/sec.
Making a table, we can now fill in the values of the physical quantities of interest at the four key times: 0,
T1/2 , τ , and ∞ .
The shape of the curves describing these variables can now plotted, and their corresponding mathematical
functions can be written down:
E(t)
E (t) = Vo exp(- t/ τ ) = (12 V) exp[-t/(5x10-3)]
E(t)
Time
i(t)
i(t) = If {1 - exp(- t/τ )} = (.12 A){1 - exp[-t/(5x10-3)]
I f
i(t)
Time
The variable di/dt(t) has the same shape as E(t) since di/dt = E /L, and vR(t) has the same shape as i(t)
since VR(t) = R i(t) .
Let us calculate (for practice) the values of these functions at some time other than the 4 key times.
Consider time t' = 1 m sec. We would have: t'/τ = (1 msec)/(5 msec) = .2 and
i(t') = (.12 A){1 - exp(-.2)} = (.12 A){1 -.8187} = (.12 A)(.1813) = .022 A; VR(t') = R i(t') = 2.2 V
E (t') = Vo exp(-.2) = (12 V)(.8187) = 9.83 V; {di/dt}(t') = E(t')/L = (9.83 )/(.5) = 19.7 A/sec
We have calculated all desired quantities. Note that we are asked for the values of the current and emf at
time t= 5 msec after the switch is closed. It just happens that this particular time is, in fact, the time
constant L/R. Hence, the answers are given in the table above.
3) A 2µf capacitor is charged by attaching it to a 12 Volt supply. After becoming fully charged the
capacitor is then connected through a switch to a 10 Ω resistor. If the switch is closed at time t = 0,
determine: a) the time constant and half-life of the circuit b) The initial current in the circuit, c) the
current in the circuit when the charge on the capacitor is 1/4th its initial value.
Solution: The circuit is a shown. We close the switch at time t = 0. The time
characteristics of the circuit are determined solely by the resistance and i(t)
capacitance values. Thus we have: S
+ 2 µf
τ (time constant) = RC = (2 x 10-6)(10) = 20 µ sec. 10 Ω
We analyze the circuit first from a 'physical' perspective. That is, let's ask ourselves what we expect to
happen? The quantities of interest are q(t) the charge on the capacitor; vc(t) the potential difference across
the capacitor; i(t) the current in the circuit; and vR(t) the potential difference across the resistor. We know
the following:
q(t): The charge on the capacitor starts (t=0) at Q0, and drops to a final value of zero. Hence, the potential
difference across C starts at V0 and drops to a final value of zero.
i(t): The current in the circuit disappears when the capacitor is fully charged. Thus i(t) starts at some initial
value Io and goes to 0. The potential difference across R behaves the same as i(t).
Since the voltage across the capacitor is equal to the voltage across the resistor at all times, we have: Q 0 =
C V0 = (2 µf)(12 V) = 24 µC. The initial current is then: I0 = V0/R = 1.2 A.
Making a table, we can now fill in the values of the physical quantities of interest at the four key times: 0,
T1/2 , τ , and ∞ .
The shape of the curves describing these variables can now plotted, and their corresponding mathematical
functions can be written down:
q(t)
q(t) = Qo exp(- t/ τ )} = (24 nC) exp[-t/(20x10-6)]
q(t)
Time
i(t)
-6
i(t) = Io exp(- t/τ ) = (1.2 A) exp[-t/(20x10 )]
i(t)
Time
The variable vc(t) has the same shape as q(t) since vc(t) = (1/C) q(t), and vR(t) has the same shape as i(t)
since VR(t) = R i(t) .
Let us calculate (for practice) the values of these functions at some time other than the 4 key times.
Consider time t' = 10 µ sec. We would have: t'/τ = (10 µsec)/(20 µsec) = .5 and
q(t') = (24 nC) exp(-.5)} = (24 nC)(.6065) = 14.556 µC; VC(t') = (1/C) q(t') = 7.25 V
i(t') = Io exp(-.5) = (1.2 µ A)(.6065) = .7278 A; V R(t') = R i(t') = (10 Ω )(.7278 µ A) = 7.278
V
In order to calculate the current for a given value of the charge we turn to the Differential Equation. Once
the switch is closed, the potential differences across the capacitor and resistor are the same:
Hence, when the current is 1/4th its original value (6 µC), the current is [1/(20 µsec)] (6 µC) = .3 A .
We can also determine this result another way. Since 1/4 = (1/2)(1/2) then the time at which this occurs is
twice the half-life. Hence, the current is also 1/4th of its original value.
4) A solenoid consists of 100 turns, each or area 10 cm2. The length of the solenoid is 15 cm. What is the
self-inductance of this solenoid?
Solution: The field of a solenoid is B = µ o n I where 'n' is the number of turns per unit length. That is: n
= N/L . If the current is varying in the solenoid, then an induced Emf occurs. From Faraday's Law we have:
(We write the current as ' i ' since it is time varying.) Thus:
Solution: The circuit is a shown. We close the switch at time t = 0. The time
characteristics of the circuit are determined solely by the resistance and i(t)
capacitance values. Thus we have: S
+ 20 µ f
τ (time constant) = RC = (5 x 103)(2 x 10-6) = 10 x 10 -3 = .01 sec 5k Ω
The initial charge on the capacitor is Q 0 = CV = (20 µ)(200) = 4000 µC = 4 mC. At the instant the
switch is thrown the voltage across the resistor is 200 Volts. Hence, I 0 = 200/5000 = .04 A .(Ans. b)
q(t)
q(t) = Qo exp(- t/ τ )} = (4 mC) exp[-t/.01]
q(t)
Time
i(t)
Time