ANSWER SCHEME

TOPIC : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE

What is meant by Statement

1. Physical quantity Physical characteristic that can be measured

2. Base quantities
3. Derived Quantities
4. Scalar quantities
Quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other base quantities
Quantities that obtained by combining base quantities by
multiplication, division or both these operations
Quantities that have magnitude but no direction

5. Vector quantities Quantities that have both magnitude and direction

6. Accuracy How close the measurement made is to the actual value

5. Sensitivity Ability to detect a small change in the quantity to be measured

How little deviation there is among the measurements made when a

6. Consistency
quantity is measured several times

7. Zero error Error due to the pointer does not return to zero when not in use

SKILL 2 : UNDERSTANDING

Question 1
Accuracy is the ability of the instrument to give readings close to the actual value.
The value determined is accurate if it is near to the actual value
The consistency of a measuring instrument is the ability of instrument to record consistent readings for
each measurement with little deviation among readings.
The measurement is consistent if the values determined are close to each other.

Question 2

(a) To transfer heat faster from surroundings to the mercury

(b) mercury does not vaporize/ conducts heat well/ does not wet the sides of the tube/ thread
opaque

Question 3
(i) No
 (ii) the reading from Student 2 and 3 out of range (0-3V).

SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION

Question 1

(a) ampere or A
[1 mark]

(b) Figure 1(a), reading of ammeter is 0.9 A and Figure 1(b), reading of ammeter is 0.75 A.
Reading in Figure 1 (a) has one decimal place, reading in Figure 1(b) has two decimal places
Ammeter in Figure 1(b) has more divisions in scale than in diagram 1(a)
Ammeter in Figure 1(b) can detect a smaller change than in diagram 1 (a)
Concept : sensitivity
[5 marks]

SKILL 4 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUALITATIVE

Question 1

(a) i) External diameter

ii) Internal diameter [2 marks]

(b) Diagram 1 = 2.03 cm

Diagram 2 = 1.70 cm [2marks]

(c) Thickness of the glass = 2.03 cm -1.70 cm / 2

= 0.165 cm [2 marks]

(d) The zero error has to be subtracted from both the external and internal diameter
In determining the thickness of the glass, the internal diameter is subtracted from the external
diameter, thus the zero error will cancel out
[2 marks]

Question 2

Characteristics/ ways/design Reason

i) Casing is made from soft To reduce impulsive force

material
Transparent covering is made
from softer plastic
ii) Increase the divisions in the
scale
Take a few reading and calculate
the average
iii) Casing is made from lower
density material
To reduce impulsive force
To detect smaller change in
reading
To obtain more accurate
reading
Lighter to carry around
SKILL 5 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUANTITATIVE

Question 1

(i) volume = 15cm x 20cm x 30 cm

= 9000 cm3 [2 marks]
= 9.0 x 103 cm3

(ii) volume = 9.0 x 103 cm3

= 9.0 x 10-3 m3. [2 marks]

(iii) Density = mass / volume

= 15 kg / 9.0 x 10-3 m3
= 1.67 x 103 kg m-3 [2 marks]

Question 2

(i) Thickness = 0.06 mm

= 0.06 x 10-3 m [1 mark]

(ii) Area = 20 cm x 10 cm
= 20 cm2
= 20 x 10-4 m2 [3marks]

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING

Question 1
.
Characteristic Reason

Small range of measurement The estimate measurement is within a few mm only

Small division on scale Can give accurate reading

High sensitivity Can detect small change in measurement

No parallax error To obtain more accurate reading

Decision : M It has small range of measurement, small division

on scale, high sensitivity, and no parallax error
Question 2

- The length of the rope is approximately same as the length needed 2

so that the length is not too long or too short.

- The density of the rope has to be small 2

to make it light
2
- The snapping force is larger
to ensure that the rope is not easily break.
2
- The diameter of the rope must smaller
Occupy a smaller space
2
- The best choice is K because the length is approximately the same as
needed, low density, snapping force is bigger than the load and
Smaller diameter

TOPIC 2 : FORCE AND MOTION

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE

TOPIC : Force and Motion

What is meant by Statement

1. Linear motion Motion along a straight line

2. Scalar quantity A physical quantity which has only magnitude

3. Vector quantity A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction

4. Velocity The rate of change of displacement

5. Speed The rate of change of distance

6. Acceleration The rate of change of velocity

7. Distance The total length of the path travelled

8. Displacement Displacement is the shortest distance from one point to another

point along a specific direction

9. Inertia The tendency of an object to resist change to its state of rest or

motion.

10. Newton’s First law An object will remain at rest or motion with uniform velocity
along a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external
 What is meant by Statement
force.

11. Newton’s Second law The net force on an object is proportional to the rate of change
in momentum.

12. Newton’s Third law To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
.
13. Momentum The product of mass and velocity of an object

14. Principle of The total momentum of a system is constant if no external

conservation of forces act on the system.
momentum

15. Force A push or a pull that can change the size, shape or velocity of
an object.

16. Impulse Change of momentum.

17. Impulsive force A large force that acts for a short period of time during a
collision or explosion

18. Weight The force of gravity which is exerted on it by earth.

19. Mass The amount of matter in the object.

20. Free fall Free fall occurs when an object falling under the force of
gravity only without being affected by any other external
forces.
.
21. Work The product of force and the displacement along the direction
of the force

22. Energy The capacity to do work.

23. Gravitational field The region in which an object experiences a force due to
gravitational attraction.

24. Potential energy The Potential Energy of an object is the energy stored in the
object because of its position or state.

25. Elastic potential energy The energy of an object when it is stretched or compressed

26. Kinetic energy The energy of an object due to its motion

27. The principle of Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed

conservation of energy from one form to another, but the total energy in a closed
system is constant.

Power The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

 What is meant by Statement
28. Elasticity The property of an object that enables it to return to its original
shape and dimensions (size) after an applied external force is
removed.

29. Hooke’s law The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the

30. Elastic limit
31. Force constant (spring
constant)
stretching force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
The elastic limit of a spring is the maximum stretching force
which can be applied to the spring before it ceases to be
elastic.
The force constant of a spring is the force per unit extension.

SKILL 2 : UNDERSTANDING

No Answers Mark
When the boy jumps onto the river bank, his momentum is forward. 1
Using the Principle of conservation of momentum, 1
1
the total momentum before and after jumping is equal. 1
The boat moves backward to balance the forward momentum. 1
- Fuel burns in the combustion chamber 1
- Hot gases expelled at high speed backwards 1
- A large backwards momentum is produced 1
2
- In accordance to the principle of conservation of momentum, The rocket 1
gains forwards momentum of equal magnitude

- There are two types of force 1

3 - Attraction and repulsive force between the particles of the solid.

- When the solid is stretched, the molecules displaced away from each other 1

- Attractive forces are acting to oppose the stretching 1

- When the solid is compressed, the molecules displaced closer to each other 1

- Repulsive forces are acting to oppose the compression 1

4 - The inertia of lorry and load is very big when it is moving 1

- The separate compartments make the load divided into smaller mass, thus
reducing the ineatia of each unit. 1
- The momentum of lorry and load is very big when it is moving and
produce abigger impulsive force. 1
- The steel structure will prevent the loads from smashing into the driver’s
compartment during emergency braking. 1
SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION

QUESTION Answer Marks

(a) Mass x velocity 1
(b) Table 1.1 : Momentum of A and B before collision = 2.7
Momentum of A and B after collision = 2.7 1
1
Table 1.2 : Momentum of A and B before collision = 0.42
Momentum of A and B after collision = 0.42 1
(c) (i) Total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision 1
(ii) Total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision 1
(iii) Principle of conservation of momentum 1

(a) Mass x velocity 1

2 (b) (i) The gas and the jet plane move in opposite directions 1
(ii) The momentum of the gas and the momentum of the jet plane have equal 1
magnitudes.
(iii) Both the momentum = 0 1
(iv) Principle of conservation of momentum 1
The total momentum is conserved if there are no external forces 1

3 (a) Change of momentum 1

(b)(i) force on the eggs that strike Surface A is smaller. 1
(ii) the time of impact of the eggs on Surface A is longer. 1
(iii) When the time of impact is shorter the force produced in a collision is 1
bigger 1
(iv)
(c) sponge, pillow 1
Realise pile hammer from maximum height. 1
Produce bigger impulse during the collision
4 .a) Product of mass and velocity 1
b) Mass of air discharged in diagram 4.2 > diagram 4.1 1
Balloon B has bigger velocity. 1
When the mass of air discharged increased, the velocity of the balloon also
increased. 1
The direction of the balloon movement is opposite to the direction of air
discharged. 1
The Principle of conservation of momentum. 1
(a) Displacement divided by time 1

(b) Mass is higher // inertia is higher 1

(c ) (i) Mass of top 1 is higher

1
(ii) time of rotating for top 1 is longer
5
1
(iii) the higher he mass the longer the time of rotating
1
(d) The higher the mass the longer the inertia

(e) 1. Increase the mass 1

2. Use greater spinning force
SKILL 4 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUALITATIVE

The compression of the spring is directly proportional to the load 1

(i)
Exceed the elastic limit of the spring/ Spring does not return to its original 1
(ii) condition after the applied force has been removed.
1
Connect the spring in parallel 2
(iii) Use spring with larger spring constant.
Use spring with smaller diameter.

Suggested safety features Reasons

The bonnet should be long and - will increase the stopping time so
2
easily crumpled during collisions as to decrease the impulsive force
2

2
Passenger compartment must be - so that the compartment is not 2
built with strong and reinforced easily crumpled and the
frame passengers are safe during a 2
collisions
Any
2 other
reason
Air bag that can be inflated - the air bag acts as cushion to able
within a split of a second is fitted prevent the driver being thrown sugges
inside the steering. forward during a collision. Also tions
increases time to stop. This and
reduces the impulsive force reason
s
Broads safety seat belts - to prevent passengers from
hitting into the windscreen.

The body of the car must be low as - So that the car is more stable and
possible and is fitted with board not easily toppled when taking
base the corners
tyres .
SKILL 5 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUANTITATIVE

QUESTION ANSWER MARK

Distance = 20 x 5 2
(i)
= 100 m
(ii) 500 N 2
1
a = F / m = -500 2
(iii) 800
-2
= -25 ms

The spring constant = gradient of the graph 3

-1
(a) For P , spring constant = 8 / 0.5 = 16 N cm
-1
For Q , spring constant = 3 / 0.5 = 6 Ncm
2
2
(b) Elastic potential energy = ½ x 8 x 0.5 x 10
-2

=0.02 J
Elastic potential energy 1
3 (i)
F 3.6 1
k , k
(ii) x 4
k = 0.9 N cm-1
E = ½ Fx 2
(iii) = ½ x 3.6 x 4/100
= 0.072 J
5 2
x
(iv) 0.9
l = 12 – 5.56 = 6.44 cm
i 72 x 1000
3600 1
72 kmh-1 = = 20 ms-1
4
Impulse = mv –mu 1
= 0 – (800 x 20) 1
= 16000 Ns Ans + unit
ii. 16000
1
Impulsive force = 0.2 1
= 80000 N
(a) 500N 1

(b) (i) 200 sin 300 N (ii) 200 cos 300 N 1+1

© (i) 200 cos 300 = 173.2N 1

5 (ii) 173.2N = 50 a 1
a = 3.464 m s-2
1
(d) 500 + 200sin 300 = 600 N

(e) Because the total force acting perpendicular to the floor is smaller. 1
QUESTION ANSWER MARK

(a) (i) 400 N 1

(ii) 40 N 1
(b) In situation (i) 1
6
(c) the longer the time of impact, the bigger the impulsive force. 1

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING

QUESTION MA
NO.
ANSWER
RK
Characteristics Explanation
High spring constant Stiffer, more potential energy stored and
converted to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy
provided pushes the competitors higher up in 2
the air.
(i) Steel frame Stronger, can support the competitor
2
More coiled springs Allows for higher bounces and more
1 complicated stunts. 2

Q is chosen because it has the highest spring constant, it is made of steel and has 2
the most number of coiled spring.

1. Jump harder/ push harder 1

(ii)
2. To increase reactive force/ to store more energy 1

Total 10

Characteristic Reasons
Density of the material must be small To make the landing pad lighter / 1+1
easier to carry 1+1
Elasticity must be high Lengthen the time of impact to reduce 1+1
the impulsive force 1+1
Thickness must be thick Better absorb the impact // to reduce 1
the impulsive force 1
Air absorption must be high Release and absorb the air easily
2

- the most suitable material is R

Because its density is low, elasticity is high, it is thick and high absorption of air
suitability Reason 1
small enough space for the spring to be 1
3 diameter installed
High elastic 1
limit can support motorcylist up to 100kg 1

1
 higher spring 1
constant small compression of the spring
1
small natural 1
frequency
to reduce bumping 1
1
D , because has a small diameter , highest elastic limit ,highest spring constant and
small natural frequency

4 (a) 5N 1

(b) (i) T1 = 4.16N 2

(ii) T2 = 3.13 N 2

(c) Picture in figure (a) because, the tension of the string is higher 2

Miscellaneous

1 F2 = 10 cos 30oN
= 10 (0.866) N
= 8.66 N

2
F

3 The trolleys move off separately in opposite directions.

TOPIC : FORCE AND PRESSURE
SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE

Force 1
1. Pressure is force acting normally per unit area // P
Area
2. Density is the mass per volume 1

3. Pascal’s Principle states that pressure exerted on an enclosed liquid 1

is transmitted equally through the liquid

4. Archimedes’ Principle states that, an object which is completely or 1

partially immersed in a fluid, is acted on by a buoyant force, which
is equal to weight of the fluid displaced.

5. Bernoulli’s Principle states that, in a steady flow of a fluid, the 1

pressure of the fluid decreases when the velocity of the fluid
increases.

SKILL 2 : UNDERSTANDING
1 (a) Archimedes Principle 1
(b) 1. Total density of ship < density of water 1
2. Buoyant Force = Total weight of ship 1

(c) (i) To ensure the ship will not be overload // ensure the safety of ship 1
(ii) To enable the ship to travel safely in different densities of sea water 1

SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION
1. (a) Mass divide by volume 1

(b) (i) Density sphere A less than B 1

(ii) Weight A less than B 1

(iii) The weight of water displaced by A less than B 1

(iv) Larger weight of sphere, displaced bigger weight of water 1

(v) Weight of water displaced = upthrust // 1

When the weight of water displaced increase, upthrust increase

(c) Archimedes’ principle 1

(d) Submarine 1
SKILL 4 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUALITATIVE

Modification Explanation
Cylinder with a bigger bulb to avoid overturn

bulb with lead shots at the bottom to avoid overturn

small capillary tube small reading scale can be incorporated

the stem can stil visible in avery low density of
longer stem liquid

The hydrometer float in alcohol, mark the liquid level (upper level)

The hydrometer float in higher

density liquid, mark the liquid level (lower level)

SKILL 5 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUANTITATIVE

(e) (i) Volume of water displaced = Volume of wooden block

=m
ρ
3
= 1
800
= 3.75 x 10-3 m3 1

(ii) Weight of load + Weight of wooden block = weight of water displaced

Weight of load + Weight of wooden block = ρ V g
Weight of load + (3 x 10) = 1000 x 3.75 x 10-3 x 10
Weight of load + (3 x 10) = 37.5
Weight of load = 37.5 – 30 1
= 7.5 N 1
Mass of load = 0.75 kg 1
SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING
1
Characteristics Reason
Streamlined shape To reduce water resistance
High strength of metal To withstand high water pressure
Wide base cross section So that ship can float//prevent from
area overturn // ship more stable // ship
not sink deeper
High volume of air space Produce air buoyant force// ship can
in the ship float
Structure P Streamlined shape, High strength of
metal, Wide base cross section area,
High volume of air space in the ship

TOPIC : HEAT

SKILL 1 : KNOWLEDGE

What is meant by Statement

1. Heat
Heat is a form of energy

2. Temperature Temperature is the degree.of hotness of a body

Thermal equilibrium is reach when the net rate of heat transfer between the
3. Thermal
two bodies is zero and its reach the same temperature.
equilibrium

Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to increase

4. Specific heat the temperature of a mass of 1 kg by 1° C or 1° K.
Capacity , c
c= Q , SI unit for c = J kg-1° C-1
mθ

Specific latent heat of fusion is defined as the quantity of heat energy

5. Specific latent required to change 1 kg of a substance from the solid state to the liquid state,
Heat of fusion without a change in temperature

Lf= Q , SI unit for L= J kg-1

m

6. Specific latent Specific latent heat of vaporization is defined as the quantity of heat energy
heat of required to change 1 kg of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous
vaporization state, without change in temperature
Lw= Q , SI unit for L= J kg-1
m
 Boyle’s Law states that for a fixed mass, at constant temperature, the
7. Boyle’s Law
pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Charle’s Law states that for a fixed mass at constant presure, the volume of
8.Charle’s Law
gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

Pressure Law states that for a fixed mass at constant volume, the pressure of
9. Pressure Law
gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. .

SKILL 2 : UNDERSTANDING

No Answers Mark
Thermometer is placed in the mouth of patient, 1
Heat is transferred from patient’s body to the thermometer 1
1 Thermal equilibrium between the thermometer and patient’s body is reached when 1
the net rate of heat transfer is zero.
The thermometer reading shows the temperature of the patient’s body. 1

No Answers Mark
During the day,the land and the sea receive the same amount of heat from the sun.
1
Water has a higher specific capacity than the land 1
2
The land is heated to a higher temperature than the sea/The density of the air above 1
the sea is higher than the density of the air above the land.
The air above the land flows up and the air above the sea flows towards the land. 1

SKILL 3 : CONCEPTUALIZATION

QUESTION ANSWER MARK

1. Air molecules are in continuous random motion. 4
2. Air molecules collide with the wall of the glass tube and
bounces back.
(a)
3. This result in change in momentum and a force is exerted on the
wall.
4. Force per unit area is the pressure of the air.
1 (b) i Length of trapped air in condition Q is higher than in condition P. 1
ii Volume of trapped air in condition Q is higher than in condition P 1
iii Pressure in condition P is bigger than that in condition Q. 1
(c) i Length of trapped air is directly proportional to the volume of trapped air. 1
ii The volume of trapped air is inversely proportional with pressure 1
(d) Boyle’s law. 1
QUESTION ANSWER MARK
(a)i The quantity of heat in water and cooking oil is equal 1
Ii The temperature of the water is lower than the temperature of the cooking oil 1
2 (b) i Specific heat capacity 1
The higher the specific heat capacity of a material,the rate of increase of 1
ii
temperature slower.

SKILL 4 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUALITATIVE

QUESTION
Lower fixed point 1
The thermometer is placed in pure melting ice
When the mercury level is steady, its position in glass stem of 1
the thermometer is marked as 0oC .
Upper fixed point
The thermometer is placed in a container that is surrounded by steam of boiling 1
(i) water at ordinary atmospheric pressure
When the mercury level is steady, its position on the glass stem of the thermometer 1
is marked as 100oC .
1
The distance on the stem of the thermometer between 0oC and 100oC is measured, 1
then divided equally into 100 parts. (Each part represents 1oC) 1

L - Lo x 100 oC 1
L100 - Lo

(ii) = 10.0 - 2.5 x 100 oC 1

13.8 – 2.5
1
= 66.37 oC
Heat is absorbed by the metal block
(i)
1
The rate of heat flows between metal block and the water is the same. 1
(ii) The water and the metal block achieve thermal equilibrium. 1
2
mwater x cwater x θwater = mmetal block x cmetal block x θmetal block
cmetal block = 0.1 x 4200 x (48-28) 1
(iii) 0.5 x (48-28) 1
= 840 J kg-1 C-1

QUESTIO
MA
N ANSWER
RK
NO.
 Modifications Reason
2
thermometer is made from so that it is not easily broken
transparent glass that is strong
the thermometric liquid chosen is because it easily expands 2
mercury uniformly
(i) the capillary tube is made narrow so that it is more sensitive 2
3 and thin
the shape of the thermometer is so that it has a magnifying effect
round 2
the thermometer is placed in the thermometer is placed in
melting ice to obtain the lower steam from boiling water to 2
point obtain the upper point

Total 10

SKILL 5 : PROBLEM SOLVING – QUANTITATIVE

QUESTIO MAR
ANSWER
N K
P = Patm + Pwater 1
(i) = 10 + 0.5
= 10.5 m water
P1V1 = P2V2 1
V1 = P2V2
1
P1
(ii) = 10.5 x 0.5
10
= 0.525 cm3
1

Pt
L =
m
= 0.1 x 10 3 x 156
(a) 1
0.05
= 312000 J kg-1
1
2
t = 72 s (from graph) 1

c = Pt
(b) mθ 1
= 0.1 x 10 3 x 72
0.05 x 140
= 1028.57 J kg-1 °C
QUESTIO MAR
ANSWER
N K
1

SKILL 6 : DECISION MAKING

QUESTIO
MA
N ANSWER
RK
NO.

Characteristics Explanation
High boiling point It will not boil easily when absorbing heat 2
from the engine
Low freezing point It will not freeze during cold weather//can flow
at low temperature 2
High specific heat It can transfer a big quantity of heat with small
(i) capacity rise in temperature 2
1 A low ability to react The metal parts of the engine will not corrode
with metals easily
2
K is the most suitable liquid
Because of its low freezing point, high boiling point, high specific of heat capacity
1
and low ability to react with metals
1
Total 10

QUESTIO
MA
N ANSWER
RK
NO.

Characteristics Explanation
Low specific heat capacity Easy get cold // becomes cool quickly
of ice cream box 2

Smaller size of ice cream Easier to carry // easy too become cool 2
(i) box R is
2 Plastic PVC Poor conductor of heat chosen 2
Bright colour of outer box Does not absorb heat from surrounding because
quickly Low
specific heat capacity of ice cream box, Smaller size of ice cream box, Plastic PVC, 2
Bright color of outer box
1
1
Total 10
Miscellaneous

1 Rate of change of momentum of the molecules increases

2
p

1
V
3 Aluminium contains more heat energy than Copper