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1
Bobinas en Folio
Pérdidas Adicionales debidas al
Campo Magnético de Dispersión Radial
Este cálculo lo realizaremos basados en la Referencia:
Prof.Dr. Janusz Turoswki: “Additional losses in foil and bar wound transformers”
IEEE PES Winter Meeting and Symposium, New York, January 25-30, 1976,
Paper Nº A-76-151-1
a1 + a2 + δ
BMAX = µO H MAX BO = µO H O kR = 1 −
πL
→ → NI
L H MAX = 2
∫ H × dP = 2 NI
C AX
→ H MAX
kR
= 2 NI →
L
kR
→ →
∫ H × dP = 2 NI
C RD
→ H MAX L + 2 a2 H O = 2 NI
2 a2 H O = 2 NI − H MAX L = 2 NI − 2 NI k R
2 (1 − k R ) NI
2 a2 H O = 2 (1 − k R ) NI → HO =
2 a2
2
HO =
2 NI
(1 − k R ) = 2 NI a1 + a2 + δ = 2 NI a1 + a2 + δ
2 a2 2 a2 πL L 2 π a2
2 π a2 2 NI
M= → HO =
a1 + a2 + δ ML
1 H MAX
M=
kR H O
→ →
→
∂B → → →
∂H
Ecuaciones de Maxwell: ∇∧E + =0 B = µO H ∇ ∧ E + µO =0
∂t ∂t
→ → → → → →
∇∧H = J J =σ E ∇∧H =σ E
→ → → →
Solución del Tipo: H = H ( y ) e jω t i E = E ( y ) e jω t k
h h
Condiciones de Borde: H (y) = −HO y≥+ → H + = −HO
2 2
h h
H ( y ) = + HO y≤− → H − = + HO
2 2
3
→ → →
i j k
→
∂ ∂ ∂ dE ( y ) jω t →
∇∧E = = e i
∂x ∂y ∂z dy
0 0 E ( y ) e jω t
→ → →
i j k
→
∂ ∂ ∂ dH ( y ) jω t →
∇∧H = =− e k
∂x ∂y ∂z dy
H ( y ) e jω t 0 0
→
∂H →
= jω H ( y ) e j ω t i
∂t
→
→ ∂H dE ( y ) jω t → →
∇ ∧ E + µO =0 → e i + jω µO H ( y ) e jω t i = 0
∂t dy
dE ( y )
+ jω µO H ( y ) = 0
dy
→ → dH ( y ) jω t → → dH ( y )
∇∧ H =σ E → − e k = σ E ( y ) e jω t k → + σ E(y) = 0
dy dy
dH ( y ) 1 dH ( y ) dE ( y ) 1 d 2H (y)
+ σ E( y ) = 0 → E( y ) = − → =−
dy σ dy dy σ dy 2
dE ( y ) 1 d 2H (y)
+ jω µ O H ( y ) = 0 → − + jω µO H ( y ) = 0
dy σ dy 2
d 2H (y)
− jω µO σ H ( y ) = 0
dy 2
k 2 = jω µO σ
ω µO σ ω µO σ 1
k= jω µO σ = j ω µO σ = (1 + j ) α= δ=
2 2 α
k = (1 + j ) α
4
Con las condiciones de borde determinamos las constantes de integración C1 y
C2 :
h h
h +k −k
H + = C1 e 2 + C2 e 2 = − H O
2
h h
h −k +k
H − = C1 e 2 + C2 e 2 = + H O
2
h h h h
+k −k +k −k
e +e
2 2
e +e 2 2
C1 = − H O C2 = H O
e − e−k h
+k h
e − e− k h
+k h
h h h h
+k −k +k −k
e 2 + e 2 +k y e 2 + e 2 −k y
H (x ) = − H O + k h −k h
e + HO +k h e
e −e e − e− k h
h h
+k −k
e 2 + e 2 +k y
H (x ) = − H O + k h
e − e− k h
e − e−k y ( )
+ k 2h −k + k
h h
−k
h
e +k h
−e −k h
= e 2
− e e 2
+ e 2
e + k y − e− k y
H (x ) = − H O h h
+k −k
e 2
−e 2
→ →
H = H (x ) e jω t j
→ e+ k y − e− k y → → sinh (k y ) jω t →
H = −H O e jω t j → H = HO e j
+k
h
−k
h
h
e 2
−e 2 sinh k
2
1 dH ( y ) k e + k y + e− k y
E( y ) = − → E (x ) = H O
σ dy σ +2 k
h
−2 k
h
e 2
−e 2
→ →
E = E ( x ) e jω t k
→
k e+ k y + e−k y →
E = HO e jω t k
σ +2 k
h
−2 k
h
e 2
−e 2
5
→ →
J =σ E
→ e+ k y + e− k y → → cosh (k y ) jω t →
J = k HO e jω t k → J = k HO e k
+k
h
−k
h
h
e 2
−e 2 sinh k
2
Simplificaciones:
h h
k >> 1 → 2α >> 1 → h >> 2 δ
2 2
h h h
+k −k +k
e 2
−e 2
≈e 2
e+ k y + e−k y
h
(e )
→ → −k →
J = k HO h h
e jω t k ≈ k H O e 2 +k y
+ e − k y e jω t k
+k −k
e 2
−e 2
h
(e )
→ −k →
J ≈ k HO e 2 +k y
+ e− k y e jω t k
→ − k h − y −k + y
h
→
J ≈ k H O e 2 + e 2 e jω t k
h h
− ≤ y≤+
2 2
h
→ −k − y →
J ≈ k HO e 2
e jω t k h
0≤ y≤+
2
π
1+ j 2 HO BO
k = (1 + j )α =
j
= e 4
J1 = =
δ δ δ µO δ
h π
→ −k − y →
J ≈ 2 J1 e 2
j
e jω t k h
e 4
0≤ y≤+
2
→ π h
→ π (1+ j ) h
→
2 j −k − y 2 HO j − − y
jω t
J≈ e 4
HO e 2
e k= e e 4 δ 2
e jω t k
δ δ
h
−y
π 2
h
−y
h
− y
h
−y j −
π 2 2 2 4 δ
→ − −j → − →
HO j HO
J≈ 2 e 4e δ
e δ
e jω t k = 2 e δ
e
e jω t k
δ δ
6
h h h
→
−y
2 π − y
π
− y
J≈ 2
BO
e
−
δ
cos − 2 + j sin −
2 e jω t →
k
µO δ 4 δ 4 δ
e jω t = cos ω t + j sin ω t
h h h
−y
2 π − y − y
→
J≈ 2
BO
e
−
δ cos − 2 cos ω t − sin π − 2 sin ω t →
k
µO δ 4 δ 4 δ
→
Operando en J :
h1 y
→ − −
δ2 h h1 y π h 1 y π jω t →
J ≈ 2 J1 e cos
− −
− j sin − − e k
δ 2 h 4 δ 2 h 4
→ →
J L = 2 J O e jω t k
h1 y
→
jω t
→ − −
δ 2 h h1 y π h 1 y π jω t →
J TOT = 2 J O e k + 2 J1 e cos − − − j sin − − e k
δ 2 h 4 δ 2 h 4
→ h 1 y
− −
δ2 h h1 y π h 1 y π jω t →
JTOT = 2 J O + J1 e cos − − − j sin − − e k
δ 2 h 4 δ 2 h 4
e jω t = cos ω t + j sin ω t
→ h 1 y
− −
−e δ 2 h h 1 y π
h 1 y
− −
−e δ 2 h h 1 y π →
J TOT = 2 J O + J 1 e cos − − cos ω t + J1 e sin − − sin ω t k
δ 2 h 4 δ 2 h 4
7
→ →
JTOT = 2 JTOT e jω t k
h 1 y
− −
δ2 h h1 y π h 1 y π
JTOT = J O + J1 e cos − − − j sin − −
δ 2 h 4 δ 2 h 4
1 ∗ W
Considerando valores eficaces será: pV = J TOT × J TOT 3
σ m
h 1 y h 1 y π
− − − j − −
δ2 h δ 2 h 4
J TOT = J O + J1 e e
h1 y
Z= −
δ 2h
π π
− jz− + j z−
J TOT = J O + J1 e− Z e 4 ∗
J TOT = J O + J1 e − Z e 4
∗
π
− j z−
π
+ j z−
J TOT × JTOT = J O + J1 e − Z e 4 J O + J1 e − Z e 4
∗
− j z − π4
−Z
π
+ jz−
J TOT × J = JO + J O J1 e e + e 4 + J1 e − 2 Z
2 2
TOT
∗ π
J TOT × JTOT = J O + 2 J O J1 e − Z cos z − + J1 e − 2 Z
2 2
4
π 2
cos z − = (cos z + sin z )
4 2
∗
= J O + 2 J O J1 e − Z (cos z + sin z ) + J1 e −2 Z
2 2
J TOT × JTOT
h h
a 2 l 2
1 2 2al
∫∫∫ J ∫ ∫∫ J ∫J
∗ ∗ ∗
P= × J TOT dV = × J TOT dx dy dz = × J TOT dy
σ σ σ
TOT TOT TOT
V 0 0 0 0
a = a2 − a ISO = N eFOLIO
h
∫ [J ]
2
2al
P= + 2 J O J1 e − Z (cos z + sin z ) + J1 e− 2 Z dy
2 2
σ
O
0
8
h1 y dy
Z= − dz = − dy = −δ dz
δ 2 h δ
h h
y: 0 → z: → 0
2 2δ
h
2δ
∫ [J ]
2al δ
P= + 2 J O J1 e − Z (cos z + sin z ) + J1 e− 2 Z dz
2 2
σ
O
0
h h
2δ 2δ
al h 2 2 alδ 2alδ
∫ e (cos z + sin z ) dz + J ∫e
−Z −2 Z
P = JO + J O J1
2 2
dz
σ σ σ
1
0 0
h
2δ h h
∫ e (cos z + sin z ) dz = [− e ]
− h
−Z −Z 2δ 2δ
cos z =1− e cos
2δ
0
0
h
h
2δ
2δ 1 −
h
1
∫e
−2 Z
dz = − e− 2 Z = 1 − e δ
0 2 0 2
2 2 a l δ h
h
al h −
2 alδ −
h
P = JO
2
+ J O J1 1 − e 2 δ cos + J1 1 − e δ
σ σ 2δ σ
a l h J1 δ h J1 δ −
h 2 h
δ
−
2 2δ
P = JO 1 + 2 2 1 − e cos + 1 − e
σ J O h 2 δ J O 2 h
a l h J1 δ h −
h
h
1 − e δ
− J1
2δ
P = JO 1 + 2 2 1 − e cos +
2
σ J O h 2 δ 2 JO
a l h J1 δ J1
h >> δ → P ≈ JO 1 + 2 2 +
2
σ JO h 2 JO
HO 2 NI NI
J1 = HO = JO =
δ ML ah
J1 H O a h 2 NI 1 a h 2a h
= = =
JO δ NI M L δ NI δ M L
9
PADIC RAD J1 δ J1 2a h δ 1 2a h
k ADIC RAD = = 2 2 + = 2 2 +
RI 2
JO h 2 JO δM L h 2 δ M L
PADIC RAD 2a ah
k ADIC RAD = 2
= 2 + δ M L
RI ML
PADIC RAD 4a ah
k ADIC RAD = 2
= 1 + 2 δ M L
RI ML
ω µOσ ω µO 2ρ
α= = → δ=
2 2ρ ω µO
Hy
ω = 2π f µO = 4 π ×10 −7
m
235 + t
Cobre @ t (º C ) : ρ (Ωm ) = 0.210 × 10− 7
310
225 + t
Aluminio @ t (º C ) : ρ (Ωm ) = 0.344 × 10− 7
300
50 Hz 60 Hz
δ (mm)
75ºC 85ºC 75ºC 85ºC
50 50
Cobre: δ = 10.4 Aluminio: δ = 13.3
f f
10
• Fórmula DTDS - PAUWELS:
4a ah
k ADIC RAD = 1 + 2 δ M L
ML
Correciones:
• L = h = Altura de la Lámina de BT
• k = 0.6 para Cobre
• k = 0.9 para Aluminio
4a a
k ADIC RAD = 1 + 2 δ M k
Mh
• Fórmula ABB:
4a ah
k ADIC RAD = 1 + 2 δ M L
ML
Correciones:
• M → 2M
• L = Altura de la Ventana del Núcleo
• h = Altura de la Lámina de BT
• h2 = Altura de la Bobina de AT
2
h h
• k = 36 2 − 62.9 2 + 27.9
h h
h = h2 → k = 1
4a ah
k ADIC RAD = 1 + k
2 M L 2 2δ M L
11
“Transformer Engineering – Design and Practice”
S.V.Kulkarni – S.A.Kharparde
Marcel Dekker Inc. – 2004
In foil windings, eddy loss due to axial leakage field is insignificant because of
very small thickness of the foil. On the contrary, the radial field results into
higher eddy loss at the ends of the foil windings. The eddy loss in a foil winding
can be evaluated by analytical or numerical methods.
In [22], the foil winding is assumed as a vertical section of an infinitely wide and
deep conducting plate, which is assumed symmetrically penetrated on both
sides by plane electromagnetic waves.
The geometry is given in figure 4.10, where h is the height of the foil winding
and BX denotes the value of flux density at winding ends.
The induced eddy current density (with the vertical dimensions specified with
respect to the middle of the winding height) is [22]:
h h h
−x
π − x − x
−
+ j sin π − 2
2
cos − 2
BO (4.111)
Je = e δ
µO δ 4 δ 4 δ
12
The eddy loss in terms of the peak value of current density is given as
1
∫
2
Pe = J e dV (4.112)
2σ V
h
−x
2
2 −2
Pe ∝ J e ∝ e δ
(4.113)
Hence, the maximum value of eddy loss occurs at y=h/2 (at two ends of the
winding) since at this height the exponential term has the maximum value of 1,
whereas its value is just 0.0067 at y=(h/2)-2.5×δ, which means that more than
99% of the induced eddy current loss occurs in just 2.5×δ depth from the
winding ends.
For an aluminum foil winding, whose skin depth is 13.2 mm at 50 Hz, almost all
the eddy loss is concentrated in 33 mm from the winding ends. The foil winding
eddy current density distribution calculated by equation 4.111 for a typical
transformer is shown in figure 4.11.
Thus, the current density at the ends can be about 1.5 to 2 times the uniform
current density, resulting into local heating of 2.25 to 4 times that in the middle
portion of the winding. Hence, the temperature rise at the foil winding ende
should be carefully assessed.
Usually, there is no temperature rise problem in a foil winding since the thermal
conductivity of aluminum/copper is quite good, and the winding edges are well
exposed to the cooling medium. If a transformer with foil winding is supplying a
power electronic load, there is increase in the heating effect at winding ends on
account of harmonics [23].
13
With the development in computational facilities, the numerical tools such as
FEM can easily analyze the foil winding eddy problem without any
simplifications done in analytical formulations. It is actually a three-dimensional
problem. The losses in a foil winding calculated in the core-window cross
section are lower than that calculated in the region outside the window. The
radial flux at winding ends is usually more in the region outside the window, and
hence the additional loss factor may be of the order of 10 to 15%. The position
of foil winding affects its eddy loss significantly. If the foil winding is the outer
winding, the radial flux density at ends reduces resulting in reduction of eddy
loss [24].
References:
20. N.Mullineux, J.R.Reed, and I.J.Whyte: “Current distribution in sheet and foil
wound transformers”, Proceedings IEE, Vol. 116, No. 1, January 1969, pp. 127–
129.
22. J.Turowski: “Additional losses in foil and bar wound transformers”, IEEE
PES Winter Meeting and Symposium, New York, January 25–30, 1976, Paper
No. A-76–151–1.
14
“Advanced Calculations of Magnetic Leakage Fields in Transformers”
O.W. Andersen
When radial flux tries to penetrate a sheet winding, induced eddy currents will
be set up to prevent it, according to Lenz's law. As a result, flux lines will be
straightened out through the winding and will be almost purely axial, except
at the very ends. This is shown in Fig.2 in a sheet winding with six turns.
Induced currents are phase shifted with respect to the main current in the
winding, so that vector potentials must be calculated as complex numbers.
Current densities will usually be very high at the winding ends, often several
times the average. However, this is concentrated in a small volume, and
losses and temperature rise are usually tolerable.
Current density distribution can be improved by making the low voltage sheet
winding slightly longer than the high voltage wire winding in a transformer
such as the one in Fig.2.
15
Fig.3. Current density distribution, inner turn
16