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Kumari Kandam (Tamil:குமரிக்கண்டம், Kumarikkaṇṭam) is the name of a supposed sunken landmass referred to
in medieval Tamil literature. It is said to have been located in the Indian Ocean, to the south of present-day
Kanyakumari district at the southern tip of India.

Contents
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 1 References in Tamil literature

 2 In Tamil national mysticism
 3 Popular culture
 4 Loss and imagination
 5 Notes
 6 See also
 7 References
 8 External links

[edit] References in Tamil literature

There are scattered references in Sangam literature, such as Kalittokai 104, to how the sea took the land of the Pandiyan
kings, upon which they conquered new lands to replace those they had lost.[1] There are also references to the rivers
Pahruli and Kumari, that are said to have flowed in a now-submerged land.[2] The Silappadhikaram, a 5th century epic,
states that the "cruel sea" took the Pandiyan land that lay between the rivers Pahruli and the mountainous banks of the
Kumari, to replace which the Pandiyan king conquered lands belonging to the Chola and Chera kings (Maturaikkandam,
verses 17-22). Adiyarkkunallar, a 12th century commentator on the epic, explains this reference by saying that there was
once a land to the south of the present-day Kanyakumari, which stretched for 700 Kavatams from the Pahruli river in the
north to the Kumari river in the south. The length of a kavatam is unknown, with estimates varying from 7,000 miles
(11,000 km) to 1,400 miles (2,300 km), others suggesting a loss of 6-7,000 square miles, or even just a few villages.[3]

This land was divided into 49 nadu, or territories, which he names as seven coconut territories (elutenga natu), seven
Madurai territories (elumaturai natu), seven old sandy territories (elumunpalai natu), seven new sandy territories
(elupinpalai natu), seven mountain territories (elukunra natu), seven eastern coastal territories (elukunakarai natu) and
seven dwarf-palm territories (elukurumpanai natu). All these lands, he says, together with the many-mountained land
that began with KumariKollam, with forests and habitations, were submerged by the sea.[2] Two of these Nadus or
territories were supposedly parts of present-day Kollam and Kanyakumari districts.

None of these texts name the land "Kumari Kandam" or "Kumarinadu", as is common today. The only similar pre-
modern reference is to a "Kumari Kandam" (written குமரிகண்டம், rather than குமரிக்கண்டம் as the land is
called in modern Tamil), which is named in the medieval Tamil text "Kantapuranam" either as being one of the nine
continents,[4] or one of the nine divisions of India and the only region not to be inhabited by barbarians.[5] 19th and 20th
Tamil revivalist movements, however, came to apply the name to the territories described in Adiyarkkunallar's
commentary to the Silappadhikaram.[6] They also associated this territory with the references in the Tamil Sangams, and
said that the fabled cities of southern Madurai and Kapatapuram where the first two Sangams were said to be held were
located on Kumari Kandam.

[edit] In Tamil national mysticism

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Tamil nationalists came to identify Kumari Kandam with Lemuria, a
hypothetical "lost continent" posited in the 19th century to account for discontinuities in biogeography. In these
accounts, Kumari Kandam became the "cradle of civilization", the origin of human languages in general and the Tamil
language in particular. These ideas gained notability in Tamil academic literature over the first decades of the 20th
century, and were popularized by the Tanittamil Iyakkam, notably by self-taught Dravidologist Devaneya Pavanar, who
held that all languages on earth were merely corrupted Tamil dialects.

R. Mathivanan, then Chief Editor of the Tamil Etymological Dictionary Project of the Government of Tamil Nadu, in
1991 claimed to have deciphered the still undeciphered Indus script as Tamil, following the methodology recommended
by his teacher Devaneya Pavanar, presenting the following timeline (cited after Mahadevan 2002):

ca. 200,000 to 50,000 BC: evolution of "the Tamilian or Homo Dravida",

ca. 200,000 to 100,000 BC: beginnings of the Tamil language
50,000 BC: Kumari Kandam civilisation
20,000 BC: A lost Tamil culture of the Easter Island which had an advanced civilisation
16,000 BC: Lemuria submerged
6087 BC: Second Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king
3031 BC: A Chera prince in his wanderings in the Solomon Island saw wild sugarcane and started cultivation in
Kumari Kandam.
1780 BC: The Third Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king
7th century BC: Tolkappiyam (the earliest known extant Tamil grammar)

Mathivanan uses "Aryan Invasion" rhetoric to account for the fall of this civilization:

"After imbibing the mania of the Aryan culture of destroying the enemy and their habitats, the Dravidians
developed a new avenging and destructive war approach. This induced them to ruin the forts and cities of their
own brethren out of enmity".

Mathivanan claims his interpretation of history is validated by the discovery of the "Jaffna seal", a seal bearing a Tamil-
Brahmi inscription assigned by its excavators to the 3rd century BC (but claimed by Mathivanan to date to 1600 BC).

Mathivanan's theories are not considered mainstream by the contemporary university academy internationally.

[edit] Popular culture

  Kumari Kandam appeared in the The Secret Saturdays episodes "The King of Kumari Kandam" and "The Atlas
Pin." This version is a city on the back of a giant sea serpent with its inhabitants all fish people.

[edit] Loss and imagination

Sumathi Ramaswamy's book, The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories (2004) is a
theoretically sophisticated study of the Lemuria legends that widens the discussion beyond previous treatments, looking
at Lemuria narratives from nineteenth-century Victorian-era science to Euro-American occultism, colonial, and post
colonial India. Ramaswamy discusses particularly how cultures process the experience of loss