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Concept Questions
1. Describe the process of binary fission.
2. What are the key roles of cell division?
3. What are the advantages/disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
4. What is the significance of chromosome replication?
5. Label the replicated chromosome:
Diploid- Humans have 23 pairs of Meiosis- sexual reproduction, begins Spermatogenesis- theprocess by
homologous chromosomes, this is which male primary germ cells
described as being Diploid or 2n
with one diploid cell containing
two copies of each chromosome undergo division, and produce a
—one from the organism's number of cells termed
Haploid- two set s of chromosomes, mother and one from its father spermatogonia, from which the
from father and mother, Each of these —and produces four haploid primary spermatocytes are
sets is called Haploid or n.
cells containing one copy of derived.
Gametes- a cellthat fuses with each chromosome.
Oogenesis- creation of an ovum
another cell during fertilization Tetrad formation- Each duplicated (egg cell). It is the female form
(conception) in organisms that chromosome pairs with homologue of gametogenesis.
reproduce sexually.
Gonads- is the organ that makes joined by means of sexual
gametes. The gonads in males reproduction. Blastula- isa solid sphere of cells
are the testes formed during an early stage of
Cleavage- The repeated division embryonic development in
Random segregation- During of a fertilized ovum, producing animals. The blastula is created
transition between prophase I and a cluster of cells with the same when the zygote undergoes the
metaphase I, microtubules from
spindle poles attach to kinetochores of
size as the original zygote. . (4) cell division process known as
chromosomes (chemistry) The splitting of a cleavage
large or complex molecule into
smaller or simpler molecules. Gastrula- aphase early in the
Fertilization- Male and female embryonic development of most
gametes unite and nuclei fuse Morula- an embryo at an early animals, during which the
stage of embryonic single-layered blastula is
Zygote- is
the initial cell formed development, consisting of cells reorganized into a trilaminar
when two Gametes cells are (called blastomeres) in a solid ("three-layered") structure
ball contained within the zona known as the gastrula
pellucida
Concepts:
1. Why is meiosis called “reduction division”? Why is this process necessary for sexual reproduction?
2. What happens during sexual reproduction? What are gametes? What is fertilization? What is the
point of each of those things?
3. What are the advantages/disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
4. Meiosis is said to be a double division. Explain.
5. What takes place during each of the different phases of meiosis?
6. At what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur? What happens during crossing over?
7. Compare the products of mitosis with meiosis.
8. Summarize the significant differences between mitosis and meiosis.
9. Meiosis is an important source of variation. Define and describe how each of the following
contributes to variation within a species:
• Random segregation • random fertilization
• crossing over
10. What are the main differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
11. What are the early stages of development?
Concepts:
1. Why did Mendel study Pea plants?
2. Explain the concept of complete Dominance.
3. Explain Mendel’s law of Segregation.
4. When does the segregation of alleles occur?
5. What is the difference between an allele and a gene?
6. What is the purpose of a test cross?
7. Practice punnett squares for different types of monohybrid cross. Make sure that you can identify
gametes, join them together in fertilization, and understand the resulting probabilities.
8. When two traits are on different (non-homologous) chromosomes, how are they inherited?
9. Explain Mendel’s law of Independent assortment.
10. Explain the phenotypic ratios that result from a dihybrid cross.
11. Practice punnett squares for different types of dihybrid cross. Make sure that you can identify gametes,
join them together in fertilization, and understand the resulting probabilities.
12. How many different types of gametes could be generated from an individual with the
genotype AaBbCCddEe. Could this person have a gamete with the genotype ABCDe?
13. Describe and give an example of incomplete dominance. Prepare a punnett square of two
heterozygous individuals.
14. How does codominance compare to incomplete dominance? Give an example of
codominance. Prepare a punnett square of two heterozygous individuals.
15. How is blood type an example of multiple alleles and codominance? Practice Punnett
squares with blood type alleles.
16. Define and give an example of pleiotropy.
17. Define and give an example of epistasis.
18. What is observed when traits are polygenic?
19. Define and give an example of the environmental influences on traits.
20. Do the problems in page 742-745 in Lab manual. Do the problems in the following website:
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/geneprob.htm
Concepts:
1. How is gender determines in humans? What’s the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
2. What is meant by linked genes? How are linked genes inherited? How is crossing over involved?
3. Describe the differences in the inheritance patterns of Autosomal Recessive disorders, Autosomal Dominant
disorders, and X-linked disorders. Identify the differences between pedigree charts of each of those difference
cases. Be prepared to answer probability questions (punnett squares) for each of those different inheritance
patterns.
4. What are chromosomal mutations and how may they occur? What is the difference between Duplication,
Deletion, Inversion and Translocation?
5. What is polyploidy?
6. How does nondisjunction lead to aneuploidy? Explain the difference between trisomy and monosomy, and state
case(s) of each.