Here are some shortcuts which you should never ever forget!

1)Area of the triangle made by the line ax+by+c=0 and the co ordinate axes is
c2/(2ab)
2)Area of the rhombus formed by ax(+or-)by(+or-)c=0 is 2c2/ab
3)If ABCD is parallelogram
then D=A-B+C
Eg:If (1,6),(2,5),(5,1) are three vertices of a parallelogram
then fourth vertex is (1-2+5,6-5+1) ie(4,2)
4)The foot of the perpendicular (h,k) from (x1,y1) to the line ax+by+c=0 is given by

m
(h-x1)/a=(k-y1)/b= -(ax1+by1+c)/(a2+b2)
5)The image or reflection of the point (x1,y1) in the line ax+by+c=0 is (h,k) where

co
(h-x1)/a=(k-y1)/b= -2(ax1+by1+c)/(a2+b2)
(4) and 5) can be applied to 3-D geometry too!)
6)The area bounded by y2=4ax andx2=4by is given by (4a)(4b)/3
g.
7)The area bounded by y2=4ax and the line y=mx is 8a2/(3m3)
8)The area bounded by y2=4ax and its latus rectum x=a is 8a2/3
ng
ye

The most important points of Straight lines

1. The equation of a line parallel to x-axis is of the form y = k.
The equation of a line parallel to y axis is of the form x = k, where k is a constant.
.m

2. If a line makes an angle θ with the positive direction of x-axis and θ ≠π/2, then
the slope of the line is given by tan θ.
w
w

3. the slope of a line passing through (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is (y2-y1)/(x2-x1),

provided x1≠x2.
w

4. If two lines have finite slopes m1 and m2

then they are parallel iff m1 = m2
they are perpendicular iff m1*m2 = -1

5. The equation of a line having slope m and y intercept c is y = mx+c

6. The equation of a line having slope m and passing through (x1,y1) is

(y-y1) = m(x-x1)

7. The equation of a line having slope m and passing through (x1,y1)and (x2,y2) is

(y-y1)/(x-x1) = (y1-y2)/(x1-x2)
8.The equation of a line making non-zero intercepts and b on the x and y axes
respectively is

(x/a) + (y/b) = 1

9. The equation of a line such that the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the
line has length p and inclination α is

x cos α + y sin α = p.

10. The general equation of a line is of the form ax +by +c = o and its slope is –
a/b, provided b≠0.

11. If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two lines, then the acute angle θ between them

m
is given by tan θ = |m1-m2|/|1 + m1*m2|, provided m1*m2≠-1.

co
12. The perpendicular distance of (x1,y1) from the line ax+by+c = 0 is given by
|ax1 + by1 + c|/| √(a² + b²)|

g.
13. The point of intersection of two lines, which are not parallel, can be found by
ng
solving their equations simultaneously.

14. Family of lines

ye

If u ≡ a1x + b1y +c1 = 0 and

v≡ a2x +b2y +c2 = 0
.m

the u + kv = 0, k ? R represents a family of lines

w

(i) if u and v are intersecting lines, then u + kv = 0, k ? R represents a family of

w

lines passing through the point of intersection of u =0 and v=0.

w

(ii) if u and v are two parallel lines, u + kv = 0, k ? R represents a family of straight

lines parallel to u =0 and v=0.

Key Points in Parabola

 m
co
5.(a)Condition for line y=mx+c to touch parabola S=0 is c=a/m .

g.
ng
(b)Condition for line y=mx+c to touch the

parabola is
ye
.m

6.If two tangents with slopes are drawn from to parabola S=0
, then
w
w
w

7.Point of contact of tangent drawn to parabola is

8.(a)Pole of lx+my+n = 0 with respect to parabola S=0 is

(b)If l=0 then the line is called diameter of parabola.

9.Condition for lines

to be conjugate with respect to parabola S=0 is .

m
10.Focal distance of a point P on parabola S=0 is

co
11.Length of chord joining P
g.
and Q on parabola S=0
ng
is ,where m is the slope of

the line PQ.

ye
.m

12.Length of chord of contact of with respect to parabola S=0

w

is
w
w
 m
co
18.For a focal chord PQ and focus S , SP , 2a , SQ are in HP i.e.

g.
ng
19.Parametric Coordinates of parabola is
ye
.m

20.Parametric equation of tangent at P(t) is

w
w

21.Point of intersection of tangents at P and Q is

w

22.Area of triangle formed by any 3 points on parabola is twice the area of

triangle formed by tangents at these points.

23.Equation of normal at P(t) is

24.Tangent at one end of focal chord is parallel to normal at the other end.
25.For a normal chord PQ with P and Q

26.Three normals can be drawnfrom any point P to the parabola

S=0.If are feet of normals on parabola then for co-normal points
remember the following table

m
co
g.
ng
ye
.m

27.If normals are drawn from axis of the parabola to it , then one of the co-normal
w
w

points will be origin (0,0) so

then 2 normals are real and distinct.
w

28.If normals at P and tersect on the parabola again at R(t)

,then

29.If chord joining P and subtends a right angle at vertex then

30.If normal chord PQ subtends a right angle at vertex and makes an angle with
axis of parabola , then

31.A circle and a parabola intersect in four points .If , i=1,2,3,4 are points of
intersection , then remember the following table

m
co
g.
ng
32. If tangent and normal drawn at point P to the parabola S=0 meets the x-axis at
T and G respectively , then P,T,G lie on a circle with focus as the center and
radius equal to focal distance of P.
ye
.m

33.When a ray of light parallel to the axis of parabola is incident on parabola is

reflected through the focus of Parabola.
w
w
w

34.The circle on focal distance as diameter touches the tangent at vertex and
intercepts a chord of of length on normal at point P(t).

35.The locus of feet of perpendiculars from focus on to the tangents of parabola

is the tangent at vertex.

36.If the tangent at any point meets the directrix of the parabola at A then
angleASP = 90 degree.
37.Parabola can be expressed
as

38.Equation of normal to the parabola with a given slope m

is

39.Two parabolas are said to be equal if they have the same latus rectum.

m
co
40.Length of a focal chord making an angle with the axis of parabola
is

g.
ng
41.Length of subnormal is constant for all the points on the parabola and is equal
to the semi latus rectum.
ye
.m

42.If the tangents at P and Q meet in T , then TP and TQ subtend equal angles at
focus S and which implies triangles SPT and STQ are similar.
w
w
w

43.Area enclosed between the Parabolas

44.Area enclosed between a line y=mx+c and parabola S=0 is

45.Conveerse to the point no 33 any line passing through the focus of the
parabola emerges parallel to the axis of the parabola after reflection at the curved
surface.This property is used in many places .For example head lights of the car
will have the parabolic structure with bulb at the focus of the parabola.
TRICK FOR FINDING CUBES OF NUMBERS!!!!!
Cubing numbers that are near a power of ten Such as 13, 104, 1012, etc.

Example: 123

Step One: Subtract the nearest power of ten from the number: 12 - 10 = 2

Step Two: Double this number and add the number being cubed: (2 x 2) + 12 = 16

Step Three: Subtract from this number the power of ten from step one: 16 - 10 = 6

Step Four: Multiply this number by the answer in step one: 2 x 6 = 12

m
Step Five: Cube the answer in step one: 23 = 8

co
Step Six: Since we're cubing a 2 digit number, add two zeros to the answer in step two:
1600

g.
Step Seven: Add 1 zero to the answer in step four: 120
ng
Step Eight: Add the answers in steps seven and eight to the answer in step five: 1600 + 120
+ 8 = 1728
ye

Thus, 123 = 1728

.m
w

Cubing numbers that are near a multiple of a power of ten Such as 42, 507, 2008, etc.
w

Example: 483
w

Step One: Keep in mind that the main base is 10 and our working base will be 50

Step Two: Divide the main base by the working base: 10 / 50 = 1/5

Step Three: Subtract the working base from the number being squared: 48 - 50 = -2

Step Four: Double this number and add the number being squared: (-2 x 2) + 48 = 44

Step Five: Divide this number by the square of the ratio found in step two: 44 / (1/5)2 = 44 /
(1/25) = 44 x 25 = 1100

Step Six: Subtract the working base from the answer in step four: 44 - 50 = -6
Step Seven: Multiply the answer in step three by the answer in step six: -2 x -6 = 12

Step Eight: Divide this number by the ratio in step two: 12 / (1/5) = 12 x 5 = 60

Step Nine: Cube the answer found in step three: -23 = -8

Step Ten: Since we're cubing a 2 digit number, add two zeros to the answer in step five:
110000

Step Eleven: Add 1 zero to the answer in step eight: 600

Step Twelve: Add the answers in steps ten and eleven to the answer in step nine: 110000 +
600 + -8 = 110592

Thus, 483 = 110592

m
co
g.
ng
ye
.m
w
w
w