Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Why is it a Concern?
1
Why is Equipment Protection
Important Today?
• Electronic equipment
is more sensitive to
minor fluctuations.
• New electronic loads
create conditions that
didn’t exist before.
• We rely on the
equipment more and
have higher
expectations
2
Electronic Devices
Produce Problems
60 Cycle Sine Wave
• Utility systems were designed 200
150
mechanical...voltage and 50
Voltage
0
waves. -100
-150
-200
3
Solution Options
• Improve the Supply
– Utility: Less than a quarter of the problems.
– Customer: Not every customer/device needs higher
levels.
• Immunize the Equipment (Protection)
– Manufacturer: Raises the cost of equipment.
– Customer: End use equipment specifications.
• Control the Disturbance (Protection)
– Utility: Some disturbances are un-avoidable and part
of necessary operations.
– Customer: How….and from what?
4
What Level is Needed?
• Identify and prioritize equipment that is most important
to the mission of the facility.
– At what level will malfunction or failure cause major
disruptions in manufacturing, sales or business processes?
• Result in lost or off specification product?
• Result in lost productivity?
• Jeopardize employee or customer safety?
5
Interruptions (Outages & Blinks)
• Voltage falls below 10% of
normal circuit voltage for any
length of time. Temporary Interruption
(+)
– The power is OFF!!!!!
• How Long?
– Can be microseconds to hours
Voltage
seconds to minutes
or days.
– If you noticed the lights
blink…..chances are the power
supplies in most electronic
equipment thought the power (-)
was shut off. Time
– Some interruptions can be so
fast you don’t notice the lights
“blink”.
6
What Should the Equipment
Tolerate?
• ITE (CBEMA) Curve
– Information Technology Data Processing Susceptibility
Industry Council 300
(formerly Computer & 250
equipment. 0
What is a UPS?
• Not all UPS systems do the
same thing!
• Standby Power Supplies (SPS),
(Battery Backups)
– Provide normal line power to
equipment….switch to battery
supply when an outage occurs.
• Line Interactive UPS
• On-line UPS
– Line supplies a rectifier that
converts AC to DC, charges the
batteries. Batteries supply an
inverter that converts DC to AC,
filters and regulates it, and
supplies the load.
7
Un-interruptible Power Supply
(UPS)
• Provide continuous,
uninterrupted AC power from
an isolated, regulated source
regardless of the quality of the
primary AC line.
• Can be used for interruptions,
sags, swells, and voltage
fluctuations.
• Some success has also been
achieved with impulsive and
oscillatory transients, long
duration over- and under-
voltages and noise.
8
SPS Advantage/Disadvantage
• Advantages
– Lower cost than a true UPS device.
– Higher efficiency (less losses) than a true UPS device.
– Low operating hours on power components.
– Smaller physical size.
• Disadvantages
– No power conditioning during normal operating mode.
– Produces short interruption of power to load when
switched.
– Battery/Inverter problems not detected until critical
point in time.
On-Line UPS
Advantage/Disadvantage
• Advantages
– Continuous regulated power to load
– Higher system reliability
– Excellent output performance for sensitive loads
• Disadvantages
– Higher cost
– Lower efficiency
– Larger physical size
9
UPS & Auxiliary Generator
• Allows computers & other
mission critical equipment to
operate during lengthy
outages.
– Generator starts automatically
upon loss of utility power and
the source to the UPS will
automatically transfer to the
generator.
– Generators are available that
utilize different fuels including
gasoline, natural gas, propane or
diesel.
10
MG Sets Advantages/Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Ride through many shorter interruptions.
• Inertia keeps the rotor rotating for 10-15 seconds after the power shuts off
which is long enough to ride through a high percentage of problems.
– Long Life
– Simple, rugged device
– Low harmonic distortion content at all load levels.
• Disadvantages
– Will not ride through extended outages.
– Degrade and fail gradually over time rather than all at once.
– Expensive for smaller systems
Voltage Fluctuations
(Sags & Swells)
Voltage Sag
• Sag (+)
brighter.
• Sags are much more common
than swells (-)
Time
11
Sags & Swells - Protection Options
• Power Enhancers
– Reduced Voltage Starters on large offending motors
– Voltage Regulators
– Constant Voltage Transformers (CVTs)
– Power Conditioners
• Power Synthesizers
– Battery Backup Systems (Sometimes)
• May not switch fast enough for short duration events.
– UPS
– Motor-Generator Set
Voltage Regulators
• Maintain voltage output within a
desired limit or tolerance regardless
how much input voltage varies.
– Can offer some surge protection, but do
not provide good isolation like computer
grade transformers.
– Protection against swells or noise and
limited protection from fast voltage
changes depending upon the response
time of the regulator.
– Voltage regulators respond best to slow
changes in voltage.
12
Constant Voltage Transformers
(CVT’s)
• Also known as ferroresonant
transformers.
– Used for sags, swells, longer term
over- and under-voltages.
• Especially attractive for
constant, low-power loads like
electronic controllers (PLC’s)
where they provide ride-through
capability.
• Variable loads, especially those
with high inrush currents,
(Drives) present more of a
problem for CVT’s.
– A common solution is 60
to protect the controls
40
with a CVT.
– With the CVT, the 20
Ride Through With CVT's
13
Overvoltages & Transients
• Lightning is the nemesis of
communication stations, tall
structures and other buildings
housing sensitive electronic
equipment.
• Lightning Damage Problems:
– Direct strike problems
– Swells and transients which can
arrive via power,
communications or signal lines,
even though the lightning strike
may be some distance from the
building or installation.
Transients - Causes
Impulsive Transient
• Distribution System (+)
– Lightning
– Switching Operations
Voltage
• Breakers
• Capacitors & Transformers
– Fault Clearing/Breaker (-)
Operations Time (seconds)
– Lightning
– Arcing Devices
Voltage
14
Lightning Protection
• Degree of lightning
protection needed in a
facility:
– Strategic importance of
the equipment housed in
the facility
– Level of strike exposure.
• Effective protection
involves the integration
of several concepts.
15
Transients – Protection Options
• Power Enhancers
– Surge Suppressors
– Lightning Protection/Arrestors
– Power Conditioning
– Line Reactors/Chokes
• Power Synthesizers
– Standby Power Systems
• Provide no protection
– UPS
• Limited to low energy transients
– Motor Generator Set
Transient Voltage
Surge Suppressors (TVSS)
• Simplest, least expensive way to
condition power by clamping
voltage when it exceeds a
certain level and sending it
away from the equipment it
protects.
– Excess voltage is sent to MOVs
which convert it to heat which
dissipates over time.
• Most effective with impulsive
transients and short term swells
and have limited success with
oscillatory transients.
16
Levels of Protection
• High Energy Devices = Service
– High energy suppressors are installed at
service entrances and considered the
minimum necessary protection level even
if other power conditioners are
employed.
– Generally clip high voltages to less than
600 volts.
• TVSS Devices = Equipment
– Transient voltage surge suppressors
(TVSS) can be installed at the terminals
of the sensitive electronic loads.
– Generally do not do well with high
voltage transients like lightning.
17
Waveform Distortion
Resultant Waveform
250
Voltage
50
operation of electronic 0
-50
devices.
-100
-150
-200
• Effects: -250
Time
– motors, transformers & Line Notching
wiring overheat (+)
– Data errors
– Control system errors
Voltage
– Burned circuit boards
• Harmonic Distortion has
become a significant issue. (-)
Time
18
Distortion - Protection Options
• Power Enhancers
– Line Reactors/Chokes
– Harmonic Filters
– Isolation Transformers
– Power Conditioners
– Constant Voltage Transformers
• Power Synthesizers
– Backup Power Supply….No protection
– Some UPS systems…if large enough, the
harmonics cause problems for the UPS.
– Motor-Generator Set…motor becomes victim
• A type of “Filter”.
• These devices are used
as protection from
oscillatory transients
and waveform
distortion.
• They are increasingly
being incorporated
into many newer and
existing ASD
installations.
19
Isolation Transformers
• Protect sensitive electronic
equipment by buffering electrical
noise and rejecting common mode
line-to-ground noise including
harmonic distortion.
• Effective at protecting from
oscillatory transients, harmonics,
noise and in some cases impulsive
transients.
• Provide a "separately derived"
power source and permit single
point grounding.
20