Pfwhelp

#$K+
Index
Program Description
Options
Input Formats
1. IEEE Common Format
2. WSCC Format
3. FACTS Format
Menu
Toolbar
Mouse
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INDEX
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Index
K
Index
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PFLOWWIN:005
Examples:
1. 173 bus ac-dc-FACTS system (173sys.bat)
2. IEEE 300 bus system (ieee300.bat)

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Program Description
UWPFLOW
Continuation and Direct Methods to Locate Fold Bifurcations
in AC/DC/FACTS Power Systems
By
Claudio A. Canizares
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario N2K-2C4
CANADA
claudio@iliniza.uwaterloo.ca
http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca
Fernando L. Alvarado
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
USA
alvarado@ece.wisc.edu
November 18, 1999

(First Version: December 20, 1996)
This program is provided without charge for testing purposes only. The program
or any of its parts may not be used for any commercial applications.
The authors would appreciate any comments and suggestions on how to

improve the program. Any reports of problems should be directed to the
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DESCRIPTION
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Program Description
K
Program Applications; Program Description; References
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PFLOWWIN:07
authors, who reserve their right to modify the program at any time without
previous notification.
DISCLAIMER: THE AUTHORS DO NOT GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OF

THE RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THIS PROGRAM, NOR ITS
PERFORMANCE.
BRIEF PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:
UWPFLOW is a research tool that has been designed to calculate local

bifurcations related to system limits or singularities in the system Jacobian. The
program also generates a series of output files that allow further analyses, such
as tangent vectors, left and right eigenvectors at a singular bifurcation point,
Jacobians, power flow solutions at different loading levels, voltage stability
indices, etc.
The program reads ac/dc power flow data in WSCC/BPA/EPRI formats [1,3] or
IEEE common format [2]; FACTS devices data in a special format described in
the on-line help file (WINDOWS) and using the models described in [5]; steady-
state load model data in OH format [4] and steady-state generator data in a
simple free format as explained in the on-line help. The program also reads ac
data in other formats of interest to only some particular users (see on-line help).
Additional unformatted data is required for bifurcation analysis, such as the

direction of generation change, direction of load change, and maximum
generator powers. The program assumes that one parameter, the "loading
factor," is allowed to change. All steady state system controls remain
operational unless otherwise specified through the program options.
The program has been developed in C and C++ and runs under WINDOWS 95
and UNIX environments. It has no limitations on system size, other than those
imposed by memory limitations in the corresponding environment, i.e., RAM and
swap space in UNIX and WINDOWS. The program has been successfully used
to study a real 2158 bus ac/dc system in PC machines, and HP, DEC and SUN
SPARC UNIX stations.
The program has the following features:
1. Adequate handling of generators limits, with generators being able to
recover from a variety of limits, including S limits.
2. Steady state models of generators and their control limits (AVR and Prime-
mover limits) are included. This requires at least one additional input file
defining Ra, Xd, and Xq data, as well as Ia and Eq limits. Read the on-line
help, examples and corresponding data files carefully to figure out how this
works.
3. Voltage dependent load models for voltage stability analysis are also
included. To use these models, an additional data file in OH (Ontario Hydro)
or ADD (Italian COLAS program) formats is needed. Read the on-line help,
examples and corresponding data files carefully to figure out how this works.
4. Either BPA/WSCC ac-dc input data formats (and variations) or IEEE

common format may be used. An ac input data format based on an Italian
power flow format (.DAT files) and COLAS (.ADD files) can be used also. A
fairly complete description of the WSCC and IEEE formats is now provided
in the on-line help files.
5. Detailed and reliable steady state models of SVC, TCSC and STATCOM
models, and their controls with the corresponding limits are included. The
input data format is described on the on-line help files.
6. Secondary voltage control, as defined by ENEL, can be modeled and

simulated in the program.
7. The program is able to compute the minimum real eigenvalue and the
related right and left eigenvectors at any loading conditions. Several voltage
stability indices and tangent vector information can be generated by the
program as well. This information allows the user to carry on a variety of
sensitivity analyses.
8. The program generates a wide variety of output ASCII and MATLAB (.m)
files as well as IEEE common format data files for analysis and plotting of
the results.
9. The program has being designed to automatically run script files, i.e., DOS
batch or UNIX script files. This feature is used to run the tutorials provided
with the program.
For more details about the program capabilities, models and the techniques
used refer to [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. For a PDF copy of most of these documents,
access the WEB server URL: http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca
REFERENCES:
[1] "Extended Transient-Midterm Stability Package: User's Manual for the

Power Flow Program," EPRI computer code manual EL-2002-CCM,
January 1987.
[2] "Common Format for Exchange of Solved Load Flow Data," IEEE Trans.
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 92, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1973, pp. 1916-
1925. Working Group report.
[3] "Methodology for the Integration of HVDC Links in Large AC Systems-

Phase 2: Advanced Concepts," Vol. 1, EPRI technical report EL-4365,
April 1987.
[4] "Small Signal Stability Analysis Program Package," Version 2, EPRI user
manual EL-6678, January 1990.
[5] C. A. Cañizares, "Modeling of TCR and VSI Based FACTS Controllers,"

Internal Report, ENEL and Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy, September
9, 1999, 29 pages.
[6] C. A. Cañizares and F. L. Alvarado, "Point of Collapse and Continuation

Methods for Large AC/DC Systems," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 8,
No. 1, February 1993, pp. 1-8.
[7] C. A. Cañizares, F. L. Alvarado, C. L. DeMarco, I. Dobson, W. F. Long,
"Point of Collapse Methods Applied to AC/DC Power Systems," IEEE
Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 673-683.
[8] C. A. Cañizares, "On Bifurcations, Voltage Collapse and Load Modeling,"

IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 1995. Paper 94 SM 512-4 PWRS.
[9] C. A. Cañizares, A. Z. de Souza and V. H. Quintana, "Improving

Continuation Methods for Tracing Bifurcation Diagrams in Power
Systems," Bulk Power System Voltage Phenomena-III Seminar, ECC Inc.,
Davos, Switzerland, August 1994.
[10] A. Z. de Souza, C. A. Canizares and V. H. Quintana, "New Techniques to

Speed Up Voltage Collapse Computations Using Tangent Vectors," IEEE
Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 12, No. 3, August 1997, pp. 1380-1387.
[11] C. A. Cañizares and Z. Faur, "Analysis of SVC and TCSC Controllers in

Voltage Collapse," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 1,
February 1999, pp. 158-165.
[12] C. A. Cañizares et al., "Voltage Stability Indices," Final Draft, Chapter 4 of

the IEEE/PES Power Systems Stability Subcommittee Report on Voltage
Stability Assessment, Procedures and Guides, January 1999, 71 pages.
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Program Options
Define opitons using menu Execute|Command Line or pressing on Toolbar
Usage:
Like any other UNIX program, i.e., command-line options (-option) with
redirection of output (>) from screen into files:
uwpflow [-options] input_file [[>]output_file]
Input file:
The input_file could be in WSCC/BPA/EPRI format (or Anarede's variation)
or IEEE common format (or Electrocon's variation) for the ac system. Other
AC formats may be used (see options below). The dc data could be on either
WSCC/BPA or multiterminal EPRI format, although it just deals with the
standard two-terminal HVDC problem. The FACTS devices format was
specifically designed for this program and is explained in the help file and
test systems provided with the program.
Output files:
The program writes the solution into the output_file in ASCII. It can also
write the solved case in a file in IEEE common format using the -W or -w
option (HVDC links are written in EPRI’s ETMSP format and FACTS devices
are written in their own format). Additional files can be created for post-
processing analyses (see options below), such as the bifurcation diagram
(nose curve) in column form for plotting with MATLAB or other programs,
Jacobians for SMMS or MATLAB studies, etc.
Solution Technique:
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OPTIONS
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Program Options
K
Command Line; Program Options
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PFLOWWIN:010
The power flows are solved with simultaneous N-R, allowing for
asynchronous systems, area interchange, remote voltage control, and local
and remote regulating transformers (LTCs and phase shifters controlling
voltages, angles, and/or active and reactive power flows).
Options:
-a Turns off tap and angle limits in regulating transformers.
-A Turns off interchange area control.
-b Solve base case before changing the loading factor

lambda.
-Bnum PQ bus number 'num' where the voltage is fixed in order

to find the loading factor (lambda) for voltage collapse
studies. Must be used with -K and -v options.
-cfile Increases the loading factor lambda using a continuation

method for finding voltage profiles. The output (optional
'file') is a list of max. 8 ac voltages that change the
most, plus 3 additional variables for each dc bus (see -e
option). Must be used with the -K option.
-Cfile Direct method studies, i.e., find the max. loading factor
lambda for a given generation and load direction. The
base case loading can be initialized using the -L option;
however, the program calculates an initial loading of the
system before the direct method is applied. The left e-
vector is written in 'file' (optional). Must be used with the
-K option.
-d Generates some debug output.
-Dfile Read load model data from 'file', using Ontario Hydro
(OH) format, which is based on the load model:
Pl=Pn*Vâ+Pz*V^2
Ql=Qn*V^b+Qz*V^2
If a bus is not defined in the list, Pn=Qn=0 is assumed.
-e Output 3 dc variables per dc link, and 3 internal

variables for generators in the output list during the
continuation process (see the -i option).
-Efile Print in 'file' the continuation method direction vector at

the maximum loading factor (PoC right e-vector).
-fnum Output Sensitivity Factors (SF) and Voltage Sensitivity

Factors (VSF and tangent vector) during continuation
method computations. The number 'num' defines the
bus for which the voltage entry and rank in the tangent
vector are printed out (tanget vector index); if this
number is not defined, the program chooses the bus
with the maximum initial voltage entry in the tangent
vector.
-Fval Stability/sparsity value 'val' for factorization (def. 0.01).

A value of 0 means choose a pivot based on sparsity
only; a value of 1 means choose a pivot based on
stability only.
-g Force Q in generators to zero when reading data in

IEEE common format, since sometimes a value of Qg
creates convergence problems.
-G Turns off recovery from some ac device limits in the

program. For example, the program allows to recover
voltage control after a Q-limit is reached by monitoring
the voltage; this option eliminates that possibility.
-h Prints this message in standard output.
-Hfile Increases the loading factor lambda using a

parameterized continuation method for finding voltage
profiles. The output (optional 'file') is a list of max. 8 ac
voltages that change the most, plus 3 additional
variables for each dc bus (see -e option). Must be used
with the -K option.
-ifile List of numbers and names in 'file' for printing variable

profiles with the -c and -H options. The input format is:
Number Name [VarType].
Use zero when either the number or the name are
unknown. If Name has spaces, wrap it in double or
single quotes.
VarType is optional and can be: V for voltage (default),
D for angle, PG for MW generated, QG for Mvar
generated, PL for MW load, QL for Mvar load, or PA for
MW area flow.
If Name and Number are both equal to 0 and VarType is
either PL, QL, PG or QG, the program will print the
corresponding total load or generation in MW or Mvar.
-I AC input data in IEEE common format.
-jname Write the Jacobian of the solved case in I J VALUE

format in 'name.jac'. The equation mismatches and the
system variables are also written in 'name.mis' and
'name.var', respectively.
-Jname With the -B option, it generates the Jacobian,

mismatches and variables corresponding to the system
without the loading factor as a variable. For PoC
studies (-C option) it generates the nxn system
Jacobian, mismatches and variables; for the complete
(2n+1)x(2n+1) PoC Jacobian, use the -j option. The
corresponding Jacobian, mismatches and variables are
written in I J VALUE format in 'name.jac', 'name.mis'
and 'name.var', respectively.
-kval Factor 'val' used in the homotopy continuation method

for finding the increments in the loading factor lambda
(def. 1). Must be used with the -c and -H options.
-Kfile Read generation and load distribution factors from 'file'.

All data is assumed p.u. and must be separated by
spaces: BusNumber BusName DPg Pnl Qnl PgMax
[Smax Vmax Vmin Pzl Qzl]. If the input variables DPg,
Pnl, Qnl or PgMax are unknown, give them a value of
zero; Smax, Vmax, Vmin, Pzl and Qzl are optional.
The generation factors DPg are normalized for each
area, i.e., ||DPg||=1 per area.
The load is represented by:
Pl=(Pn+Pnl*lambda)*Vâ+(Pz+Pzl*lambda)*V^2
Ql=(Qn+Qnl*lambda)*V^b+(Qz+Qzl*lambda)*V^2
where Pn, Qn, Pz, Qz, a, and b are defined with the -D
option, and lambda corresponds to the loading factor.
If the -D option is not used, the load model default
values are: a=b=0, Pz=Qz=0. Busses not in the list are
assumed to have zero distribution factors. If BusName
has spaces, wrap it in double or single quotes.
-lfile Write standard error output to 'file' (log file).
-Lval Loading factor 'val' (def. 0). Simulates load changes in

conjunction with the load distribution factors (-K option).
-m Output continuation profiles in MATLAB format. If TEF

profiles are needed, use the -O option.
-Mnum Number 'num' of max. N-R iterations, overriding input

data (default 50).
-n Turns off all ac system limits.
-N Turns off all ac system controls.
-otol The tolerance 'tol' controls the application of limits

during the continuation process. The smaller this value,
the more steps required of the continuation method
(default 0.000001).
-Onum This option is used together with -m to output ac/dc TEF

information during the continuation method to determine
the energy profiles with the help of MATLAB. The
integer 'num' corresponds to the number of significant
digits in TEF (default and min. 6; max. 10). If the
system has HVDC links, the program defaults the PI
controller gains (Kp and Ki) of all HVDC converters for
dc computations to 'typical' values of Ki=75 and Kp=1.
These values can later be changed in the MATLAB
output file. The program also generates two MATLAB
'.m' files needed for plotting and computation of the
ac/dc energy function, namely, 'addtotef.m' (only if dc
lines present) and 'tefprof.m'.
-p Turns off P and Q limits in regulating transformers.
-P Turns off P and Q control by regulating transformers.
-q Turns off Q limits in PV busses.
-qx Turns off V limits in reactance-controlled (BX) busses.

These busses are defined in the ETMSP/EPRI/BPA
input data file.
-qz Turns off Q limits in reactance-controlled (BZ) busses.

These busses are defined in the Italian ADD input data
file.
-Q Turns off remote voltage generator control. Generators

will control their own terminal voltages at their given
values.
-QX Turns off remote voltage control in reactance-controlled

(BX) busses. The local bus voltage will be used for the
control.
-r Turns off V limits in regulating transformers and PV

busses.
-R Turns off V control by regulating transformers.
-s Suppress ASCII output_file.
-Sval Stop value 'val' for the loading factor lambda in the
continuation method (-c and -H options), in p.u. of the
maximum lambda. The default is 0 for a complete trace
of the bifurcation diagram (min. 0; max. 1, i.e., lambda
maximum).
-ttol If the relative error of two consecutive iteration

mismatches is larger than 'tol', voltage limits and
regulating transformer limits are applied (default 0.1).
-Ttol P.U. tolerance 'tol' for N-R method (default 1e-4).
-uval Value 'val' of the tolerance used to reduce the number of

equations in the continuation method (-c and -H
options), based on the tangent vector technique. The
default is 1e-3 (min. 0 or no reduction, max. 0.2).
WARNING: This option might produce cycling, back-
tracking, or singularity problems. If this happens,
increase the number of steps in the -U option and/or
reduce the value of 'val' in -u.
-Unum Number 'num' of steps of the continuation method (-c

and -H options) between system reductions. Used with
the -u option. The default number is 10 (min. 2, max.
100).
-vmag Voltage magnitude 'mag' at the first PQ bus (unless

otherwise specified by -B option) to find the
corresponding lambda for voltage collapse studies.
Must be used with -K option.
-Vfile Read initial guesses for ac and dc variables from 'file'.

The data must be separated by spaces, i.e., BusNumber
BusName V_mag V_ang(deg), for ac busses, and
BusNumber BusName Variables Values, for dc busses.
For defining the dc variable, use the same EPRI format
used to define the control modes in the dc lines (e.g.,
ALGAPA, would represent the dc variables Alpha,
Gamma and Power); the values must be given in
standard units, i.e., MW, MVAR, kv, Amp, deg. If the
input variables are unknown give them a value of zero.
Busses not in the list are given a flat start. If BusName
has spaces, wrap it in double or single quotes.
-wfile Write solved case into 'file' using IEEE CARD common
format.
-Wfile Similar to -w option, but the solved case is written in 'file'

using IEEE TAPE common format.
-x Ignore distribution factors for generations during the

initial power flow solution (use only one slack bus).
WARNING: This might create some convergence
problems, as the Jacobian may be significantly affected
by this option.
-X Do not enforce maximum active generation limits

(PgMax). See -K option.
-yfile Print in 'file' an approximation of the left e-vector of the

smallest real |e-value| at the current operating point.
-Yfile Print in 'file' an approximation of the right e-vector of the

smallest real |e-value| at the current operating point.
-znum Stop continuation method after 'num' steps. Together
with the -Z option, it can be used to print a tangent
vector for a particular value of the loading parameter
lambda.
-Zfile Print in 'file' the normalized tangent vector to the

bifurcation manifold at step 'num' of the continuation
method (as defined by -z). It is used with the -c or -H
options.
-0name Print in MATLAB format the Jacobian matrices needed

to compute several voltage stability indices. These
matrices are printed in the files 'name#.m', where #
stands for the step number in the continuation method (-
c or -H options). A file 'name.m' is also created with all
the MATLAB instructions to compute and plot 6 distinct
indices:
* Minimum |e-value| and singular value for full matrix.
* Minimum |e-value| and singular value for reduced Q
matrix.
* Test function and reduced determinant for a given bus
(-1 option).
The program generates the MATLAB 'inviter.m' file
needed for the computation of these indices.
WARNING: This option generates a lot of output files
that might clutter your system; it must be used with
caution.
-1num Used with -0 option, and defines the load bus at which
the test functions are computed. If this option is not
used, or if the bus 'num' does not correspond to a load
bus, the program chooses the bus with the maximum
voltage entry in the initial tangent vector.
-2num Define the number 'num' of steps used to determine the

change of direction of the loading parameter lambda in
the continuation method (-c or -H options) due to
voltages increasing after Q-limits are encountered
(default 5).
-3file Read generator steady-state data from 'file' using free

format: BusNumber BusName Ra Xd Xq Ia_max
Eq_max Eq_min. For BusNames with spaces, wrap the
word in double or single quotes. The program uses
either the BusNumber or the BusName to identify the
bus; if one of this is not known, give it a 0 value. For
round-rotor machines, make Xd=Xq, or define Xq=0.
The program assumes the following default values:
Ra=0, Xq=<Xd, Ia_max=large, Eq_max=large,
Eq_min=0.
-4 Turns off Eq limits in all generators. See -3 option.
-5 Turns off Ia limits in all generators. See -3 option.
-6file AC input data in ITALIAN format. If 'file' name is given,

a COLAS ADD file is read, which defines: new bus kV
levels; min. and max. bus voltages; load voltage
coefficients 'a' and 'b', i.e.,
Pl=(Pn+Pnl*lambda)*Vâ
Ql=(Qn+Qnl*lambda)*V^b
pilot nodes and generators for secondary voltage
control (-# option); and generator and load directions.
This file may be used instead of the -K and -D files;
however, these files take precedence over the ADD file
in defining similar variables for collapse studies.
-7 force Vmax
Enforce Vmaxandand
Vmin
Vmin
on on
system
system
busses
busses
during
during
thethe
continuation process (-c or –H options).
-8 Enforce Imax limits on transmission elements during the

continuation process (-c or –H options).
-9 Do not enforce maximum power generation limits

(Smax). See -K option.
-$val Define the base power value 'val', overriding the value
given in the input data file.
-# Use secondary voltage control as defined by ENEL, i.e.,

remote voltage control of pilot busses by generators with
participation factors defined as:
* over excited -> qi=Qmaxi/Sum Qmax of pilot bus gens.
* under excited -> qi=Qmini/Sum Qmin of pilot bus gens.
#$K+
IEEE Common Format
The complete description of the IEEE Common Data Format can be found in the
paper "Common Data Format for the Exchange of Solved Load Flow Data,"
Working Group on a Common Format for the Exchange of Solved Load Flow
Data, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-92, No. 6,
November/December 1973, pp. 1916-1925.
DC links can be defined using the WSCC format, and FACTS controllers can be
defined using the FACTS format.
The partial description presented here is based on a general description

available at the following web site:
http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/pg_testcase.html
The data file has lines of up to 128 characters (TAPE option). The lines are
grouped into sections with section headers. Data items are entered in specific
columns. No blank items are allowed, enter zeros instead. Floating point items
should have explicit decimal point. No implicit decimal points are used.
Data type codes:

A - Alphanumeric (no special characters)
I - Integer (right justified)
F - Floating point (right justified)
* - Mandatory item
Title Data *
Columns 2- 9 Date, in format DD/MM/YY with leading zeros. If no date

provided, use 0b/0b/0b where b is blank.
Columns 11-30 Originator's name [A]
Columns 32-37 MVA Base [F] *
Columns 39-42 Year [I]
Column 44 Season (S - Summer, W - Winter)
Column 46-73 Case identification [A]
Bus Data *
#
IEEE
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IEEE Common Format
K
Input Format; Common Format; AC Data
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PFLOWWIN:012
Section start card *:
Columns 1-16 BUS DATA FOLLOWS (not clear that any more than BUS in 1-3
is significant) *
Columns 40?- ? NNNNN ITEMS (column not clear)
Bus data cards *:
Columns 1- 4 Bus number [I] *

Columns 6-17 Name [A] (left justify) *
Columns 19-20 Load flow area number [I]. Don't use zero! *
Columns 21-23 Loss zone number [I]
Columns 25-26 Type [I] *
0 - Unregulated (load, PQ)
1 - Hold MVAR generation within voltage limits, (gen, PQ)
2 - Hold voltage within VAR limits (gen, PV)
3 - Hold voltage and angle (swing, V-Theta; must always
have one)
Columns 28-33 Final voltage, p.u. [F] *
Columns 34-40 Final angle, degrees [F] *
Columns 41-49 Load MW [F] *
Columns 50-59 Load MVAR [F] *
Columns 60-67 Generation MW [F] *
Columns 68-75 Generation MVAR [F] *
Columns 77-83 Base kV [F]
Columns 85-90 Desired volts (pu) [F] (This is desired remote voltage if
this bus is controlling another bus.)
Columns 91-98 Maximum MVAR or voltage limit [F]
Columns 99-106 Minimum MVAR or voltage limit [F]
Columns 107-114 Shunt conductance G (per unit) [F] *
Columns 115-122 Shunt susceptance B (per unit) [F] *
Columns 124-127 Remote controlled bus number
Section end card:
Columns 1- 4 -999
Branch Data *
Section start card *:
Columns 1-16 BRANCH DATA FOLLOWS (not clear that any more than BRANCH is
significant) *
Branch data cards *:
Columns 1- 4 Tap bus number [I] *

For transformers or phase shifters, the side of the model
the non-unity tap is on.
Columns 6- 9 Z bus number [I] *
For transformers and phase shifters, the side of the model
the device impedance is on.
Columns 11-12 Load flow area [I]
Columns 13-15 Loss zone [I]
Column 17 Circuit [I] * (Use 1 for single lines)
Column 19 Type [I] *
0 - Transmission line
1 - Fixed tap
2 - Variable tap for voltage control (TCUL, LTC)
3 - Variable tap (turns ratio) for MVAR control
4 - Variable phase angle for MW control (phase shifter)
Columns 20-29 Branch resistance R, per unit [F] *
Columns 30-40 Branch reactance X, per unit [F] * No zero impedance lines
Columns 41-50 Line charging B, per unit [F] * (total line charging, +B)
Columns 51-55 Line MVA rating No 1 [I] Left justify!
Columns 69-72 Control bus number
Column 74 Side [I]
0 - Controlled bus is one of the terminals
1 - Controlled bus is near the tap side
2 - Controlled bus is near the impedance side (Z bus)
Columns 77-82 Transformer final turns ratio [F]
Columns 84-90 Transformer (phase shifter) final angle [F]
Columns 91-97 Minimum tap or phase shift [F]
Columns 98-104 Maximum tap or phase shift [F]
Columns 106-111 Step size [F]
Columns 113-119 Minimum voltage, MVAR or MW limit [F]
Columns 120-126 Maximum voltage, MVAR or MW limit [F]
Section end card:
Columns 1- 4 -999
Loss Zone Data
Section start card:
Columns 1-16 LOSS ZONES FOLLOWS (not clear that any more than LOSS is
significant) *
Loss Zone Cards:
Columns 1- 3 Loss zone number [I] *

Columns 5-16 Loss zone name [A]
Section end card:
Columns 1- 3 -99
Interchange Data
Section start card:
Columns 1-16 INTERCHANGE DATA FOLLOWS (not clear that any more than
first word is significant) *
Interchange Data Cards:
Columns 1- 2 Area number [I], no zeros! *

Columns 4- 7 Interchange slack bus number [I] *
Columns 9-20 Alternate swing bus name [A]
Columns 21-28 Area interchange export, MW [F] (+ = out) *
Columns 30-35 Area interchange tolerance, MW [F] *
Columns 38-43 Area code (abbreviated name) [A] *
Columns 46-75 Area name [A]
Section end card:
Columns 1- 2 -9
Tie Line Data
Section start card:
Columns 1-16 TIE LINES FOLLOW (not clear that any more than TIE is
significant) *
Tie Line Cards:
Columns 1- 4 Metered bus number [I] *

Columns 7-8 Metered area number [I] *
Columns 11-14 Non-metered bus number [I] *
Columns 17-18 Non-metered area number [I] *
Column 21 Circuit number
Section end card:
Columns 1- 3 -999
#$K+
WSCC and EPRI's ETMSP Formats
The complete description of these Formats can be found in EPRI’s ETMSP
manual "Extended Transient-Midterm Stability Package: User's Manual for the
Power Flow Program," EPRI computer code manual EL-2002-CCM, January
1987.
The following format is presented here in terms of the "input data" cards needed
(see the 173-bus ac/dc/FACTS example). The dc data cards described below
can be used to define dc links in the IEEE format and should be placed before
the END OF DATA card.
C
C Comment cards start with "C".
C
C Format of input data:
C A -> Alphanumeric (no special characters)
C I -> Integer (right justified)
C F -> Floating point (right justified)
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C Title cards start with the HDG card
HDG
THREE TITLE CARDS (A80) ARE PLACED BETWEEN THE HDG AND BAS CARDS
BAS
C
C System data starts with the BAS card
C The order of the data cards does not matter.
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C AC BUSSES
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C | SHUNT | |REMOTE BUS
C |Ow|Name |kV |Z|PL |QL |MW |Mva|PM |P |QM |Qm |Vpu|Vm |Name |kV |%Q
Bx BUS DATA CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
#
WSCC
$
WSCC and EPRI’s Format
K
Input Format; WSCC and EPRI’s ETMPS Format; AC/DC Data
+
PFLOWWIN:013
C Bus Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "B " -> PQ load bus
C "BQ" -> PV generator bus with Q limits
C "BE" -> PV generator bus with no Q limits
C "BV" -> PQ generator bus with V limits
C "BX" -> PQ generator bus with local or remote V limits.
C As these limits are reached, new capac. or indc. shunt
C reactances are added to the bus, as defined on the
C the "X" cards (see below)
C "BG" -> PQ generator bus with Q limits controlling voltage on
C a remote PV load bus
C "BC" -> PV load bus with remote voltage control
C "BT" -> PQ load bus with voltage controlled by LTC transformer
C "BS" -> Swing bus
C - Ow (A3) -> Owner
C - Name (A8) -> Bus Name
C - kV (F4.0) -> Bus kV base
C - Z (2A) -> Zone
C - PL (F5.0) -> P load in MW
C - QL (F5.0) -> Q load in MVars
C - SHUNT (2F4.0) -> MW and MVars shunts (+ for Capacitors)
C - PM (F4.0) -> Max. generator P power in MW
C - P (F5.0) -> generator P power in MW
C - QM (F5.0) -> Max. generator Q power in MVars (not needed for "BE"
C PV bus types)
C - Qm (F5.0) -> Min. generator Q power in MVars (not needed for "BE"
C PV bus types)
C - Vpu (F4.3)-> PV desired voltage magnitude in p.u. (max. voltage for
C "BV" or "BX" busses)
C - Vm (F4.3) -> Min. voltage for "BV" or "BX" busses.
C - Remote Name (A8) -> Remote controlled bus name for "BG" busses.
C - Remote kV (F4.0) -> Remote controlled bus kV for "BG" busses.
C - Remote %Q (I3) -> Percentage of Q of remote bus control for "BG" busses.
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C X CARDS
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
C |Ow|Name_1 |kV1 |Name_2 |kV2||MVAr||MVAr||MVAr||MVAr||MVAr||MVAr||MVAr||MVAr
X DATA CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C X Input Data for BX Busses:
C - Type (A2) -> "X "
C - Name_1 (A8) -> Name of controlling bus.
C - kV1 (F4.0) -> kV base for controlling bus
C - Name_2 (A8) -> Name of controlled bus; not needed if it is the same as the
C controlling bus
C - kV2 (F4.0) -> kV base for remote bus
C – S1 (I1) -> Number of MVAr (reactance) increments in step 1
C – MVAr (F5.0) -> Value in MVAr of each step 1 increment:
C +MVAr for capacitors; -MVAr for inductors
C – MVAr (F5.0) -> Value in MVAr of each step 2 increment
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C AC LINES
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M CS N
C |Ow|Name_1 |kV1||Name_2 |kV2|||In || R | X | G/2 | B/2 |Mil|
L LINE DATA CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C Line Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "L "
C - Name_1 (A8) -> Name of sending bus
C - kV1 (F4.0) -> kV base for sending bus
C - M (I1) -> Metered bus for flow interchange
C - Name_2 (A8) -> Name of receiving bus
C - kV2 (F4.0) -> kV base for receiving bus
C - C (I1) -> Circuit ID
C - S (I1) -> Section number
C - In (F4.0) -> Rated Amps.
C - N (I1) -> Circuit number
C - R (F6.5) -> p.u. series R of PI equivalent
C - X (F6.5) -> p.u. series X of PI equivalent
C - G/2 (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt G/2 of PI equivalent
C - B/2 (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt B/2 of PI equivalent
C - Mil (F4.1) -> Length in miles
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C TRANSFORMERS
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M CS
C |Ow|Name_1 |kV1||Name_2 |kV2|||Sn | R | X | G | B |Tap1|Tap2|
T CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C Transformer Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "T "
C - Sn (F4.0) -> Rated MVA
C - R (F6.5) -> p.u. series R of equivalent circuit
C - X (F6.5) -> p.u. series X of equivalent circuit
C - G (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt G of equivalent circuit
C - B (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt B of equivalent circuit
C - Tap1 (F5.2) -> kV tap for sending bus
C - Tap2 (F5.2) -> kV tap for receiving bus
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C REGULATING TRANSFORMERS
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C |REMOTE BUS |Sch/|Min
C |Ow|Name_1 |kV1||Name_2 |kV2| |Name |kV |Tmax|Tmin|#|Max |P/Q |
RT CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C Regulating Transformer Input Data: A corresponding "T" card must be used to
C define the impedance and ratings
C - Type (A2) -> "R " -> LTC controlling voltage on "BT" load bus with
C tap limits
C "RQ" -> LTC controlling Q out of sending bus
C "RN" -> LTC keeping Q out of sending bus within
C Max/Min Mvar limits
C "RP" -> Phase Shifter controlling P out of sending bus
C "RM" -> Phase Shifter keeping P out of sending bus within
C Max/Min MW limits
C - Name (A8) -> Name of controlled bus
C – kV (F4.0) -> kV base for controlled bus
C – Tmax (F5.2) -> Max. tap in kV with respect to kV1 for LTCs, or
C Max. phase angle in degrees for Phase Shifters
C – Tmin (F5.2) -> Min. tap in kV with respect to kV1 for LTCs, or
C Min. phase angle in degrees for Phase Shifters
C – # (2I) -> Number of tap steps.
C – Sch/Max (F5.0) -> Scheduled MVar or MW for "RQ" and "RP" types, or
C Max. MVar or MW for "RN" and "RM" types
C – Min P/Q (F5.0) -> Min. MVar or MW for "RN" and "RM" types
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C AREA DATA
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C |Slack bus | | ZONES |
C |Name |Name |kV ||MW Exp. |1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0| |VM |Vm
A CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C Area Input Data:
C - Type (2A) -> "A "
C - Name (A10) -> Area Name
C - Slack Name (A8) -> Area slack bus name
C - Slack kV (F4.0) -> kV base for slack bus
C - MW Exp. (F8.0) -> MW scheduled export for the area
C - ZONES (10A2) -> Zone names that belong to the area (up to 10)
C - VM (F4.3) -> p.u. max. voltage of the area for printed reports
C - Vm (F4.3) -> p.u. min. voltage of the area for printed reports
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C DC BUS DATA
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C |AC bus C
C |Name_1 |Name_2 |Name |kV ||Gr|Z|N|Xc |Rat |Tstp|Tmin|Tmax|Amn|Amx|Gmn|Imx
BD CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C DC Bus Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "BD"
C - Name_1 (A8) -> Converter dc bus 1 name
C - AC bus Name (A8) -> Converter ac bus name
C - AC bus kV (F4.0) -> Converter ac bus kV base
C - C (I1) -> Circuit number
C - Gr (A3) -> Group
C - Z (A2) -> Zone
C - N (I2) -> Number of converter bridges
C - Xc (F5.3) -> Commutation reactance in Ohms
C - Rat (F5.4) -> Nominal voltage ratio of transformer
C - Tstp (F5.3) -> Tap steps in %
C - Tmin (F5.3) -> Min. tap in p.u.
C - Tmax (F5.3) -> Max. tap in p.u.
C - Amn (F4.1) -> Min. alpha
C - Amx (F4.1) -> Max. alpha
C - Gmn (F4.1) -> Min. gamma
C - Imx (F4.1) -> Max. current in amps.
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C DC BUS CONTROL DATA
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C C|Mod|Set Points T
C |Name_1 |Name_2 |AC bus |kV ||1|2| 1 | 2 |
BZ CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C DC Bus Control Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "BZ"
C - Mod 1 & 2 (2A2) -> Converter control modes: ID=current; AL=alpha; GA=gamma;
C VD=Voltage; PA=P_power; QA=Q_power
C - Set Points (2F5.2)-> Control mode values: A, kV, MW, Mvar, or deg.
C - T (A1) -> Type: R=rectifier; I=inverter
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C DC LINE DATA
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C C
C |Name_1 |Name_2 ||Gr|Z|Ow|R ohm|L mH|C uF|Imax |
LD CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C DC Line Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "BD"
C - Z (A2) -> Zone
C - R (F6.2) -> Resistance in Ohms
C - L (F6.2) -> Inductance in mH (optional)
C - C (F6.2) -> Capacitance in uF (optional)
C - Imax (F6.1) -> Max. current in amps. (optional)
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C SOLUTION CONTROL CARD
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C |Max| |SLACK BUS |
C |Itr| |Name |kV| |Angle |
SOL CARD FOLLOWS THIS FORMAT
C
C Solution control card:
C - Max Itr (I5) -> Maximum number of Newton-Raphson iteration
C - Name (A8) -> Name of the slack bus
C - kV (F4.0) -> kV base for slack bus
C - Angle (F10.4) -> Reference angle for slack bus in degrees
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C Finish system data with ZZ card
ZZ
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C Finish data file with END card
END
#$K+
FACTS Formats
The input data formats for FACTS controllers were chosen based on the models
described in C. A. Cañizares, "Modeling of TCR and VSI Based FACTS
Controllers," Internal Report, ENEL and Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy,
September, 1999.
The FACTS "input data" cards described below follow the ac input data cards in
the IEEE format and should be placed before the END OF DATA card. For the
WSCC format, they can be placed anywhere between the BAS and END data
cards (see the 173-bus ac/dc/FACTS example).
C
C Comment cards start with "C".
C
C Format of input data:
C A -> Alphanumeric (no special characters)
C I -> Integer (left justified)
C F -> Floating point (right justified)
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C SVC DATA
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C
C |Ow|Bus1 |kV1 |Bus2 |kV2|Xc |Xl |am|aM|s|MVA|Vrf|kV |Xth |al
FS CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C SVC Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "FS" (F for FACTS, S for SVC).
C - Bus1 (A8) -> System bus where SVC is connected.
C - kV1 (F4.0) -> Bus 1 kV base.
C - Bus2 (A8) -> System bus that SVC controls.
C - Xc (F8.7) -> Per unit SVC capacitive X w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - Xl (F8.7) -> Per unit SVC inductive X w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - am (F3.0) -> Minimum firing angle alpha in degrees.
C - aM (F3.0) -> Maximum firing angle alpha in degrees.
C - s (F2.0) -> SVC control slope in % w.r.t. to MVA and kV1 base.
#
FACTS
$
FACTS Format
K
Input Format; FACTS Format; FACTS Data
+
PFLOWWIN:014
C - MVA (F4.0) -> SVC maximum rating in MVAr (capacitive).
C - Vrf (F4.3) -> p.u. reference control voltage.
C - kV (F4.0) -> Low kV side of step-down transformer (optional).
C - Xth (F8.7) -> Step-down transformer reactance in p.u. w.r.t. to SVC MVA
C rating and kV1 (optional).
C - al (F5.1) -> Initial value of firing angle in degrees (optional).
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C TCSC DATA
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M
C |Bus1 |kV1 |Bus2 |kV2|Xc |Xl |am|aM|cont ||MVA|al |M1 |
FC CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C TCSC Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "FC" (F for FACTS, C for TCSC).
C - Bus1 (A8) -> Sending bus where TCSC is connected.
C - Bus2 (A8) -> Receiving bus where TCSC is connected.
C - Xc (F8.7) -> Per unit TCSC capacitive X w.r.t MVA and kV1 base.
C - Xl (F8.7) -> Per unit TCSC inductive X w.r.t MVA and kV1 base.
C - cont (F8.3)-> TCSC control value: % of X; MW for P; KA for I; degrees for D.
C - Mode (A1) -> Control mode: X for reactance; P for power; I for current;
C D for angle.
C - MVA (F4.0) -> TCSC rating in MVA. Defaults to MVA system base.
C - M1 (F4.0) -> Needed for determining series line reactance for % X
C control: M1=Xc/Xline.
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C STATCOM DATA
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M
C |Ow|Bus1 |kV1 |Bus2 |kV2|R |X |Gc |Im |IM |s |MVA |Vrf||Con
FT CARDS FOLLOW THIS FORMAT
C
C STATCOM Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "FT" (F for FACTS, T for STATCOM).
C - Bus1 (A8) -> System bus where STATCOM is connected.
C - Bus2 (A8) -> System bus that STATCOM controls.
C - R (F6.0) -> AC R in p.u. w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - X (F6.5) -> AC X in p.u. w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - Gc (F6.5) -> DC G in p.u. w.r.t. MVA and a kVdc base defined by the
C secondary side of the STATCOM transformer(s).
C - Im (F6.4) -> Max. capacitive current (Imin>0) in p.u. w.r.t.
C MVA and kV1 base.
C - IM (F6.4) -> Max. inductive current (Imax>0) in p.u. w.r.t.
C MVA and kV1 base.
C - s (F3.0) -> AC voltage control slope in % w.r.t. to MVA and kV1 base.
C - MVA (F5.0) -> Rating in MVA (defaults to the system base).
C - Vrf (F4.3) -> AC reference voltage in p.u. w.r.t. kV1 base.
C - M (A1) -> Control mode: W for PWM control (default); P for phase
C control.
C - Con (F6.5) -> Control variable value:
C - k constant for phase control (defaults to a value
C of 0.9 for a 12 pulse VSI if no value is given).
C - DC reference voltage for PWM control in p.u. w.r.t.
C a kVdc base (defaults to 1 p.u.).
C
#$K+
Menu
File Clear F10 Clears the window screen
Open F2 Opens a log (ASCII) file and

loads it into the window screen
Save F3 Saves the window screen into a
log file
Save As Saves the window screen into a
new log file
Edit Edit input data using
Notepad/WordPad
Exit Alt+F4 Exit UWPflow
Execute Command Line F4 Defines UWPflow's

options
Run UWPflow F5 Executes UWPflow with

the options defined
above
Batch/Script File F6 Run a batch/script file
and/or define the input
data directory
Help Help F1 Show help window
About UWPflow UWPflow program authorship
#
MENU
$
Menu
K
Menu description
+
PFLOWWIN:015
#$K+
Toolbar
Clear Screen
Open a log file
Saves screen in log file
Clear Screen
Edit input data using Notepad/WordPad
Define command line options and run program
Run UWPflow using defined options
Run a batch/script file and/or define the input data directory
About UWPflow
Help
#
TOOLBAR
$
Toolbar
K
Toolbar description
+
PFLOWWIN:020
#$K+
Mouse
Left button: Define UWPflow's command line options. Equivalent
to pressing the toolbar button .
Right button: Saves screen into log file. Equivalent to pressing the
toolbar button .
#
MOUSE
$
Mouse
K
Mouse buttons
+
PFLOWWIN:025
#$K+
173 Bus AC-DC-FACTS Test System
To run this case open the batch/script file 173sys.bat using .
This tutorial briefly illustrates several possible applications of the program

'uwpflow', including the options and files needed to run different cases for an
ac/dc/FACTS system in WSCC (EPRI) format.
1. Run a standard ac/dc/FACTS power flow and write in ASCII the output file
'173sys.pf0'. Also create the IEEE Common Format file '173sys.cf' with the
final solution (-W option), and write the Jacobian (-j option) in '173sys.jac'
with the corresponding mismatch and solution vectors in '173sys.mis' and
'173sys.var', respectively:
uwpflow 173sys.wsc 173sys.pf0 -j173sys -W173sys.cf
Observe that the IEEE Common Format file created, '173sys.cf', has the
HVDC and FACTS data in the same format as the original input file
'173sys.wsc'. However, the generator maximum power information is not
available in the IEEE format.
The Jacobian can be transformed into MATLAB matrix format using the
AWK filter 'tomatlab', i.e.,
tomatlab 173sys.jac sysjac.m
The MATLAB data is stored in this case in the output file 'sysjac.m'.
2. Run a power flow with a load increase of 0.03 (-L option). For this study
one needs the generation and load direction information in the file '173sys.k'
(-K option). Notice that this example illustrates the use of a distributed slack
#
173
$
173 ac-dc-FACTS sample system (173sys.bat)
K
173 Bus System; Demos; 173sys.bat
+
PFLOWWIN:030
bus to solve the power flow problem. The IEEE Common Format file
created in the previous run, '173sys.cf', is used as the input data in this case
(-I option). Also, the right and left eigenvectors of the smallest eigenvalue of
the system Jacobian are stored in the files '173sys.v' (-Y option) and
'173sys.w' (-y option), respectively. The ASCII output is stored in the file
'173sys.pf1'.
uwpflow -I 173sys.cf 173sys.pf1 -L0.03 -K173sys.k -Y173sys.v -y173sys.w
The maximum normalized entries in '173sys.v' and '173sys.w' can then be

obtained by running 'maxim', e.g.,
maxim 173sys.w
For on-line help on 'maxim' type: maxim -h
3. Run a continuation power flow (-c option). To do this the generation and
load direction information stored in file '173sys.k' is needed (-K option). The
last solution point is written in ASCII in the output file '173sys.pf2', and the
log information is stored in the file '173sys.lg1' (-l option).
The tracing of the bifurcation diagram is stopped after the bifurcation point at
0.8 of the maximum value of the loading factor (-S option):
uwpflow 173sys.wsc -K173sys.k -c 173sys.pf2 -l173sys.lg1 -S0.8
4. Run another continuation power flow (-c option), similar to the previous case
3, but ignoring maximum active power generation limits (-X option). The log
information is stored in the file '173sys.lg2' (-l option), and the tracing of the
bifurcation diagram is again stopped after the bifurcation point at 0.8 of the
maximum value of the loading factor (-S option). Also, in this case the
ASCII output is suppressed (-s option).
uwpflow 173sys.wsc -K173sys.k -c -X -s -l173sys.lg2 -S0.8
5. Run a parameterized continuation power flow (-H option); once again the
direction file '173sys.k' is needed (-K option). In this example the final ASCII
output is suppressed (-s option), and the convergence information is stored
in the log file '173sys.lg3' (-l option). The nose curve information is stored
in the file 'sysvp.m' in MATLAB format (-m option). All ac limits are turned
off (-n option), and the -e option is used to print out some HVDC variable
information. Finally, the option -k is used to reduce the step size in the
continuation method, i.e., obtain more points in the bifurcation diagram, and
the -S option is used to stop the continuation process after the maximum
loading point is reached. The computation takes a couple of minutes, please
wait....
uwpflow 173sys.wsc -K173sys.k -Hsysvp.m -m -n -l173sys.lg3 -s -k0.5 -e -S0.9
6. Similar to examples 3, 4 and 5, but in this case the system load is modeled
as a nonlinear function of the voltage, i.e.,
Pl = Pn*Vâ + Pz*V^2
Ql = Qn*V^b + Qz*V^2
The -D option is used in this case to define the values of Pn, Qn, Pz, Qz, a,
and b stored in OH (SMMS) format in '173sys.oh'. In this case, several
voltage stability indices (SF, VSF, TV) are printed out (-f option), together
with the voltages and angles of the busses defined in '173sys.vp' (-i option).
uwpflow 173sys.wsc -K173sys.k -c -l173sys.lg4 -s -D173sys.oh -i173sys.vp -f -S0.8
7. This example shows the use of the program to obtain a bifurcation manifold
using a detailed generator steady state model, which considers Ra, Xd, Xq,
and stator and rotor limits (in Ia and Eq). The generator data is read from
the file '173sys.gen' using the -3 option. Once more, the generation and
load direction defined in '173sys.k' are needed (-K option), and the
convergence information is stored in the file '173sys.lg5' using the -l option.
The options -i and -e are used to obtain the desired output. This example
also shows some convergence difficulties due to the lack of adequate initial
guesses for the internal generator variables (this problem can be
significantly reduced by using an IEEE Common Format input file; however,
be aware that PgMax information must be defined then in the 'K' file).
uwpflow 173sys.wsc -K173sys.k -3173sys.gen -c -i173sys.vp -e -s -l173sys.lg5
8. Finally, this example depicts how to use the program to find the exact
bifurcation point using a direct method (-C option). Again, the generation
and load direction defined in '173sys.k' are needed (-K option). The right
eigenvector at the bifurcation point is written in the file '173sys.lft', and the
bifurcation point is stored in IEEE Common Format in '173sys.poc' (-W
option). For the program to converge to the desired solution, an initial
solution close to the bifurcation point is needed, thus the -L option is used
here to move the system closer to the singularity point detected in case 7.
Hence, the -3 option is used again to read the steady state generator data
stored in file '173sys.gen'. Once more, observe the convergence difficulties
due to the lack of good initial guesses for the internal generator variables.
uwpflow 173sys.wsc -K173sys.k -C173sys.lft -s -W173sys.poc -L0.05 -3173sys.gen
The maximum normalized entries in '173sys.lft' can then be obtained by

running 'maxim'.
#$K+ IEEE 300 Bus Test System
To run this case open the batch/script file ieee300.bat using .
This tutorial briefly illustrates several possible applications of the program

'uwpflow', including the options and files needed to run the different test cases.
An on-line description of the program and all its options is available by running:
uwpflow -h
In all cases the -I option (input data in IEEE Common Format) are used, since
the input data is in IEEE Common Format.
1. Run a standard power flow and write ASCII output in the output file
'ieee300.pf0' (output redirection is optional):
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf >ieee300.pf0
2. Run a standard power flow suppressing the ASCII output (-s option), and
write convergence information in the log file 'ieee300.lg0' (-l option):
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -s -lieee300.lg0
3. Run a standard power flow suppressing ASCII output (-s option), and write
the solution in TAPE IEEE Common Format in the file 'ieee300.tap' (-W
option):
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -s -Wieee300.tap
4. Run a standard power flow suppressing ASCII output (-s option), and write
Jacobian information (-j option) in the files 'ieee300.jac' (Jacobian),
#
300
$
IEEE 300 bus sample system (ieee300.bat)
K
300 Bus System; Demos; ieee300.bat
+
PFLOWWIN:035
'ieee300.var' (variables, i.e., V's, P's, Q's, etc.), and 'ieee300.mis'
(mismatches, i.e., deltaP's, deltaQ's, etc.):
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -s -jieee300
The Jacobian can be transformed to MATLAB matrix format using the AWK
filter 'tomatlab', i.e.,
tomatlab ieee300.jac ieeejac.m
The file 'ieeejac.m' contains the Jacobian matrix in MATLAB format to be

used directly by this program.
5. Run a power flow with a distributed slack bus by using the generation
direction information defined in the file 'ieee300.k' (-K option), and write the
results in the output file 'ieee300.pf1':
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -Kieee300.k ieee300.pf1
6. Run a power flow with a load increase of 0.01 p.u. (-L option). For this study
one needs the generation and load direction information in the file
'ieee300.k' (-K option). In this example the program is forced to use only
one slack bus by using the -x option. The results are written in CARD IEEE
Common Format in the file 'ieee300.crd', and the option -Y and -y are used
to write the right and left e-vectors associated to the smallest Jacobian
eigenvalue in the files 'ieee300.v' and 'ieee300.w', respectively:
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -L0.01 -x -Kieee300.k -wieee300.crd -s -Yieee300.v -
yieee300.w
7. Run a continuation power flow (-c option). To do this the generation and
load direction information in the file 'ieee300.k' is needed (-K option). An
approximation of the right eigenvector at the bifurcation point is written in
the file 'ieee300.rgt' (-E option). The solution information is logged into the
file 'ieee300.lg1' (-l option), and the final output is suppressed using the -s
option. The -N option is used to turn off all system controls:
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -Kieee300.k -c -N -Eieee300.rgt -s -lieee300.lg1
The maximum entries in 'ieee300.rgt' can then be obtained by running
'maxim', e.g.,
maxim ieee300.rgt
For on-line help on 'maxim' type: maxim -h
8. Run a continuation power flow (-c option) similar to case 7. Hence, the
generation and load direction information in the file 'ieee300.k' is needed (-K
option). However, in this example the continuation process is stopped after
5 steps (-z option), and the corresponding tangent vector at that point is
written in the file 'ieee300.tg' (-Z option). The final output is suppressed
using the -s option.
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -Kieee300.k -c -s -z5 -Zieee300.tg
The maximum entries in 'ieee300.tg' can then be obtained by running

'maxim'.
9. Run a continuation power flow similar to case 7, but now the -0 option is
used to generate a series of MATLAB files ('sys*.m') that are used to
compute several voltage stability indices, namely, eigenvalues, singular
values, test functions, and reduced determinants. The solution information
is logged in the same file 'ieee300.lg2':
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -Kieee300.k -c -N -s -lieee300.lg2 -0sys
One of the MATLAB files created is 'sys.m', which can be used to compute
and plot the desired indices together with the generated file 'inviter.m'.
10. Run a parameterized continuation power flow (-H option); once again the
direction file 'ieee300.k' is needed (-K option). In this example the final
ASCII output is stored in 'ieee300.pf3', and the convergence information is
stored in 'ieee300.lg3' (-l option). The -S option stops the program after the
maximum loading point is computed, at about 80 % of the maximum value.
The file 'ieee300.vp' is used to define the desired output busses for the
voltage profiles (-i option).
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -Kieee300.k -H -lieee300.lg3 -S0.8 ieee300.pf3 -iieee300.vp
11. Similar to examples 7 and 8, but in this case the nose curve and Transient
Energy Function (TEF) information are stored in the file 'ieeevp.m' in
MATLAB format (-m and -O options). All limits are turned off (-n option), so
that the TEF can be correctly processed in MATLAB (read program BUGS in
README.TXT). The option -k is used to reduce the step size in the
continuation method, so that more points on the bifurcation diagram can be
computed. The computation takes a couple of minutes, please wait....
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -Kieee300.k -cieeevp.m -m -O -n -lieee300.lg4 -s -k0.5
The program generates the required MATLAB '*.m' files needed in this case
to run 'ieeevp.m' in MATLAB.
12. Finally, this example depicts how to use the program to find the exact
bifurcation point detected above (case 11) using a direct method (-C option).
Again, the generation and load direction defined in 'ieee300.k' are needed (-
K option); system limits are also turned off using the -n option. The right
eigenvector at the bifurcation point is written in the file 'ieee300.lft', and the
bifurcation point is stored in TAPE IEEE Common Format in 'ieee300.poc' (-
W option). For the program to converge, an initial solution close to the
bifurcation point is needed, thus the -L option is used here to move the
system closer to the singularity point; however, observe the slow
convergence as the system is not close enough to the desired solution point.
uwpflow -I ieee300.cf -Kieee300.k -Cieee300.lft -s -Wieee300.poc -L0.3 -n
The maximum entries in 'ieee300.lft' can then be obtained by running

'maxim'.
#$K+
173 Bus AC-DC-FACTS Test System Data
C 173 BUS AC/DC/FACTS TEST SYSTEM:
C WSCC data file
C
C Case Title (3 A8 lines)
HDG
173 BUS AC/DC/FACTS SYSTEM
WSCC/ETMSP DATA FORMAT
NOVEMBER 1999
BAS
C
C
C System Data
C
C AC BUSSES
C
C Bus Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "B " -> PQ load bus
C "BQ" -> PV generator bus with Q limits
C "BE" -> PV generator bus with no Q limits
C "BV" -> PQ generator bus with V limits
C "BG" -> PQ generator bus with Q limits controlling voltage on
C a remote PV load bus
C "BC" -> PV load bus with remote voltage control
C "BT" -> PQ load bus with voltage controlled by LTC transformer
C "BS" -> Swing bus
C - Name (A8) -> Bus Name
C - kV (F4.0) -> Bus kV base
C - Z (2A) -> Zone
C - PL (F5.0) -> P load in MW
C - QL (F5.0) -> Q load in MVars
C - SHUNT (2F4.0) -> MW and MVars shunts (+ for Capacitors)
C - PM (F4.0) -> Max. generator P power in MW
C - P (F5.0) -> generator P power in MW
C - QM (F5.0) -> Max. generator Q power in MVars (not needed for "BE"
C PV bus types)
C - Qm (F5.0) -> Min. generator Q power in MVars (not needed for "BE"
C PV bus types)
C - Vpu (F4.3)-> PV desired voltage magnitude in p.u. (max. voltage for
C "BV" PV bus type)
C - Vm (F4.3) -> Min. voltage for "BV" PV bus type.
#
173WSCC
$
173 ac-dc-FACTS sample system input data
K
173 Bus System Data; WSCC Format Example; DC Input Data Example; FACTS Input Data Example;
173sys.wsc
+
PFLOWWIN:040
C - Remote Name (A8) -> Remote controlled bus name for "BG" type bus.
C - Remote kV (F4.0) -> Remote controlled bus kV for "BG" type bus.
C - Remote %Q (I3) -> Percentage of Q of remote bus control for "BG" type bus.
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C | SHUNT | |REMOTE BUS
C |Ow|Name |kV |Z|PL |QL |MW |Mva|PM |P |QM |Qm |Vpu|Vm |Name |kV |%Q
B BUS_1 345 1750.-56.0
BQ BUS_2 20.0 1000700.0300.0-300.1040
B BUS_3 345 2350.-127.
BQ BUS_4 22.0 1200998.0400.0-400..950
B BUS_5 500 -113
B BUS_6 345 239. -56.0 -155
BQ BUS_7 22.0 2060.700.0-500.1.00
B BUS_8 230 139.723.8
BQ BUS_9 20.0 30002000.900.0-900..980
B BUS_10 500 90.0070.00 -190
BQ BUS_11 26.0 16001590.700.0-280.1000
B BUS_12 500 -391
BQ BUS_13 24.0 25402540.1300.-900..960
B BUS_14 500 793.4 207. -146
B BUS_15 345 840. 5.0
BQ BUS_16 22.0 1000862.0300.0-300.1050
B BUS_17 500 617. -69.0 -427
B BUS_19 500
B BUS_20 500
B BUS_21 500
B BUS_22 500
B BUS_23 500
B BUS_24 500
B BUS_25 500
B BUS_26 500
B BUS_28 500
B BUS_29 500
BQ BUS_30 20.0 79004400.4000.-40001000
B BUS_31 500 44001000. 0.
B BUS_32 500
B BUS_33 230
B BUS_34 230 3600 700. 0.
BQ BUS_35 20.0 50004600.5320.-35001020
BQ BUS_36 22 20001590.600.0-525.1009
B BUS_37 500 912.
B BUS_38 500
B BUS_39 230
BQ BUS_40 18.0 424.-400.268.0-134.1020
B BUS_41 230 135.027.00
B BUS_42 230
BQ BUS_43 18.0 460.160.0300.0-220.1000
B BUS_44 345 52.5-32.9 430.
BQ BUS_45 26.0 20001680.850.0-440.1050
B BUS_46 230 -72.8-17.
BQ BUS_47 11.5 113.110.0100.0-100.1020
B BUS_48 230 121. 25.00
B BUS_49 500 -80.
B BUS_50 230 320.065.00
B BUS_51 138 237.2-63.2
B BUS_52 287
B BUS_53 287
B BUS_54 230 138.028.00
B BUS_55 230 907.8132.1
B BUS_56 500
B BUS_57 230 117.024.00
B BUS_58 230 121.025.00
B BUS_59 230 987.7 -6.2
B BUS_60 230 200
B BUS_61 230 401. 80.6
B BUS_62 230 205.217.6
B BUS_63 287 -129. 32.2 -108
B BUS_64 500
BQ BUS_65 20.0 3100 28601500.-10001000
B BUS_66 500 1700. 300. 0. 1000
B BUS_67 115 160.031.25 1035
B BUS_68 230 -67.5160.0 83.6 1043
B BUS_69 500 -44.222.00
BQ BUS_70 13.8 15001201.692.0-711.1055
B BUS_71 230 792.
B BUS_72 500 462.
B BUS_73 500 3200.1100. 1200 1085
BQ BUS_74 13.8 60004045.2649.-18501000
B BUS_75 500 3500.500.0 550.
BQ BUS_76 20.0 99999900.5780.-20001000
B BUS_77 500 5000.400.0 1200
B BUS_78 500 -220
B BUS_79 500 -66.6 -97. -674
B BUS_80 500 -339.-119. -110
B BUS_81 500 -220
B BUS_82 345 610. -414. -870
B BUS_83 500
B BUS_84 500
B BUS_85 500
B BUS_86 500
B BUS_87 500
B BUS_88 500
B BUS_89 500
B BUS_90 500
B BUS_91 500
B BUS_92 500
B BUS_93 500
B BUS_94 500
B BUS_95 500
B BUS_96 500
B BUS_97 200 -43.3 20.0
B BUS_98 200 210.4 -77.
B BUS_99 500 50.0025.00
BQ BUS_100 25.0 1180600.0330.0-310.0.98
B BUS_101 500 305. -7.6 -91.
B BUS_102 200 27.50 -0.1
B BUS_103 200 8.010
B BUS_104 500 55.6 -329. -327
B BUS_105 200 777.6 32.6 -130
B BUS_106 500 -189.61.5
BQ BUS_107 20.0 1500957. 400. -400.1.02
B BUS_108 200 148. -128
B BUS_109 500 -91.
B BUS_110 500 -0.7 118.5 -91.
BQ BUS_111 20.0 454. 300. -300.1.05
B BUS_112 200 884. 54.8 -32.
BQ BUS_113 20.0 3367.2500.-10001000
B BUS_114 500 5661.3491. 1500
B BUS_115 500
B BUS_116 500
B BUS_117 500
B BUS_118 500
B BUS_119 500
B BUS_120 500
B BUS_121 500
B BUS_122 500
B BUS_123 500
B BUS_124 500
B BUS_126 500
B BUS_127 500
B BUS_128 500
B BUS_129 500
B BUS_130 500
B BUS_131 500 856. 19.6
B BUS_132 230 175. 18.0
BQ BUS_133 20.0 882.7300. -300.1.02
B BUS_27 500 902.3-11.4 -319
BQ BUS_134 20.0 3055.2000.-900.1.02
B BUS_135 230 3191. 630.
B BUS_136 500 204.2-28.2
B BUS_137 230 377.464.5
BQ BUS_138 20.0 1570.900.0-400.1.05
B BUS_139 500 3098.1189. 400.
B BUS_140 230
B BUS_141 500 -196
BQ BUS_142 22.0 15801580.700.0-300.1050
BQ BUS_143 20.0 2100.600. -600.1010
B BUS_144 230 3118.78.0
B BUS_145 500 1230. 72.8
B BUS_146 500 406. 41.0
B BUS_147 500
B BUS_148 230 1066.-10.8 -190
B BUS_149 345 457.7 81.7 -60.
B BUS_150 345 33.9 11.9
B BUS_151 230 148. -7.9
B BUS_152 345 116.1 38.4 -220
BQ BUS_153 20.0 1590.9999.-99991.05
B BUS_18 345 -62. 12.8
B BUS_154 230 255. 100.
BQ BUS_155 20.0 370.09999.-99991.00
B BUS_156 345
B BUS_157 345 31.6 11.5 -18.
B BUS_158 345 141.271.4
B BUS_159 345 379. -43. -50.
B BUS_160 345 185. 78.5
B BUS_161 500
B BUS_162 500
B BUS_163 500
B BUS_164 500
B BUS_165 500
B BUS_166 500
B BUS_167 500
B BUS_168 500
B BUS_169 500
B BUS_170 500
B BUS_171 500
B BUS_172 500
B BUS_173 500 -220
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C AC LINES
C
C Line Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "L "
C - In (F4.0) -> Rated Amps.
C - R (F6.5) -> p.u. series R of PI equivalent
C - X (F6.5) -> p.u. series X of PI equivalent
C - G/2 (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt G/2 of PI equivalent
C - B/2 (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt B/2 of PI equivalent
C - Mil (F4.1) -> Length in miles
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M CS N
C |Ow|Name_1 |kV1||Name_2 |kV2|||In || R | X | G/2 | B/2 |Mil|
L BUS_3 345 BUS_18 3451 .00811.13690 1.2174
L BUS_6 345 BUS_1 3451 .00179.01988 1.2880
L BUS_6 345 BUS_15 3451 .0005 .00530 .04410
L BUS_15 345 BUS_3 3451 .00977.11000 1.0000
L BUS_10 500 BUS_19 5001 -00634
L BUS_19 500 BUS_20 5001 .00077.01804 .69921
L BUS_20 500 BUS_12 5001 -00634
L BUS_10 500 BUS_21 5001 -01188
L BUS_21 500 BUS_22 5001 .00241.05865 243280
L BUS_22 500 BUS_17 5001 -01188
L BUS_12 500 BUS_23 5001 -00826
L BUS_23 500 BUS_24 5001 .00179.04244 169610
L BUS_24 500 BUS_17 5001 -00826
L BUS_12 500 BUS_25 5001 -01795
L BUS_25 500 BUS_26 5001 .00207.04959 197580
L BUS_26 500 BUS_27 5001 -01795
L BUS_14 500 BUS_17 5001 .00040.00960 .45190
L BUS_14 500 BUS_17 5002 .00040.00960 .45190
L BUS_5 500 BUS_28 5001 -00408
L BUS_28 500 BUS_29 5001 .00177.04189 167230
L BUS_29 500 BUS_12 5001 -00612
L BUS_31 500 BUS_32 5001 .0035 .07000 2.303
L BUS_33 230 BUS_34 2301 .0020 .02000 .4000
L BUS_52 287 BUS_63 2871 .01070.07905 .18335
L BUS_53 287 BUS_63 2871 .01070.07905 .18335
L BUS_55 230 BUS_41 2301 .00047.00723 .00812
L BUS_55 230 BUS_58 2301 .00119.01244 .01399
L BUS_55 230 BUS_58 2302 .00119.01244 .01399
L BUS_57 230 BUS_42 2301 .00201.03074 .03443
L BUS_57 230 BUS_54 2301 .00073.01025 .01279
L BUS_57 230 BUS_54 2302 .00073.01025 .01279
L BUS_57 230 BUS_58 2301 .00110.01189 .01257
L BUS_62 230 BUS_55 2301 .00128.00979 .01060
L BUS_64 500 BUS_49 5001 .00083.01884 .83334
L BUS_41 230 BUS_58 2301 .00035.00536 .00602
L BUS_37 500 BUS_38 5001 .00074.01861 .70132
L BUS_37 500 BUS_56 5001 .00082.01668 .59401
L BUS_37 500 BUS_64 5001 .00159 .06001
L BUS_37 500 BUS_64 5002 .00159 .06001
L BUS_42 230 BUS_58 2301 .00281.04296 .04824
L BUS_48 230 BUS_62 2301 .00138.01116 .01235
L BUS_48 230 BUS_62 2302 .00138.01116 .01235
L BUS_50 230 BUS_42 2301 .00220.03422 .03858
L BUS_50 230 BUS_42 2302 .00238.03669 .04142
L BUS_50 230 BUS_57 2301 .00037.00366 .00415
L BUS_50 230 BUS_58 2301 .00055.00586 .00623
L BUS_48 230 BUS_55 2301 .00229.01583 .01530
L BUS_48 230 BUS_55 2302 .00229.01583 .01530
L BUS_39 230 BUS_46 2301 .00221.03346 .03669
L BUS_39 230 BUS_48 2301 .00290.03800 .04120
L BUS_39 230 BUS_59 2301 .00309.04677 .05040
L BUS_39 230 BUS_60 2301 .00226.03422 .03753
L BUS_48 230 BUS_46 2301 .00029.00434 .00475
L BUS_48 230 BUS_59 2301 .00141.00967 .00970
L BUS_48 230 BUS_59 2302 .00141.00967 .00970
L BUS_48 230 BUS_59 2303 .00161.00971 .00964
L BUS_48 230 BUS_59 2304 .00161.00971 .00964
L BUS_48 230 BUS_60 2301 .00027.00393 .00459
L BUS_48 230 BUS_60 2302 .00027.00393 .00459
L BUS_48 230 BUS_60 2303 .00027.00393 .00459
L BUS_75 500 BUS_73 5001 .00120.02316 .8576
L BUS_75 500 BUS_73 5002 .00030.02000 1.800
L BUS_77 500 BUS_75 5001 .00020.00820 .6500
L BUS_77 500 BUS_75 5002 .00020.00820 .6500
L BUS_68 230 BUS_71 2301 3020 .00006.00131 .00189
L BUS_68 230 BUS_71 2302 3020 .00006.00116 .00166
L BUS_69 500 BUS_72 5001 3450 .00001.00030 .00717
L BUS_69 500 BUS_72 5002 3450 .00001.00030 .00922
L BUS_69 500 BUS_73 5001 2175 .00023.00451 .16660
L BUS_69 500 BUS_73 5002 2175 .00020.00446 .15250
L BUS_79 500 BUS_73 5001 3450 .00063.01412 .54878
L BUS_79 500 BUS_73 5002 3020 .00109.02408 .77771
L BUS_79 500 BUS_73 5003 3020 .00108.02409 .77674
L BUS_79 500 BUS_84 5001 3450 .00041.00737 .36347
L BUS_84 500 BUS_85 5001 2000 -01263
L BUS_85 500 BUS_83 5001 3450 .00060.01036 .50728
L BUS_80 500 BUS_86 5001 3600 .00072.01382 .63786
L BUS_86 500 BUS_87 5001 2000 -00858
L BUS_87 500 BUS_83 5001 3600 .00012.00238 .10963
L BUS_79 500 BUS_88 5001 3020 .00066.01266 .47988
L BUS_88 500 BUS_89 5001 2400 -01263
L BUS_89 500 BUS_90 5001 3020 .00074.01428 .5411
L BUS_90 500 BUS_91 5001 2400 -01263
L BUS_91 500 BUS_80 5001 3020 .00078.01502 .56905
L BUS_79 500 BUS_92 5001 3020 .00066.01266 .47988
L BUS_92 500 BUS_93 5001 2000 -01263
L BUS_93 500 BUS_94 5001 3020 .00074.01428 .5411
L BUS_94 500 BUS_95 5001 2000 -01263
L BUS_95 500 BUS_80 5001 3020 .00074.01413 .53317
L BUS_78 500 BUS_96 5001 3600 .00264.05356 264533
L BUS_96 500 BUS_81 5001 1732 -02667
L BUS_106 500 BUS_115 5001 2667 -01000
L BUS_115 500 BUS_116 5001 2894 .00076.01952 .91225
L BUS_116 500 BUS_117 5001 2667 -01000
L BUS_117 500 BUS_118 5001 2894 .00082.02119 .99210
L BUS_118 500 BUS_114 5001 2667 -01000
L BUS_109 500 BUS_119 5001 1800 .00002-00998
L BUS_119 500 BUS_120 5001 2396 .00140.02338 .73750
L BUS_120 500 BUS_110 5001 1800 .00001-00666
L BUS_109 500 BUS_121 5001 1800 .00002-00998
L BUS_121 500 BUS_122 5001 2396 .00140.02338 .73750
L BUS_122 500 BUS_110 5001 1800 .00001-00666
L BUS_110 500 BUS_123 5001 2667 .00001-01120
L BUS_123 500 BUS_124 5001 2450 .00154.03409 115570
L BUS_124 500 BUS_114 5001 2667 .00001-01120
L BUS_110 500 BUS_126 5001 2450 .00095.02102 .71260
L BUS_98 200 BUS_108 2001 752. .01113.06678 .03643
L BUS_98 200 BUS_108 2002 602. .01050.06540 .03430
L BUS_98 200 BUS_108 2003 752. .01105.06642 .03580
L BUS_98 200 BUS_112 2001 747. .03903.27403 .15536
L BUS_98 200 BUS_97 2001 838. .02482.16938 .10116
L BUS_97 200 BUS_112 2001 838. .0148 .10101 .06033
L BUS_98 200 BUS_102 2001 747. .01382.09268 .05530
L BUS_102 200 BUS_112 2001 747. .03058.20460 .12236
L BUS_98 200 BUS_103 2001 838. .01668.11381 .06804
L BUS_103 200 BUS_112 2001 838. .02235.16106 .09171
L BUS_114 500 BUS_127 5001 .00001-00755
L BUS_127 500 BUS_128 5001 2450 .00165.05719 123870
L BUS_128 500 BUS_104 5001 1800 .00002-01331
L BUS_114 500 BUS_129 5001 2450 .00001-01098
L BUS_129 500 BUS_101 5001 2450 .00093.03644 .69475
L BUS_101 500 BUS_130 5001 2450 .00072.01600 .54395
L BUS_130 500 BUS_104 5001 2450 .00002-00998
L BUS_101 500 BUS_99 5001 .00079.01937 .66425
L BUS_99 500 BUS_104 5001 .00087.02087 .72855
L BUS_99 500 BUS_104 5002 .00087.02087 .72855
L BUS_136 500 BUS_147 5001 3600 .00044.01125 .41460
L BUS_136 500 BUS_147 5002 3600 .00044.01125 .41460
L BUS_136 500 BUS_141 5001 3600 .00190.03100 207010
L BUS_27 500 BUS_136 5001 3600 .00193.02779 233560
L BUS_141 500 BUS_27 5001 3600 .00056.01415 .52145
L BUS_131 500 BUS_146 5001 3600 .00042.00905 .33397
L BUS_136 500 BUS_145 5001 3600 .00060.01280 .47310
L BUS_139 500 BUS_145 5001 3600 .00021.00457 .16168
L BUS_145 500 BUS_146 5001 3600 .00040.00930 .34280
L BUS_136 500 BUS_139 5001 3600 .00028.00753 .25868
L BUS_136 500 BUS_139 5002 3600 .00035.00750 .27680
L BUS_144 230 BUS_148 2301 2320 .00285.03649 .06328
L BUS_144 230 BUS_148 2302 2320 .00138.03399 .05626
L BUS_132 230 BUS_137 2301 2320 .00190.02580 .04920
L BUS_132 230 BUS_144 2301 1160 .00845.07034 .07977
L BUS_135 230 BUS_137 2301 2320 .00110.01270 .02400
L BUS_148 230 BUS_137 2301 2320 .00320.03950 .07200
L BUS_140 230 BUS_137 2301 2320 .00138.05399 .07626
L BUS_150 345 BUS_160 3451 .00160.02260 .19050
L BUS_149 345 BUS_160 3451 .00080.01060 .10195
L BUS_150 345 BUS_149 3451 .00240.03320 .29245
L BUS_149 345 BUS_18 3451 .00170.02250 .19960
L BUS_149 345 BUS_18 3452 .00210.02380 .19225
L BUS_152 345 BUS_157 3451 .00960.08780 .71325
L BUS_149 345 BUS_152 3451 .00520.06020 .50500
L BUS_149 345 BUS_152 3452 .00490.05370 .44215
L BUS_149 345 BUS_158 3451 .00120.01720 .14935
L BUS_152 345 BUS_159 3451 .00340.03740 .31040
L BUS_152 345 BUS_159 3452 .00340.03720 .30910
L BUS_18 345 BUS_159 3451 .00380.03400 .29120
L BUS_18 345 BUS_159 3452 .00320.03490 .28610
L BUS_151 230 BUS_154 2301 .01080.09650 .16480
L BUS_152 345 BUS_158 3451 .00340.03920 .32620
L BUS_31 500 BUS_77 5001 83.02390 1.650
L BUS_75 500 BUS_66 5001 70.07400 2.435
L BUS_80 500 BUS_161 5001 1800 -00720
L BUS_161 500 BUS_162 5001 3020 .00103.02338 .79020
L BUS_162 500 BUS_109 5001 1800 -00720
L BUS_80 500 BUS_163 5001 1800 -00864
L BUS_163 500 BUS_164 5001 3020 .00107.02470 .76350
L BUS_164 500 BUS_109 5001 1800 -00720
L BUS_80 500 BUS_165 5001 -01000
L BUS_165 500 BUS_166 5001 .00103.03230 139800
L BUS_166 500 BUS_106 5001 -01000
L BUS_104 500 BUS_167 5001 2134 -00935
L BUS_167 500 BUS_168 5001 3600 .00123.02659 .99351
L BUS_168 500 BUS_147 5001 2134 -00935
L BUS_104 500 BUS_169 5001 2134 -00944
L BUS_169 500 BUS_170 5001 3600 .00123.02662 .99440
L BUS_170 500 BUS_147 5001 2134 -00935
L BUS_104 500 BUS_171 5001 2134 -00935
L BUS_171 500 BUS_172 5001 3600 .00112.02517 .91793
L BUS_172 500 BUS_147 5001 2100 -00840
L BUS_136 500 BUS_64 5001 .00020.00410 .14810
L BUS_27 500 BUS_64 5001 .00179.02524 .26773
L BUS_27 500 BUS_64 5002 .00179.02524 .26773
L BUS_144 230 BUS_61 2301 3070 .00065.01187 .02336
L BUS_144 230 BUS_61 2302 3070 .00065.01187 .02336
L BUS_132 230 BUS_61 2301 3070 .00140.02640 .05100
L BUS_10 500 BUS_27 5001 1630 .00280.02110 .50970
L BUS_14 500 BUS_131 5001 1800 .00259.02967 107650
L BUS_14 500 BUS_131 5002 1800 .00259.02967 107650
L BUS_78 500 BUS_173 5001 1732 -02667
L BUS_173 500 BUS_83 5001 3600 .00122.02373 110355
L BUS_150 345 BUS_82 3451 .00620.06730 .55780
L BUS_44 345 BUS_18 3451 .00180.02450 .21960
L BUS_44 345 BUS_18 3452 .00180.02450 .21960
L BUS_156 345 BUS_6 3451 .00480.04360 .35390
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C TRANSFORMERS
C
C Transformer Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "T "
C - Sn (F4.0) -> Rated MVA
C - R (F6.5) -> p.u. series R of equivalent circuit
C - X (F6.5) -> p.u. series X of equivalent circuit
C - G (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt G of equivalent circuit
C - B (F6.5) -> p.u. shunt B of equivalent circuit
C - Tap1 (F5.2) -> kV tap for sending bus
C - Tap2 (F5.2) -> kV tap for receiving bus
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M CS
C |Ow|Name_1 |kV1||Name_2 |kV2|||Sn | R | X | G | B |Tap1|Tap2|
T BUS_3 345 BUS_9 20.01 .01500 3450020.00
T BUS_14 500 BUS_13 24.01 3066 .00006.00539 5300023.00
T BUS_1 345 BUS_2 20.01 .01200 3550020.00
T BUS_15 345 BUS_16 22.01 .00600 3600022.00
T BUS_5 500 BUS_6 3451 .01100 5315034500
T BUS_5 500 BUS_6 3452 .01100 5315034500
T BUS_6 345 BUS_7 22.01 3000 .00000.00590 3450022.00
T BUS_6 345 BUS_8 2301 430. .00028.01380 3450023000
T BUS_6 345 BUS_8 2302 430. .00029.01390 3450023000
T BUS_10 500 BUS_11 26.01 2000 .00666 5400026.00
T BUS_32 500 BUS_33 2301 .01000 5500023000
T BUS_31 500 BUS_30 20.01 .00150 52500 2000
T BUS_34 230 BUS_35 20.01 .00200 23000 2000
T BUS_64 500 BUS_63 2871 .00020.02330 4902828750
T BUS_44 345 BUS_45 26.01 .00000.00520 3536226.00
T BUS_66 500 BUS_65 20.01 500 54500 2000
T BUS_81 500 BUS_82 3451 1500 .00720 5250034500
T BUS_77 500 BUS_76 20.01 .00250 53300 2000
T BUS_72 500 BUS_71 2301 2500 .00200 5373024150
T BUS_68 230 BUS_67 1151 250. .00085.02845 2328011790
T BUS_69 500 BUS_68 2301 1008 .00018.01071 5375024150
T BUS_69 500 BUS_68 2302 1300 .00008.00667 5375024150
T BUS_73 500 BUS_74 13.81 5000 .00410 5250013.20
T BUS_68 230 BUS_70 13.81 2000 .01130 2300013.20
T BUS_107 20.0 BUS_108 2001 .0192 20.0 218.
T BUS_108 200 BUS_109 5001 840. .00009.01578 2350052500
T BUS_113 20.0 BUS_114 5001 .004 20.0 529.
T BUS_111 20.0 BUS_112 2001 .015 20.0 220.
T BUS_112 200 BUS_114 5001 1120 .00018.01134 2350052500
T BUS_105 200 BUS_104 5001 840. .00027.01578 2350052500
T BUS_105 200 BUS_104 5002 1120 .00018.01079 2350052500
T BUS_99 500 BUS_100 25.01 .00000.00980 5250025.00
T BUS_147 500 BUS_148 2301 1120 .01149 5315623000
T BUS_147 500 BUS_148 2302 1120 .01149 5315623000
T BUS_147 500 BUS_148 2303 1120 .01149 5315623000
T BUS_133 20.0 BUS_27 5001 .015 20.0 502.
T BUS_141 500 BUS_142 22.01 .00980 5250022.00
T BUS_134 20.0 BUS_135 2301 .0035 20.0 235.
T BUS_138 20.0 BUS_139 5001 .005 20.0 508.
T BUS_139 500 BUS_140 2301 .005 5000023000
T BUS_52 287 BUS_51 1381 .00059.01491 2875013800
T BUS_53 287 BUS_51 1381 .00059.01491 2875013800
T BUS_54 230 BUS_51 1381 .00030.01330 2300013800
T BUS_54 230 BUS_51 1382 .00030.01340 2300013800
T BUS_56 500 BUS_55 2301 .00013.01386 5053023000
T BUS_56 500 BUS_55 2302 .00013.01386 5053023000
T BUS_38 500 BUS_48 2301 .00013.00693 5250023000
T BUS_42 230 BUS_43 18.01 .00058.02535 2413018.00
T BUS_49 500 BUS_48 2301 .00026.01386 5250023000
T BUS_48 230 BUS_47 11.51 .00499.11473 2410011.50
T BUS_39 230 BUS_40 18.01 .00050.02380 2300018.00
T BUS_60 230 BUS_61 2301 .00120 2280022500
T BUS_143 20.0 BUS_144 2301 .010 20.0 233.
T BUS_3 345 BUS_4 22.01 .01238 3450022.00
T BUS_152 345 BUS_153 20.01 .00020.00580 3400020.00
T BUS_157 345 BUS_156 3451 .01950 3450034500
T BUS_150 345 BUS_151 2301 .00030.01810 3450023000
T BUS_154 230 BUS_155 20.01 .00050.01410 2435220.00
T BUS_82 345 BUS_36 221 2000 .00000.00460 3450022.00
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C DC BUS DATA
C
C DC Bus Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "BD"
C - Z (A2) -> Zone
C - N (I2) -> Number of converter bridges
C - Xc (F5.3) -> Commutation reactance in Ohms
C - Rat (F5.4) -> Nominal voltage ratio of transformer
C - Tstp (F5.3) -> Tap steps in %
C - Tmin (F5.3) -> Min. tap in p.u.
C - Tmax (F5.3) -> Max. tap in p.u.
C - Amn (F4.1) -> Min. alpha
C - Amx (F4.1) -> Max. alpha
C - Gmn (F4.1) -> Min. gamma
C - Imx (F4.1) -> Max. current in amps.
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C |AC bus C
C |Name_1 |Name_2 |Name |kV ||Gr|Z|N|Xc |Rat |Tstp|Tmin|Tmax|Amn|Amx|Gmn|Imx
BD DC1-R-P+GROUND BUS_71 2301 117.6 1.843 .001 .80 1.40 5. 100. 0. 5.E3
BD GROUND DC1-R-P-BUS_71 2301 117.6 1.843 .001 .80 1.40 5. 100. 0. 5.E3
BD DC1-I-P+GROUND BUS_60 2301 117.3 1.843 .001 .80 1.40 90. 170.18. 5.E3
BD GROUND DC1-I-P-BUS_60 2301 117.3 1.843 .001 .80 1.40 90. 170.18. 5.E3
BD DC2-R-P+GROUND BUS_44 3451 124.7 1.194 .001 .92 1.15 5. 100. 0. 4.E3
BD GROUND DC2-R-P-BUS_44 3451 124.7 1.194 .001 .92 1.15 5. 100. 0. 4.E3
BD DC2-I-P+GROUND BUS_37 5001 123.7 0.808 .001 .92 1.20 90. 170.16. 4.E3
BD GROUND DC2-I-P-BUS_37 5001 123.7 0.808 .001 .92 1.20 90. 170.16. 4.E3
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C DC BUS CONTROL DATA
C
C DC Bus Control Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "BZ"
C - Mod 1 & 2 (2A2) -> Converter control modes: ID=current; AL=alpha; GA=gamma;
C VD=Voltage; PA=P_power; QA=Q_power
C - Set Points (2F5.2)-> Control mode values: A, kV, MW, Mvar, or deg.
C - T (A1) -> Type: R=rectifier; I=inverter
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C C|Mod|Set Points T
C |Name_1 |Name_2 |AC bus |kV ||1|2| 1 | 2 |
BZ DC1-R-P+GROUND BUS_71 2301IDAL 3100. 15. R
BZ GROUND DC1-R-P-BUS_71 2301IDAL 3100. 15. R
BZ DC1-I-P+GROUND BUS_60 2301VDGA 447. 18. I
BZ GROUND DC1-I-P-BUS_60 2301VDGA 447. 18. I
BZ DC2-R-P+GROUND BUS_44 3451IDAL 1920. 15. R
BZ GROUND DC2-R-P-BUS_44 3451IDAL 1920. 15. R
BZ DC2-I-P+GROUND BUS_37 5001VDGA 485. 16. I
BZ GROUND DC2-I-P-BUS_37 5001VDGA 485. 16. I
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C DC LINE DATA
C
C DC Line Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "BD"
C - Z (A2) -> Zone
C - R (F6.2) -> Resistance in Ohms
C - L (F6.2) -> Inductance in mH (optional)
C - C (F6.2) -> Capacitance in uF (optional)
C - Imax (F6.1) -> Max. current in amps. (optional)
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C C
C |Name_1 |Name_2 ||Gr|Z|Ow|R ohm|L mH|C uF|Imax |
LD DC1-R-P+DC1-I-P+1 19. 1300.
LD DC1-R-P-DC1-I-P-1 19. 1300.
LD DC2-R-P+DC2-I-P+1 7.82 693.
LD DC2-R-P-DC2-I-P-1 7.82 693.
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C SVC DATA
C
C SVC Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "FS" (F for FACTS, S for SVC).
C - Bus1 (A8) -> System bus where SVC is connected.
C - Bus2 (A8) -> System bus that SVC controls.
C - Xc (F8.7) -> Per unit SVC capacitive X w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - Xl (F8.7) -> Per unit SVC inductive X w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - s (F2.0) -> SVC control slope in % w.r.t. to MVA and kV1 base.
C - MVA (F4.0) -> SVC maximum rating in MVAr (capacitive).
C - Vrf (F4.3) -> p.u. reference control voltage.
C - kV (F4.0) -> Low kV side of step-down transformer (optional).
C - Xth (F8.7) -> Step-down transformer reactance in p.u. w.r.t. to SVC MVA
C rating and kV1 (optional).
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C
C |Ow|Bus1 |kV1 |Bus2 |kV2|Xc |Xl |am|aM|s|MVA|Vrf|kV |Xth |al
FS BUS_114 500 BUS_114 500 1.1708 0.4925 90175 2 200 1. 26. 0.1
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C TCSC DATA
C
C TCSC Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "FC" (F for FACTS, C for TCSC).
C - Bus1 (A8) -> Sending bus where TCSC is connected.
C - Bus2 (A8) -> Receiving bus where TCSC is connected.
C - Xc (F8.7) -> Per unit TCSC capacitive X w.r.t MVA and kV1 base.
C - Xl (F8.7) -> Per unit TCSC inductive X w.r.t MVA and kV1 base.
C - cont (F8.3)-> TCSC control value: % of X; MW for P; KA for I; degrees for D.
C - Mode (A1) -> Control mode: X for reactance; P for power; I for current;
C D for angle.
C - MVA (F4.0) -> TCSC rating in MVA. Defaults to MVA system base.
C - M1 (F4.0) -> Needed for determining series line reactance for % X
C control: M1=Xc/Xline.
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M
C |Bus1 |kV1 |Bus2 |kV2|Xc |Xl |am|aM|cont ||MVA|al |M1 |
FC BUS_126 500 BUS_114 500 .00526 .000526 144175 90.0 X 4.
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C STATCOM DATA
C
C STATCOM Input Data:
C - Type (A2) -> "FT" (F for FACTS, T for STATCOM).
C - Bus1 (A8) -> System bus where STATCOM is connected.
C - Bus2 (A8) -> System bus that STATCOM controls.
C - R (F6.0) -> AC R in p.u. w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - X (F6.5) -> AC X in p.u. w.r.t. MVA and kV1 base.
C - Gc (F6.5) -> DC G in p.u. w.r.t. MVA and a kVdc base defined by the
C secondary side of the STATCOM transformer(s).
C - Im (F6.4) -> Max. capacitive current (Imin>0) in p.u. w.r.t.
C MVA and kV1 base.
C - IM (F6.4) -> Max. inductive current (Imax>0) in p.u. w.r.t.
C MVA and kV1 base.
C - s (F3.0) -> AC voltage control slope in % w.r.t. to MVA and kV1 base.
C - MVA (F5.0) -> Rating in MVA (defaults to the system base).
C - Vrf (F4.3) -> AC reference voltage in p.u. w.r.t. kV1 base.
C - M (A1) -> Control mode: W for PWM control (default); P for phase
C control.
C - Con (F6.5) -> Control variable value:
C - k constant for phase control (defaults to a value
C of 0.9 for a 12 pulse VSI if no value is given).
C - DC reference voltage for PWM control in p.u. w.r.t.
C a kVdc base (defaults to 1 p.u.).
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C M
C |Ow|Bus1 |kV1 |Bus2 |kV2|R |X |Gc |Im |IM |s |MVA |Vrf||Con
FT BUS_60 230 BUS_60 230 0.0 0.145 .0017 1. 1. 2.2000. 1. P 0.9
C
C*******************************************************************************
C
C SOLUTION CONTROL CARD
C
C Solution control card:
C - Max Iter (I5) -> Maximum number of Newton-Raphson iteration
C - Name (A8) -> Name of the slack bus
C - kV (F4.0) -> kV base for slack bus
C - Angle (F10.4) -> Reference angle for slack bus in degrees
C
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C |Max| |SLACK BUS |
C |Itr| |Name |kV| |Angle |
SOL 50 BUS_74 13.8 0.
C
C
ZZ
END

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#$K+

2. IEEE 300 bus system (ieee300.bat)

November 18, 1999

The authors would appreciate any comments and suggestions on how to

DISCLAIMER: THE AUTHORS DO NOT GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OF

BRIEF PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:

UWPFLOW is a research tool that has been designed to calculate local

Additional unformatted data is required for bifurcation analysis, such as the

4. Either BPA/WSCC ac-dc input data formats (and variations) or IEEE

6. Secondary voltage control, as defined by ENEL, can be modeled and

[1] "Extended Transient-Midterm Stability Package: User's Manual for the

[3] "Methodology for the Integration of HVDC Links in Large AC Systems-

[5] C. A. Cañizares, "Modeling of TCR and VSI Based FACTS Controllers,"

[6] C. A. Cañizares and F. L. Alvarado, "Point of Collapse and Continuation

[8] C. A. Cañizares, "On Bifurcations, Voltage Collapse and Load Modeling,"

[9] C. A. Cañizares, A. Z. de Souza and V. H. Quintana, "Improving

[10] A. Z. de Souza, C. A. Canizares and V. H. Quintana, "New Techniques to

[11] C. A. Cañizares and Z. Faur, "Analysis of SVC and TCSC Controllers in

[12] C. A. Cañizares et al., "Voltage Stability Indices," Final Draft, Chapter 4 of

Define opitons using menu Execute|Command Line or pressing on Toolbar

uwpflow [-options] input_file [[>]output_file]

-A Turns off interchange area control.

-b Solve base case before changing the loading factor

-Bnum PQ bus number 'num' where the voltage is fixed in order

-cfile Increases the loading factor lambda using a continuation

-d Generates some debug output.

-e Output 3 dc variables per dc link, and 3 internal

-Efile Print in 'file' the continuation method direction vector at

-fnum Output Sensitivity Factors (SF) and Voltage Sensitivity

-Fval Stability/sparsity value 'val' for factorization (def. 0.01).

-g Force Q in generators to zero when reading data in

-G Turns off recovery from some ac device limits in the

-h Prints this message in standard output.

-Hfile Increases the loading factor lambda using a

-ifile List of numbers and names in 'file' for printing variable

-I AC input data in IEEE common format.

-jname Write the Jacobian of the solved case in I J VALUE

-Jname With the -B option, it generates the Jacobian,

-kval Factor 'val' used in the homotopy continuation method

-Kfile Read generation and load distribution factors from 'file'.

-lfile Write standard error output to 'file' (log file).

-Lval Loading factor 'val' (def. 0). Simulates load changes in

-m Output continuation profiles in MATLAB format. If TEF

-Mnum Number 'num' of max. N-R iterations, overriding input

-n Turns off all ac system limits.

-N Turns off all ac system controls.

-otol The tolerance 'tol' controls the application of limits

-Onum This option is used together with -m to output ac/dc TEF

-p Turns off P and Q limits in regulating transformers.

-P Turns off P and Q control by regulating transformers.

-q Turns off Q limits in PV busses.

-qx Turns off V limits in reactance-controlled (BX) busses.

-qz Turns off Q limits in reactance-controlled (BZ) busses.

-Q Turns off remote voltage generator control. Generators

-QX Turns off remote voltage control in reactance-controlled

-r Turns off V limits in regulating transformers and PV

-R Turns off V control by regulating transformers.

-s Suppress ASCII output_file.

-ttol If the relative error of two consecutive iteration

-Ttol P.U. tolerance 'tol' for N-R method (default 1e-4).

-uval Value 'val' of the tolerance used to reduce the number of

-Unum Number 'num' of steps of the continuation method (-c