Log periodic arrays:-

There exists a type of dipole array, with a simple feeding structure, which will
produce patterns similar to those of a Yagi-Uda array, but over a remarkably broad
band of frequencies (6: 1 or more), with the added virtue of a low input VSWR
throughout the same frequency range. Such arrays are called log-periodic.
How it is named as log periodic:
It was recognized by V. H. Rumseyg that an antenna with shape specified
entirely in terms of angles will have pattern and impedance characteristics that are
independent of frequency.
What is an antenna ?
An antenna is a metallic conductor system capable of radiating and receiving
electromagnetic waves.
Radiation Resistance
a fictitious resistance ,when used to replace an antenna, would dissipate the same
amount of power the antenna radiates.
Mathematically Rr = P/ i2
where P = power radiated by antenna
i = antenna feedpoint current
E.g, If radiated power = 10W, antenna current = 0.447A, find the radiation
resistance.
Sol: Rr = 10/(0.447)2 = 50 ohms
Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern of an antenna, is a polar diagram or graph representing field
strengths or power density at various angular positions relative to an antenna.
Antenna Polarization
is referred to the orientation of the electric field radiated from anantenna.
Vertically/Horizontally Polarized Antenna
the antenna radiates a vertically/horizontally polarized electromagnetic wave
Linearly polarized Antenna
the antenna lies either in horizontal or vertical plane
Gain of Antenna
is referred to the ratio of the power density radiated in a particular direction to the power
density radiated to the same point by a referenceantenna(isotropic antenna),assuming
both antenna radiate the same power level.
Dirgain = P/Pref
Log-Periodic Antenna(Structure)
Structure (see Fig.10-26)
several dipoles of different length and spacing are fed from a single driving source
Adjacent pair of dipoles are driven by current of equal amplitude but with phase
difference in 180o, crisscrossing the transmission line between the feedpoints of adjacent
pairs of dipoles.
Radiation pattern (see fig. 10-26)
maximum radiation is outward from the small end
Antenna input impedance( see fig. 10-27)
varies periodically the log of frequency
what is log periodic antennaIn telecommunication, a log-periodic antenna (LP, also
known as a log-periodic array) is a broadband, multielement, unidirectional, narrow-

beam antennathat has impedance and radiation characteristics that are regularly repetitive as

a logarithmic function of the excitation frequency. The individual components are

often dipoles, as in a log-periodic dipole array(LPDA). Log-periodic antennas are designed

to be self-similar and are thus also fractal antennaarrays.

It is normal to drive alternating elements with 180° (π radians) of phase shift from one

another. This is normally done by connecting individual elements to alternating wires of a

balanced transmission line.

The length and spacing of the elements of a log-periodic antenna increase logarithmically from

one end to the other. A plot of the input impedance as a function of logarithm of the excitation

frequency shows a periodic variation.

This antenna design is used where a wide range of frequencies is needed while still having

moderate gain and directionality. It is sometimes used for a (VHF/UHF) television antenna. [1]

 (electromagnetism) A broad-band antenna which consists of a sheet of metal with two

wedge-shaped cutouts, each with teeth cut into its radii along circular arcs; characteristics are
repeated at a number of frequencies that are equally spaced on a logarithmic scale
Frequency independent antennas:

Rumsey’s Principle: