FINAL T ERM

PAPER
OF
ELE-101

TOPIC :- TEMPERATURE SENSORS

SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED TO
NAME- RAJESH KUMAR
MR.GAGANDEEP SHARMA

REGISTRATION NO. -10904731 (DEPARTMENT

OF ELE.SCIENCE)

SECTION-C 4903
ROLL NO. – A06

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As usual a large number of people deserve my thanks for
the help they provided me for the preparation of this
term paper.

First of all I would like to thank my teacher MR.

GAGANDEEP SHARMA “Sir” for his support during the
preparation of this topic. I am very thankful for his
guidance.

I would also like to thank my friends for the

encouragement and information about the topic they
provided to me during my efforts to prepare this topic.

At last but not the least I would like to thank seniors for
providing me their experience and being with me during
my work.
 THANK YOU

RAJESH KUMAR

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF SENSORS

2. PROPERTIES OF SENSORS

3. TYPES OF SENSORS

4. INRODUCTION OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS

5. TYPES OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

A) CONTACT TYPE TEMPERTURE SENSORS

B) NON-CONTACT TYPE TEMPERATURE SENSORS

6.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF SENSOR.
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal
which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. OR

Sensor can be defined as a device which receives a signal and converts it into
electrical form which can be further used for electronic devices. A sensor differs
from a transducer in the way that a transducer converts one form of energy into
other form whereas a sensor converts the received signal into electrical form only.

EXAMPLE:-A mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature

into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass
tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read
by a voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known
standards.

PROPERTY OF SENSOR

Ideal sensors are designed to be linear. The output signal of such a sensor is linearly proportional
to the value of the measured property. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between output
signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage
output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K]; this sensor is linear because the ratio is
constant at all points of measurement.

TYPES OF SENSORS:-

THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF SENSORS PRESENT IN THE INDUSTRY.SOME OF

THEM ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

1Autotomotive, transportation

2. Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio

3. Environment, weather, humidity

4. Thermal, heat, temperature

5. Force, density, level.

HERE IN MY PROJECT I AM GOING TO DISCUSS ABOUT TEMPERATURE SENSOR

INTRODUCTION TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Temperature Sensor is a device which is used to measure the temperature of an object. This sensor senses the
temperature and generate output signal in one of the two forms: 1.change in voltage 2. Change in resistance. In
order to select a sensor for a particular application - accuracy, range of temperature, response time and environment
are considered.

Temperature sensors are categorized into two types:

1. CONTACT TYPE SENSORS.

2. NON-CONTACT TYPE SENSORS.

Contact type sensors

These measure their own temperature i.e., they are in contact with the metal and will be in thermal equilibrium.

This is also of two types:

1. Thermocouples.

2. Resistive temperature devices

Thermocouple contact Temperature Measurement

Sensors :
Thermocouples work on the principle of See-beck effect. They are available
in bead type or probe type construction. A thermocouple consists of two
dissimilar metals, joined together at one end, they consist of two junctions:
cold junction and hot junction. which produce a small voltage when heated
(or cooled). This voltage is measured and used to determine the temperature
of the heated metals. The voltage for any one temperature is unique to the
combination of metals used. The voltage developed between two junctions is
called See-beck voltage. Voltage is in the order of milli-volts. They generate
energy in the order of microwatts-milliwatts.
Different types of thermocouples:-
Thermocouples are available in different combinations of metals, usually refered to by a letter,
e.g. J, K etc. Each combination has a different temperature range and is therefore more suited to
certain applications than others. Although it is worth noting that the maximum temperature
varies with the diameter of the wire used in the thermocouple.

Summary of Thermocouple Types

Conductor Temperature Range

Type Combination °F °C
Platinum 30% Rhodium /
B Platinum 6% Rhodium
2500 to 3100 1370 to 1700

E Nickel-chromium / Constantan 32 to 1600 0 to 870

J Iron / Constantan 32 to 1400 0 to 760
K Nickel-chromium / Nickel-aluminum 32 to 2300 0 to 1260
N Nicrosil / Nisil 32 to 2300 0 to 1260
Platinum 13% Rhodium /
R Platinum
1600 to 2640 870 to 1450

Platinum 10% Rhodium /

S Platinum
1800 to 2640 980 to 1450

T Copper / Constantan -75 to +700 -59 to +370

Thermocouples :-
Calculations of the voltage generated by the thermocouple is given by the equation given below

V= S* ΔT Where

Where, V= voltage measured (V), S= See beck coefficient (V/°C) & ΔT= difference in temperature between two
junctions.

Hence the unknown temperature can be calculated using this equation,

T= Tref + V/S in °C

FEW EXAMPLES ARE:-

1. Thermometers PCE-IR 425

2. Thermometers PCE-TDL 100

3. - PCE-T 800 series temperature sensor

4. PCE-FWS 20 WEATHER STATION TEMPERATURE SENSORS.

5. - PCE-MSR145 series temperature sensor

(temperature sensor / humidity / pressure )

6. PCE-T390 series temperature sensor

(single channel with memory and software)

HERE I HAVE DISCUSSED ABOUT PCE-FWS-20 THERMOCOUPLE

TEMPERATURE SENSORS WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF CNTACT TYPE SENSOR

The PCE-FWS 20 Weather Station is a multifunction device which can cover all our needs both in the
private and in the professional sector. The PCE-FWS 20 Weather Station allows us to detect with a
high accuracy wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Apart from
these performances we will be able to activate different alarm functions (air speed, atmospheric pressure,
etc...). we will be fascinated by this weather station. With the help of PCE-FWS 20 weather station we will
be able to choose suitable clothes and the watering of the garden among other functions. Meteorological
data is sent by means of a radio to the main unit when the distance does not exceed 100 meters. This
weather station is equipped with the latest technology for the meteorological analysis. Meteorological
values can be easily recovered by means of the touch screen. With the USB port and the USB cable
included in the delivery, data can be transferred from the weather station to a PC or portable computer to
be analyzed subsequently. Data values can also be recorded with no limits. The analysis software
included in the delivery allows analyzing and comparing meteorological fluctuations by means of graphs
and diagrams for a long period. The delivery includes all the elements we need to set up the weather
station.

Technical specifications of PCE-FWS-20

Indoor
1.Measurement ranges- -Operating temperature: 0 ... +60 °C
-Humidity: 1 ... 99 %
-Atmospheric pressure: 919 ... 1080hPa
2.Resolution ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-Air temperature: 0,1 °C
-Humidity: 1%
-Atmospheric pressure: 0,1 / 1,5 hPa
3.Measuring range of the atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity. ---48 seconds

4.Alarm duration ------------------120 seconds

Outdoor
1.Measurement ranges------Operating temperature: -40 ... +65 °C
-Humidity: 1 ... 99 %
 -Rain fall: 0 ... 9999mm
- Wind speed: 0 ... 180 km/h
- Indication of the wind direction
2.Resolution -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-Air temperature: 0,1 °C

-Humidity: 1%
-Rainfall: 0.1mm (volume <1000mm) / 1mm (volume >1000mm)
Temperature and humidity measuring range-------------48 seconds

Radio transmission ----------------------up to 100 m in the open air

Por -----------------------------------------------USB
Power --------------------------- Main Unit ---3 x 1,5 V AA batteries
- Radio ----2 x 1,5 V AA batteries

Dimensions
- Main Unit-----------------------------------230 x 150 mm

- Remote sensors---------------------660 x 540 mm

IMAGE OF PCE-FWS-20

DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF PCE-FWS-20

 2.Rain sensor of PCE-FWS 20 weather station

1.Temperature and humidity sensor

of the PCE-FWS 20 weather station

3.Air velocity sensor of PCE-FWS-20 4. wind direction sensor of PCE-FWS-20

ASSEMBLED SET PCE-FWS-20 BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORS

Functions of the thermometer

PART-1.FUNCTION
- Indoor temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit
- Outdoor temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit
- Indoor relative humidity
- Outdoor relative humidity
- Atmospheric pressure is shown in inHG or hPa
- Relative / Absolute humidity selection
PART-2.FUNCTION
- Rainfall is shown in mm or inch
- Rainfall indication for 1 hour, 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month or from the last reset.
PART-3.FUNCTION
-Selection of wind speed in mph, km/h, m/s, knots or Beaufort
- Indication of wind direction

PART-4.FUNCTION
-Wind Chill temperature indicator
- Dew point indication
- Weather forecast
- Weather forecast trend
- Storm warning
OVERALL WORKING
- Indication of meteorological values.
- Programmable alarm functions for different meteorological values.
- It can store maximum and minimum values
- LED with backlight displayvhv
- Radio clock
- Indication in 12 or 24 hours
- Calendar
- Set up of Time slot
- Energy saving function
- It can be placed on the wall or vertically
- Permanent adjustment of meteorological values and clock by means of a radio.

APPLICATIONS OF THERMOCUPLE :-

1.Steel industry

2. Heating appliance safety

3. Thermopile radiation sensors

4. Manufacturing

5. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators

6. Process plants
2.Non-Contact type sensors :-
These infer temperature by measuring the thermal radiations emitted by the material.

Non-Contact type sensors.

1.IR thermometers .( infrared (IR) radiation thermometers)

2. line-measuring thermometers .

It works, or based on, the law of physics, Planck’s Law of the thermal emission of radiation.

1.These measure the temperature by detecting the infrared energy emitted by the material.

2.This consists of a lens which senses the IR signal and converts it into electrical signal which is displayed in
temperature units.

3.These are applied when the object is moving, surrounded by EM field or when a fast response is required.
Temperature sensors .Non-contact temperature sensor

Our infrared temperature sensor measure temperature by way of the infrared radiation of an object. All
non-contact temperature sensor contain a targeting light to ensure the correct surface area is being
measured. Infrared temperature sensor can only measure the temperature of exposed surfaces and not
through glass. Some models possess a preset K value, and others allow the user to choose the K value
depending on the material being measured, whether it's paper, wood, metalic surfaces, etc. If the user
measures shiney metalic surfaces, such as cylinders, the device can only be used to determine
tendencies in temperature as it's no possible to measure absolute temperature, with a non-contact
temperature tester, of polished or shiney surfaces. Please read: how to use a non-contact temperature
tester.

- PCE-HT71 series temperature sensor

(temperature sensor, humidity, 32.000 values)

- PCE-880 series temperature sensor

(temperature sensor for work or training, with infrared)

- PCE-IR 100 series temperature sensor

(to measure surface temperature or inside food)

- PCE-888 series temperature sensor

(temperature sensor with laser and accurate to within 11.5%)
- PCE-889 series temperature sensor
(temperature sensor <1000ºC, graphic display, adjustable emissivity)