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EE4101 RF COMMUNICATIONS
First Semester, 2010/11
2 Maxwell’s equations
∂B
∇×E = -
∂t
∂D
∇×H = J +
∂t
∇⋅D = ρ
∇⋅B = 0
E (V/m) → electric field intensity
D (C/m2) → electric flux density
B (T) → magnetic flux density
H (A/m) → magnetic field intensity
J (A/m2) → electric current density
ρ (C/m3) → electric charge density
Hon Tat Hui
3 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101
In vacuum or air,
ε = ε 0 = 8.854 ×10−12 F/m
μ = μ0 = 4π ×10−7 H/m
σ =0
ε = ε 0ε r
μ = μ0 μ r
∇ × E = -jωB
∇ × H = J + jωD
∇⋅D = ρ
∇⋅B = 0
Using constitutive parameters,
∇ × E = -jωμH
∇ × H = J + jωεE
∇⋅E = ρ /ε
∇⋅H = 0
Hon Tat Hui
6 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101
E1, H1 n̂1
D1 , B1
Js ρs medium 1
E2, H2 medium 2
surface current and charge
densities, confined only on D2 , B2 n̂ 2
the interface
nˆ 1 × (H1 − H 2 ) = J s = 0 D ,B 1
J =0
1
s
dielectric 1
nˆ 1 ⋅ (B1 − B 2 ) = 0
ρ s=0
dielectric 2
E ,H
nˆ 1 ⋅ (D1 − D2 ) = ρ s = 0
2 2
D ,B 2 2 n̂ 2
nˆ 1 × H1 = J s J
D ,B
s
1 1 dielectric (air)
→→→→→→→→→→→→
++++++++++++++++++
nˆ 1 ⋅ B1 = 0 ρs
E2=H2=0 perfect conductor (metal)
nˆ 1 ⋅ D1 = ρ s
D2=B2=0 n̂2
References:
1. David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetic, Addison-Wesley
Pub. Co., New York, 1989.
2. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Applied Electromagnetics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
New Jersey, 2007.
3. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford
University Press, New York, 2001.
4. C. T. Tai, Dyadic Green Functions in Electromagentic Theory,
IEEE Press, New Jersey, 1994.
5. Robert E. Collin, Field theory of guided waves, IEEE Press, New
York, 1991.
6. Joseph A. Edminister, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1993.
7. Yung-kuo Lim (Editor), Problems and solutions on
electromagnetism, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993.
Hon Tat Hui
11 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations