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Exercise #6
Balanced 3φ Power Measurements
I. Objectives
The objectives of this exercise are to:
1. To become familiar with:
a) Three-phase (3φ) 4-wire and 3-wire systems, for both wye (Y) and
∆−SOURCES, connected to a combination of a Y / ∆−LOAD. Gain insight to
the inherent 30o phase shifts between line and phase quantities.
b) The two-wattmeter method for 3φ power measurements of balanced loads.
c) The significance of pf = 0.5 (lead or lag) when using the two watt-meter
method.
d) High-Voltage differential probes and current probes.
The 208 source does not come directly from the utility room (where the ALBs
reside), but rather from the service entrance to the building. The 208 outlet at the
station wall is always “hot”, assuming no breakers have been tripped. When this 208
source is connected to the back panel, and through the metered 3φ breaker on the
bench front panel, the neutral is connected to the ground of the bench.
The 240 source comes directly from the utility room at the output of a 75 kVA 3φ Y-
∆ , 480-to-240 Vrms transformer. Sometimes, the secondary winding of one of the
phases has the center of the winding tapped, giving the user a fourth wire, which can
be connected to ground. This is not the case for our transformer. Hence, there are
only three wires, each being one phase of the output of the transformer. The 240
outlet at the station wall only becomes “hot”, when a contactor is closed within the
When this 240 source is connected to the back panel of the bench, and through the
metered 3φ breaker on the bench front panel, the user could safely connect any one of
the three phases to the bench ground (only one at a time!), if so desired, but not
necessary. This is because the output of the 3φ Y-∆ transformer is considered to be
“floating” with respect to ground.
VL
=
P3φ 3Re (VLN=
I L −θ ) 3 =
I L cos ( −θ ) 3VL I L cos (θ )
b) 3 (1)
,
P3φ = S cos (θ )
VL
Q=
3φ 3Im (VLN I L −=
θ) 3 I L sin ( −=
θ ) S3φ sin(−θ )
c) 3
.
Q3φ = − S3φ sin(θ )
Let Watt Meter 1, (W1) have its positive voltage lead connected to Line A and the
minus lead be connected to Line C (when using the Fluke 41, any of the lines can be
used as a common terminal, here we let C be the common). Following passive sign
convention, the current probe should be connected to Line A with its arrow pointing
towards the load.
Let Watt Meter 2, (W2) have its positive voltage lead connected to Line B and the
minus lead be connected to Line C. The current probe should be connected to Line B
with its arrow pointing towards the load.
VAN = VLN 0
-
W1
3-phase
Load
B Resistive, Inductive,
C Capacitive
W2
Here, we see that if the load is purely real, the inherent 30 degree phase shift is easily
seen between the line current and the respective line voltage.
The important observation to realize is that when real power is held constant and the
reactive load is uniformly increased or decreased, W1 + W2 will always remain
constant and the true value for the total power delivered to the load is obtained.
4. The only time the Watt meters are equal in magnitude is when θ is 0 degrees, i.e.,
pf=1 (pure resistive). Hence, when pf = 1, P3φ = W1 + W2 = 2W1 .
Q = 3 (W1 - W2 ) (5)
a) METHOD 1: Use cursors to measure the time shift between these two
voltages, and convert this to an equivalent phase shift. For example, let t AN
be the time at which the first zero crossing of VAN occurs. Let t AB be the time
at which the first zero crossing of VAB occurs. The phase shift is calculated as
t AN − t AB
φ= *360
T
= f * ( t AN − t AB ) *360 (6)
= 60* ( t AN − t AB ) *360
E. Extra Credit
1. Show (Prove) that Q = 3 (W1 - W2 ) by first showing that
3 cos (=
θ ) cos(30 + θ ) + cos(30 − θ )
You may use the following standard formulas for balanced 3φ power calculations
as well as the identities given below:
a) S = 3V I
L L
b) Q =S sin(θ z ) =S sin(−θ ) =− S sin(θ )
c) trigonometric identities,
(1) cos(α+β ) = cos(α)cos(β) - sin(α)sin(β)
(2) cos(α−β ) = cos(α)cos(β) + sin(α)sin(β).
A. Station 1 and 2:
NOTE: since the load is ∆-connected, the system is actually a 3-wire system. If a
load with a ground is introduced to the system, then the circuit becomes a 4-wire
system.
To determine the 3-phase power level the ALB must be set to, apply this formula:
(VL )2
P3φ = 3 .
R per phase
Once the total power level is determined, you should turn the power on and place the
ALB in closed-loop mode, and confirm your setting at the LabVIEW meters. Place
the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
3. Use High-Voltage Differential Probes to show the theoretical phase shift between a
line voltage (i.e., line-to-line) and the line-to-neutral voltage.
Predict the phase and RMS value of VBC with respect to (WRT) VAB (i.e., trigger
off channel connected to VAB )?
a) Connect the differential probes to the power supply side for measuring VBC
and VAB . Set probe values correspondingly.
Turn the power on and place the ALB in closed-loop mode.
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
b) Connect the current probe to phase A line between Y-source and ∆-load, with
arrow pointing towards the load (i.e., ALB). Set probe to values
corresponding to expected current magnitudes.
Predict the RMS value of Line A current and its phase WRT VAB ?
(consider (2) … hmmm.)
Display on the oscilloscope only VAB and I A .
Predict the RMS value of Line A current and its phase WRT VAN ?
Display on the oscilloscope only VAN and I A .
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
a) With power off, place an inductor in each line between the input and the ALB.
Set the reactances to 10 Ω.
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
b) For this load configuration, predict the total LOAD (which includes the
inductors and ALB) VA, Watts and VARs the relationships in (1a, 1b, 1c).
Referring to Fig. 2, use the Fluke 41 for conducting the two-watt meter
approach to confirm this prediction.
Estimate the value for W1 and W2, using (2) and (3).
Turn the power on and place the ALB in closed-loop mode and record W1 and
W2.
Compare results of
a) W1 to estimated result (2)
b) W2 to estimated result (3)
c) (4) to predicted result (1.b)
d) (5) to predicted result (1.c)
The VAR computation (5) may have the most error compared to the error in
(4). Provide a reasonable explanation as to why there might be more error
with this calculation for VARs then for Watts?
a) With power off, place three capacitors in a Y-configuration in parallel with the
ALB. Set the capacitive reactances to 83 Ω. By the method of converting
the ∆-connected load to an equivalent Y-load, use the single phase equivalent
circuit to compute the expected line current (phase and magnitude WRT VAN
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
Referring to Fig. 2, use the Fluke 41 for conducting the two-watt meter
approach to confirm this prediction.
Estimate the value for W1 and W2, using (2) and (3).
Turn the power on and place the ALB in closed-loop mode and record W1 and
W2.
Compare results of
a) W1 to estimated result (2)
b) W2 to estimated result (3)
c) (4) to predicted result (1.b)
d) (5) to predicted result (1.c)
b) The VAR computation (5) may have the most error compared to the error in
(4). Explain.
c) Adjust the decade reactance box to successively larger or smaller values. At
each increment/decrement, record W1 and W2 and note the direction each
measurement is taking, i.e., is the value increasing or is it decreasing towards a
negative value. Explain to your lab instructor what pattern develops and why.
Do you expect that W1 or W2 to change sign? How should each measurement
change as the reactance is adjusted? Explain to your instructor.
B. Station 3 and 4:
Once the total power level is determined, you should turn the power on and place the
ALB in closed-loop mode, and confirm your setting at the LabVIEW meters. Place
the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
3. Use High-Voltage Differential Probes to show the theoretical phase shift between a
line voltage (i.e., line-to-line) and the line-to-neutral voltage.
Predict the phase and RMS value of VBC with respect to (WRT) VAB (i.e., trigger
off channel connected to VAB )?
a) Connect the differential probes to the power supply side for measuring VAB
and VBC . Set probe values correspondingly.
Turn the power on and place the ALB in closed-loop mode.
For METHOD 1, use cursors to measure the amplitudes of each voltage, and
convert these values to their RMS values. Save data and produce plots to be
placed in your notebook.
Compare each of these methods to your predicted values.
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
b) Connect the current probe to phase A line between Y-source and ∆-load, with
arrow pointing towards the load (i.e., ALB). Set probe to values
corresponding to expected current magnitudes.
Predict the RMS value of Line A current and its phase WRT VAB ? (consider
(2) … hmmm.)
Display on the oscilloscope only VAB and I A .
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
a) With power off, place an inductor in each line between the input and the ALB.
Set the reactances to 10 Ω.
Turn the power on and place the ALB in closed-loop mode, such that the desired
power is being drawn.
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
b) For this load configuration, predict the total LOAD (which includes the
inductors and ALB) VA, Watts and VARs the relationships in (1a, 1b, 1c).
Referring to Fig. 2, use the Fluke 41 for conducting the two-watt meter
approach to confirm this prediction.
Estimate the value for W1 and W2, using (2) and (3).
Turn the power on and place the ALB in closed-loop mode and record W1 and
W2.
Compare results of
a) W1 to estimated result (2)
b) W2 to estimated result (3)
c) (4) to predicted result (1.b)
d) (5) to predicted result (1.c)
The VAR computation (5) may have the most error compared to the error in
(4). Provide a reasonable explanation as to why there might be more error
with this calculation for VARs then for Watts?
5. 4-Wire, 3φ, Y-source (208 Vac), ∆-connected resistive (ALB) and Y-connected
capacitive-reactive load.
a) With power off, place three capacitors in a Y-configuration in parallel with the
ALB. Connect the neutral of the capacitive Y-load to ground. Set the
capacitive reactances to 110 Ω. By the method of converting the ∆-connected
resistance (ALB) of 80 Ω to an equivalent Y-load, use the single phase
equivalent circuit to compute the expected line current (phase and magnitude
WRT VAN for this configuration.
Using a current probe to see if the neutral current is relatively small compared
to each capacitor current? If it is (which is to be expected since the ∆-source
is does not have a tap to ground), then proceed with all measurements WRT
VAN
If it is not, then turn power off, remove the neutral from ground, and make all
measurement WRT VAB .
Place the ALB in open-loop mode, and turn the power off.
Referring to Fig. 2, use the Fluke 41 for conducting the two-watt meter
approach to confirm this prediction.
Estimate the value for W1 and W2, using (2) and (3).
Turn the power on and place the ALB in closed-loop mode and record W1 and
W2.
Compare results of
a) W1 to estimated result (2)
b) The VAR computation (5) may have the most error compared to the error in
(4). Explain.
c) Adjust the decade reactance box to successively larger or smaller values. At
each increment/decrement, record W1 and W2 and note the direction each
measurement is taking, i.e., is the value increasing or is it decreasing towards a
negative value. Explain to your lab instructor what pattern develops and why.
Do you expect that W1 or W2 to change sign? How should each measurement
change as the reactance is adjusted? Explain to your instructor.
Present your data with tables including percent error calculations and phasor diagrams
showing the 30o and 120o phase shifts throughout the system.
Also, be sure to answer questions that were asked throughout the procedure.