DIRECTION for question 1 to 40: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow.

PASSAGE – 1

I am the people ------- the mob ----the crowd ---- the mass.
Do you know that all the great work of the world is done through me?
I am the workingman, the inventor, the maker of the world’s food and clothes.
I am the audience that witness history. The Napoleons come from me and the Lincolns.
They die. And then I send forth more Napoleons and Lincolns.
I am the seed ground. I am a prairie that will stand for much ploughing.
Terrible storms pass over me.
I forget. The best of me is sucked out and wasted.
I forget. Everything but Death comes to me and makes me work and give up what I have. And I forget.
Sometimes I growl, Shake myself and spatter a few red drops for history to remember. Then---- I forget.
When I, the People , learn to remember, when I, The people , Use the lessons of yesterday and no longer forget
who robbed me last year, who played me for a fool----- then there will be no speaker in all the world say the
name: “the People,” with any fleck of a sneer in his voice or any far – off smile of derision. The mob ----- the
crowd ----- the mass ---- will arrive then.

1. The speaker expresses various tones in the poem. Which of the following is NOT exhibited?
1] disdain 2] eulogic 3] self – assuredness 4] apathy

2. What sort of events and processes are NOT referred to in the poem?
1] The coronation of kings 2] The death of leaders
3] Natural disasters 4] Agriculture and industry

3. What political leanings does the poem seem to have?

1] Anarchist 2] Communism 3] Capitalism 4] Dictatorship

4. What is the role of the speaker with the derisive voice?

1] He represents the feeling of disdain for who cannot appreciate the role of the “people”
2] He describes world events without mincing his words.
3] He is simple the poet in a new narrative role.
4] He is the common man who has lost faith in himself and his own tribe.

5. What is the theme of the poem?

1] People need to assert themselves to be independent.
2] If people intellectually fail to commit towards creating a better world , they will be decimated.
3] The common man is not able to craft his own destiny, others take him advantage og him.
4] The commoners must unite under a leader, such as the “speaker” mentioned in the poem to
achieve success.

6. Which of the following is NOT suggested by the re-assertion of “I the people”?

1] The collective role the masses play in forging human destiny.
2] That only if we act together can something be achieved
3] that progress as well as regression is shared by the human community at large.
4] On uniting with the people even poets and artists gain some sort of authenticity.

7. According to the poem, who has / have robbed “the people”?

1] the king 2] the plunderers
3] the political leaders 4] Cannot be determined
8. What could be a suitable title for the poem?
1] The popular uprising 2] I am the people, the Mob
3] The Undying Spirit of man 4] The Mob

PASSAGE – 3

Internet banking is a potential legal nightmare. “ There can be as many as 200 legal systems with which any one
internet banking transation may have to comply, most jurisdictions don’t recognize on-line contract formation and
internet retail banking could cost your bank billions in customer claims, “ says Mark Lewis, partner at Arnheim
Tite 7 lewis, Pricewaterhouse Cooper’s UK correspondent law firm.

Lewis adds: “Your UK internet banking transactions will need to comply with the banking Act 1987 and
regulations made under it such as the banking Act (Advertisement) Regulations 1988, as well as the Financial
Services Act 1986 and the regulations made under it, the consumer credit Act 1974 and the regulation made under
it, the code of conduct for the advertising of interest – Bearing Accounts, the Banking Code of Practice, the
Unfair contract Terms Act 1977, The Unfair terms in consumer contracts Regulations 1994, the UK law
implementing the proposed directive on Distance marketing of Financial services and the proposed directive on
certain legal aspects of electronic commerce in the internal market – and that’s just in the UK.”

Despite the difficulties, Lewis remains bullish, “ Banks operate in a highly regulated market, but e - business is
happing anyway. Can you afford to hold while you worry about all of those 200 jurisdictions whose legal systems
could stand in the way? it’s true that there are lots of legal barriers but you can find your way round some and
minimize others.”

There are fore principal areas of concern for anyone seeking to enter the e – banking market. The first stems from
the recognition that a bank cannot go to it alone. “ Apart from banks, the parties involved include network and
communication providers, technology platform providers, retailers, consultants, internet service providers and so
on, “ says Lewis. “The key is to decide how such interests should be represented and the optimum number to
make a joint venture vehicle workable, bearing in mind the go – to – market time for e – business projects.”

Next is the need to overcome systemic legal barriers. “ This is the risk that legal systems do not recognize, or else
create uncertainty in, banks’ legal rights and responsibilities or the effectiveness of e – banking transactions,’ says
Lewis.

There are new laws or initiatives on the stocks that will tackle some of these barriers. They include the proposed
EU electronic commerce directive mentioned above, the UK electronic commerce bill and a proposed EU digital
signatures directive.

Then there is the service dependency/liability risk – the risk that you and your e-banking joint-venture partners
could face greater responsibility or liability than you should, either because you have accepted it or because it is
imposed upon you. “You need to establish clear terms of engagement, allocating risk between parties, setting out
the service dependencies and limiting parties’ liability for direct and consequential losses”, says Lewis. But the
challenge is to make e-banking a worthwhile proposition for the customers.

The final component is the regulatory environment. “The regulatory environment presents two types of risks: that
laws either in place or to be enacted will severely hamper your ability to undertake e-banking; and the risk that
you will underestimate the impact of those laws or the time it can take to manage them.”
By way of example, Lewis points to the litany of UK regulations quoted above. “Again, some regulations can be
overcome, some can’t. Asses the regulatory requirements at the outset, allow more time than you can possibly
have imagined and structure your e-banking business to gain regulatory approval. If you can’t, then seek official
opinions or other comfort or else work well within the limits of your proposed project or trade and be prepared tp
restructure it to fall within the legal limits.”

In short, as with all massive advances in the way we live and do business, the law may be slow to catch up, but
that isn’t a reason for not participating.

17. In this passage, the author seems to be saying that:

1] it is not worth venturing into e-banking as it is beset by innumerable legal wrangles.
2] with more banks keen to explore internet banking, the legal and regulatory problems remain
immense, but there are ways to minimize the impact.
3] with more banks joining the e-banking bandwagon, the need of the hour is to overcome systemic
legal barriers.
4] with e-banking becoming more of a reality, banks need to jump headlong into the rat-race.

18. With which of the following statements is Lewis least likely to agree?
1] Banks should stay away from e-banking until the legal wrangles are sorted out.
2] Most legal systems require stronger and higher levels of proof for electronic transactions.
3] Liability risk in e-banking is likely to arise when parties fail to foresee risks that are not usually
prevalent in traditional banking.
4] When regulatory laws are underestimated, they hamper the smooth working of e-banking.

19. Which of the following adjectives best describes Lewis’s mood towards e-banking?
1] Exhilarating 2] Cautious 3] Optimistic 4] Rash

20. On the basis of the last paragraph, it can be implied that:

1] the early bird catches the worm. 2] there’s no use crying over spilt milk.
3] do not put all your eggs in one basket. 3] nothing ventured, nothing gained.

21. The purpose of citing so many banking acts in paragraph 2 is to:

1] intimidate e-bankers from on-line banking.
2] give an idea of the various acts and regulations in the UK.
3] highlight the fact that banking is a potential legal nightmare.
4] show that e-banking in the UK is unusually bound by countless legal rules and regulations.

22. The tone of Lewis’s remarks as quoted by the author is:

1] cautionary. 2] advisory. 3] admonitory. 4] reproving.

23. What is the meaning of word ‘litany’ as used in the penultimate paragraph?
1] psalm 2] list 3] benediction 4] ditty

24. Which of the following has not been mentioned as a dependency or liability risk for anyone seeking to
enter the e-banking market?
1] Laying down of clear terms of agreement.
2] Risk allocation between the organization entering e-business market and the government.
3] Setting out the service dependencies.
4] None of the above
 TEST – 4

QUESTIONS: 40 TIME: 30 MINUTES

DIRECTIONS for questions 1 to 40: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow.

PASSAGE – 1

“Magnanimity in politics is not seldom the truest wisdom.” Said Edmund Burke 200 years ago, cautioning
Britain’s lost one of its earliest colonies – America. Curiously, sections of the British press today are reminding
the Labour government of Burke’s wise counsel, because they are cold-shouldering a 16-year-old project to set up
in Bristol a national museum for thousands of archives and artifacts relating to the erstwhile empire and the
present Commonwealth.

Both the Millennium Commission and the Heritage Lottery funds have withheld their munificence. The
government has granted a measly sterling 9,000, which means the new museum would have to fall back on the
uncertainties of private philanthropy to make up the shortfall of sterling 2,50,000. Global interest in the
controversy is not because of any British plan to restore the Kohinoor, the Elgin Marbles or the Rosetta Stone
back where the belong, but more philosophically, in the new attitude towards a big part of British history. In 1907,
it was estimated that nearly 20 percent of the world’s land-mass and almost 30 per cent of its population was
covered by the ‘empire’, now a dirty word for the Labour government which prefers the ‘Cool Britannia’ motto.

History cannot be wished away since it explains why Britain is where it is. In 1962, the then U.S. Secretary of
State, Dean Acheson said: “Great Britain has lost an empire, and not yet found its role in world politics”. For
better or worse, the empire proved to be the conduit for Britain’s influence in far-flung colonies in administration,
transport, medicine, energy, industries and communication. The controversial role of the European powers in
Africa, Asia and South America provides an emphatic reason why old empires need to be studied in the new
context, and not struck off the pages of 200 years of history.

1. One may infer from the passage that the “Empire” is now represented by the:
1] Colonies 2] Cool Britannia
3] Common Wealth 4] Labour Government

2. The passage indicates that the British government’s lack of enthusiasm for the proposed museum stems
from the fact that:
1] its ancient history is not something it is proud of.
2] it lacks the required funds.
3] it is unwilling to return colonial artifacts.
4] it is wary of generating a controversy.

3. In the passage, Dean Acheson’s comment implies that:

1] the British government needs to be more generous.
2] there is a vacuum in world politics.
3] Britain is not in tune with the times.
4] there is little in global politics that can accommodate Britain.

4. Which of the following is likely to receive most support from the author?
1] Britain should return the Rosetta Stone to its original country.
2] The British government should wholeheartedly support the project for the Bristol museum.
3] The loss of its American colony ought to have been prevented by Britain.
4] Private philanthropy is not a suitable source of funds for erecting a museum.
5. The author stresses the need to study old empires especially in the light of “the controversial role” of the
European powers. The assumption made here is most likely to be that:
1] Controversial aspects of history require studying so that they are not ignored.
2] Re-evaluating history can bring certain interesting aspects into focus.
3] Understanding these controversial roles can help us comprehend the present better.
4] Understanding their earlier role will help us prevent similar colonies in the present.

PASSAGE – 3

In H.G. Wells’ The War of the Worlds, Dr James Cavor discovers a new material that he modestly calls Cavorite.
This material had the amazing power to ‘screen off the earth’s gravitational field’ – so one could fly to the moon
in a spacecraft covered with Cavorite panels, simply by opening or closing these panels and allowing gravity to
act selectively on the spacecraft.

Fiction has a strange way of becoming fact. At least, that’s what Tim Ventura, a Unix programmer for AT&T
Wireless, would have us believe. However, Ventura doesn’t build his gravity-defying devices out of Venturite. He
constructs them with balsa wood, aluminium foil and 30-guage magnet wire. Ah, but that’s as light as you can get
anyway!

Ventura doesn’t believe in fancy names either. He calls his devices ‘lifters’. Lifters are triangle-shaped frames
that, when connected to a power source, shoot skyward and hover in the air, without the use of any propellants.
But Ventura doesn’t claim to have invented the technology – he says it “came out of a lab.”

Currently, the technology is capable of levitating a tethered lifter for an indefinite period of time while carrying a
gross payload of – hold your breath – 3 grams. And that includes the weight of lifter. Clearly, you won’t be
traveling to the moon just yet. So what is it about the lifter that makes it unique, especially when so many
inventions claim to produce more and better electromagnetic thrust? Ventura says, the answer is simple: the lifter
works repeatedly.

Adnan Sami notwithstanding, it will need more than this small lift to get heavy objects into orbit. But developers
are working to convert electrical current into a force that can lift and move planes and rockets. ‘Once that’s
possible, the technology that powers lifters could extend the ability to explore space and drastically cut the use of
fossil fuels on earth.
11. The underlined word in the passage can be substituted by the word:
1] basic 2] stripped 3] charged 4] fastened

12. The lifter works by using:

1] fossil fuels. 2] laboratory chemicals.
3] electromagnetic thrusts. 4] wooden devices.

13. When the author qualifies the naming of the new material as “Cavorite”, as “Modest”, he is being:
1] euphemistic 2] ironic 3] egotistical 4] patronizing

14. Lifters are devices that:

1] are similar to Cavorite.
2] can defy gravity.
3] are propelled by the inherent properties of their constituents.
4] require gravitational forces to propel them.
15. The weight of lifters would be approximately:
1] 3 gms 2] 5 gms 3] less than 3 gms 4] can’t say

TEST - 5

QUESTIONS: 40 TIME: 30 MINUTES

DIRECTIONS for questions 1 to 40: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow.

PASSAGE – 1

Turning and turning in the widening gyre

The falcon cannot hear the falconer;
Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,
The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere
The ceremony of innocence is drowned;
The best lack all conviction, while the worst
Are full of passionate intensity.
Surely some revelation is at hand;
Surely the Second Coming is at hand.
The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out
When a vast image out of it
Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert
A shape with lion body and the head of a man,
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,
Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it
Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.
The darkness drops again; but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,
And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

1. The poet responds with which emotion to the event of the Second Coming?
1] Tenderness 2] Abnegation 3] Revelry 4] Awe

2. How does the phrase “the centre cannot hold” have relevance in the poem?
1] It expresses the modernist artistic view of anarchic expression.
2] It forestalls any expectation from the reader for coherence.
3] It expresses the failing order of the past.
4] It suggests that there is no central meaning to the poem.
3. Which option best explains why the best lack conviction whereas the worst are full of passionate
intensity?
1] This poem is about the conflict between the best and the worst.
2] In such a chaotic world, evil is more attractive.
3] The natural order of the world has been reserved by chaos.
4] People are waiting for the Second Coming.

4. What is the theme of this poem?

1] Death is necessary for spiritual rebirth.
2] Obscurity and self-doubt lead to religion.
3] The escalation of chaos heralds the distinct possibility of a revelation.
4] The time has come for all to repent before the Second Coming.

5. Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from the poem?

1] The poet expresses a crisis of spiritual belief.
2] The poem suggests that the old will be replaced by the new in time.
3] The poet reacts with both dread and expectation to the event of spiritual rebirth.
4] The poem posits the age of man in contrast to the age of the animal.

6. Why does the poem end with a question?

1] Being mortal, one must anticipate the Second Coming without possessing divine foreknowledge.
2] A definite idea about this spiritual renovation cannot be shared in advance.
3] It is doubtful whether this Second Coming will bring about any real change.
4] There are no witnesses to the first Coming so the poet doubts anyone will be able to witness the
Second Coming.

7. Whose ‘Second Coming’ is the poet possibly talking about?

1] The Lion 2] The Saviour
3] The poet himself 4] The falconer

8. The author’s attitude towards contemporary society is one of:

1] angst coupled with hope 2] unqualified reverence
3] guarded stoicism 4] imminent self-realization

PASSAGE – 3

Socrates (470-399 B.C.) is possibly the most enigmatic figure in the entire history of philosophy. He never wrote
a single line. Yet he is one of the philosophers who has had the greatest influence on European thought, not least
because of the dramatic manner of his death.

We know he was born in Athens, and that he spent most of his life in the city squares and marketplaces talking
with the people he met there. ‘The trees in the countryside can teach me nothing,’ he said. He could also stand lost
in thought for hours on end.

Even during his lifetime he was considered somewhat enigmatic, and fairly soon after his death he was held to be
the founder of many different philosophical schools of thought. The very fact that he was so enigmatic and
ambiguous made it possible for widely differing schools of thought to claim him as their own.
We know for certainty that he was extremely ugly. He was pot-bellied, and had bulging eyes and a snub nose. But
on the inner side he was said to be ‘perfectly delightful’. It was also said of him that ‘you can seek him in the
present, you can seek him in the past, but you will never find his equal’. Neverthless he was sentenced to death
for his philosophical activities.

The life of Socrates is mainly known to us through the writings of Plato, who was one of his pupils and who
became one of the greatest philosophers of all times. Plato wrote a number of Dialogues, or dramatized
discussions on philosophy, in which he uses Socrates as his principal character and mouthpiece.

Since Plato is putting his own philosophy in Socrates’ mouth, we cannot be sure that the words he speaks in the
dialogues were ever actually uttered by him. So it is no easy matter to distinguish between the teachings of
Socrates and the philosophy of Plato. Exactly the same problem applies to many other historical persons who left
no written accounts. The classic example, of course, is Jesus. We cannot be certain that the ‘historical’ Jesus
actually spoke the words that Mathew or Luke ascribed to him. Similarly, what the ‘historical’ Socrates actually
said will always be shrouded in mystery.

But who Socrates ‘really’ was is relatively unimportant. It is Plato’s portrait of Socrates that has inspired thinkers
in the Western world for nearly 2,500 years.

13. According to the author, Socrates’ dramatic death is:

1] remarkable, considering he was so low-profile.
2] probably fictional.
3] greatly responsible for his influence.
4] a fact that lends characters to this enigmatic personality.

14. While talking of Socrates the writer takes pains to:

1] distinguish fact from fiction.
2] point out how little about him can be ascertained.
3] appraise Plato’s description of him with distrust.
4] underline the value of Plato’s works on him.

15. The writer quotes Socrates as saying that ‘the trees in the countryside can teach me nothing’in order to:
1] show the loftiness of Socrates’ ideals.
2] depict him as an aloof, profound person.
3] show that he was distinct from most philosophers.
4] characterize him as an involved, real person.

16. According to the author, Socrates’ significance is based on:

1] his unique life. 2] his disciple’s works.
3] his influence on others. 4] the simplicity of his teachings.

17. The author mentions Socrates’ physical ugliness, essentially with the intention of:
1] stating something about him that is definitely true.
2] contrsting it with his inner beauty.
3] providing an interesting look at Socrates’ life.
4] providing some humorous material.

PASSAGE – 6
If the Impressionists had ever thought of instituting an Order of Merit for painters, the first holder would surely
have been Camile Pissarro. He was a true believer who exhibited at every on of their exhibitions – the only one of
them who did so – and who dignified, by the quality of his intellect, the unashamed quest for pleasure that shines
in their most typical works.

Pissaro was an Anarchist, in much the same sense that other people might be Quakers. His insistence that the
human spirit owes nothing to institutions sustained him all his life. Unfailingly charitable, he was able to say of
Degas (there was probably no man in Paris more antithetical) that he was ‘a terrible man, but sincere and
trustworthy’. As for his own work, Cezanne, whom he helped and encouraged through many a crisis, declared: “If
he had gone on painting as he was doing in 1870, he would have outclassed us all”. To Cezanne, who was
destined to re-direct the course of European art, he was ‘that humble and colossal Pissarro’.

He was born in the Virgin slands, the son of a Jewish-French shopkeeper of Spanish or Portuguese descent who
sent him to be educated in Paris. There he decided to be a painter, and after some exotic wanderings returned to
Paris to enroll at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Academie Suisse. The Great Exhibition of 1855 opened his
eyes to Corot, Daubigny and Courbet, who between them influenced his marks on the critics, one of whom
suggested that, in his Banks of the Marne in Winter, he was trying to be satirical.

An exception was Emile Zola, who recognized in Pissarro’s work at the 1866 Salon qualities, which from the
outset, were destined to deny him an easy popularity. ‘You should realize,’ he told Pissarro, ‘that you will please
no one and that your picture will be found too bare, too black – nothing whatever to delight the eye, an austere
and serious kind of painting, an extreme concern for truth whatever to delight the eye, an austere and serious kind
of painting, an extreme concern for truth and accuracy, a rugged and strong will.’ Two years later Zola again hit
the nail on the head, pointing out how Pissarro had ‘none of the petty skills of his fellow exhibitors’, and that he
was unconcerned with tricks of the trade, adding rthetorically: how on earth can one expect such a man, and such
pictures, to be popular?’

This innate gravity, part of Pissarro’s intellectual and moral grip on life, has come between him and the public at
large, especially when compared with the vivacity of most other members of the impressionist group. It leads to
the realization that he is one of those artists whose work needs to be seen rather than merely talked about: his
qualities are apparent only in confrontation with his paintings, face to face. The supposed dourness is then seen
for what it is, the expression of an unwavering spirit.

Zola, who appreciated his quality in Pissarro, called him ‘a fiercer revolutionary than Monet’. It was he, ahead of
the other Impressionist description into words, when he inscribed a drawing made in 1869 as ‘a view looking
through a completely transparent haze, the colours melted into one another and flickering’. This becomes
particularly apt when applied to Pissarro’s early studies of the semi-industrial landscape along the oise, in which
smoking chimneys create atmospheres unseen in nature and factories loom in residential streets.

In his first appearances at the Salon he was catalogued as ‘a pupil of Corot’. As his style moved towards the
individual realism he was striving for, so his unsold pictures piled up. As a father with other mouths to feed – he
was living with Julie Vellay, who had been in service at his parents’ home – he was forced to take odd jobs to
make ends meet.

31. According to the passage, Pissarro and Degas were:

1] both atheists. 2] the exact opposite of each other.
3] cast in the same mould. 4] both iconoclasts.

32. Pissarro’s painting can be said to be lacking in:

1] spirit 2] beauty 3] brightness 4] depth
33. When Cezanne describes Pissarro as ‘humble and colossal’, he is:
1] being naively contradictory.
2] expressing the popular sentiments of his time.
3] defining his morally strong individuality.
4] referring to his contrasting attitude and abilities.

34. One can conclude from the passage that Pissarro excelled in:
1] portraits 2] Landscapes 3] Seascapes 4] Edifices

35. The picture of Pissarro as referred to in the passage includes all the following qualities EXCEPT:
1] Dignity 2] Solemnity 3] Confidence 4] Intellectual Capacity

DIRECTIONS for questions 126 to 144: Read the given passages and answer the questions that following:

PASSAGE – 1

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the underground;
Then took the other, as just as fair
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that, the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden back
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.

126. What is the theme of the poem?

1] It is necessary to make good choices to go on with one’s life.
2] Life gives us many options to choose from.
3] Taking the less traveled road can make the journey lonely.
4] One’s choices in life define one’s life.

127. What is the significance of the line “And sorry I could not travel both / And be one traveler”?
1] A man must choose his lifestyle with care.
2] A traveler is always forced to choose his roads carefully.
3] One can travel far and wide, but must travel alone.
4] In life, a choice is very specific and the alternatives are regretfully mutually exclusive.
128. How, as it is suggested, will the less traveled road make a difference to the speaker?
1] It will fill his life with more adventures than he would have had.
2] It will affect his future travels.
3] It will ensure that he always walks alone.
4] It will keep him away from the beaten track in life.

129. Why had no one returned down the paths?

1] Because the paths were dead-ends.
2] Because life is an onward journey of choices.
3] Because the two paths joined up later on.
4] Because only the poet saw those two pathways.

130. The tone of the poem is:

1] reverential 2] exhorting 3] morbid 4] speculative

PASSAGE - 2

A letter from the Chairman of a company ‘X’ addressed to the shareholders:

We have emerged as a strong contender for leadership in the Indian market.

There has been an intense debate among market participants about the merits of a strong domestic presence. To
put this in perspective, India is the fourth largest market in the world in volume terms, but only the thirteenth
largest in terms of value. The moot point is, therefore - is it worth the while to invest one’s resources in this
geography?

And here again ‘X’ thinks differently. We believe it is the extreme nature of the Indian market that makes the
Indian companies so competitive. India is one of the lowest priced pharmaceutical markets in the world. And yet,
Indian companies have had a strong record of operations and profit growth. A market that addresses one-sixth of
humanity cannot be a bad place to focus for a pharmaceutical company.

The 2005 patent regime change will indeed present new challenges. But, for companies that take the right steps, it
will also present attractive opportunities.

We believe that if a pharmaceutical company can survive in India, it will thrive globally. A continuing dominant
presence in the Indian market is not only a healthy business preposition – it is essential to hone the chemistry,
innovation and marketing/sales ability of any Indian pharmaceutical company that has global aspirations.

Exports - the next growth horizon:

Given their competitive strength, Indian pharmaceutical companies have enormous opportunities to tap in the
regulated global markets. But, before each company charts its course, it needs to address two key issues:

1. What is the risk?

2. How predictable are the earning?

In keeping with its ethos, ‘X’ has decided to partner innovator companies in global markets, rather than compete
or patent-litigate against them.

Over the past decade, we have demonstrated unrelenting commitment to our partnership with global innovator
companies across products, intellectual property rights and technology in the domestic market. This has won us
their faith and confidence.
131. What is the central idea/basic purpose of the passage?
1] To put forth the idea that there are big opportunities for growth of pharmaceutical companies in
the Indian market.
2] It talks about how the Indian pharmaceutical companies can tap the opportunities created by the
market environment.
3] It talks about foreign investment in the Indian pharmaceutical companies.
4] All of the above.