Anatomy

Anatomy
- Course outline -
- Upper Limb –
- Lower Limb –
(extensive overview)
- Bony structures of the skull, muscles of the back, vertebrae-

(incomplete overview)
Temmesfeld ‘06
Table of Contents
Bone markings
1st Self Control

shoulder region
bones
muscles
structures
elbow forearm
bones
muscles
structures
hand
bones
muscles
structures
arteries, overview
nerves, overview
2nd Self Control

gluteal region
bones
muscles
structures
thigh
bones
muscles
structures
crus, leg
bones
muscles
structures
pes, foot
bones
muscles
structures
arteries, overview
nerves, overview
3rd Self Control
cranium, major bones

cranium, minor bones
cranium, openings
cranium, structures
back, muscles
back, joints
back, vertebral column
Temmesfeld '06
1.) Capitulum
• small head
• e.g. small head of the humerus
2.) Condyle or Epicondyle

• rounded, knuckle (Knubbel) shaped
• e.g. the two femoral condyle
3.) Crest
• ridge of bone (Leiste des Knochens)
• either at the edge or in the middle of the bone
• e.g. the iliac crest
4.) Facet
• smooth flat area
• usually covered with cartilage (joint)
• e.g. facet of the clavicle (for sternoclavicular j.)
5.) Foramen
• passage through a bone
• can be used for vasculation of the bone (blood
supply)
• e.g. the nutrient formane of the femur
6.) Fossa
• hollow or depressed area (sink like deepening)
• e.g. the infraspinous fossa
7.) Groove
• elongated depression (ditch, Graben)
• e.g. the radial groove of the humerus
8.) Malleolus
• rounded process
• e.g.malleolus of the fibula
9.) Notch
• bulb like incision at the edge of the bone
• e.g. the suprascapular notch
10.) spine
• thorn-like process of the bone
• e.g. the scapular spine
11.) trochanter
• lat. trochus,i: tyre
• large blunt elevation
• e.g. the lesser trochanter of the femur
12.) trochlea
• spool like articular surface (process)
• e.g. the trochlea of the humerus
13.) tubercle
• small raised elevation (kleiner Hügel)
• not necessarily round
• e.g. the greater tubercle of the humerus
14.) tuberosity
• large round elevation
• similar to capitulum
• difficult to distinguish from tubercle
• e.g. radial tuberosity Temmesfeld '06
Temmesfeld '06
upper limb
relevant parts of the trunk:
bones: clavicula, scapula, sternum, costus primus

joints: sternoclavicular joint
joint, sternoclavicular
- involved bones: clavicula, sternum, first rib
- ligaments (3):
o interclavicular ligament, between two clavicles
o 2 costoclavicular ligaments, between 1st rib and clavicles
- muscle attachment sites:
o subclavian muscle, o. 1st rib, i. groove of the inf. surface of the clavicle
_shoulder and arm
bones: clavicula, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius

joints: glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
joints:
joint, glenohumeral (and related struchtures)
- involved bones: clavicula, scapula, humerus

- type of joint: ball and socket; flexion, extension, add/abduction, circumduction
- innervation: glenohumeral joint
- ligaments/tendons:
----- Superior to glenoid cavity, not in touch with glenoid cavity
o superior transverse ligament
“closes” the suprascapular notch
“pulls” the coracoid process medially
o coracoclavicular ligament
conoid ligament
• the medial part of the ligament between clavicle and coracoid process
trapezoid ligament
• the lateral part of the ligament between clavicle and coracoid process
o acromioclavicular ligament
key part of the acromioclavicular joint capsule (synovial joint)
o coracoacromial ligament
intraossal (between two processes of the same bone) ligament
like a seal for the gleonoid cavitiy
----- Two layers, somehow wrapping the the glenohumeral joint:
Superficial layer (not really part of the glenoid cavity)
o supraspinatus tendon
o coracohumeral ligament
o m. subscapularis tendon
can be seen under biceps -> coracobrachialis -> subscapularis
Deep Layer (direct constituents of the gleoid cavity)
o superior glenohumeral ligament
o middle glenohumeral ligament
fairly large gap to superior glenohumeral ligament
o inferior glenohumeral ligament
quite close to middle glenohumeral ligament
-----
o transverse humeral ligament
“closing” the interterbercular groove
cavity for intertubercular tendon sheath for biceps brachii tendon
anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

e.b.: Temmesfeld ‚06 '06
1
muscles:
----- rather dorsal muscles

- m. supraspinatus
o i. supraspinous fossa of the scapula
o o. superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
o movements: ad/abduction
o innervation: suprascapular nerve C5, 6
o “dives” between coracoid process and spine (spinatus)
- m. infraspinatus
o o. infraspinous fossa of the scapula (medial part)
o i. middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus (fused with capsule)
o movements: lateral rotation of the arm (when arm is moved behind the frontal plane)
o innervation: suprascapular nerve C5, 6
o “posterior only” muscle, cover whole scapula
- m. teres minor
o o. middle part of the border of the scapular fossa
o i. inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus (fused with capsule)
o movements: lateral rotation of the arm (when arm is moved behind the frontal plane)
o innervation: axillary nerve C5, 6
o very close to m. infraspinatus, but there major gap between m. teres minor and m. teres major
- m. teres major
o o. lower part of the border of the scapular fossa
o i. medial lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus (anterior side, very close to i. of m.
latissimus dorsi)
o movements: medial rotation of the arm (when arm is rotated in an close to 180° angle with the
frontal plane)
o innervation: lower subscapular nerve C5, 6
o posterior origin and anterior insertion
o covered by pectoralis -> biceps -> brachialis
- m. triceps brachii
o o. long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
small point like origin
o o. medial head: posterior shaft of the humerus
huge, longitudinal attachment site
not directly palpateable, must real between two other heads under
the lateral head, rather visibly from anterior side
o o. lateral head: posterior surface of the humeral shaft
rather elongated attachment site under the greater tubercle of the
humerus
o i. (combined) olecranon process of the ulna
o movements:
long head: extension of the arm, adduction of the arm
lateral head: extension fo the forearm
o innervation: radial nerve C6, 7
o involved in two movements, sometimes heads hard to distinguish, must
remove fascia between two heads
- m. latissimus dorsi
o o. lumbar and sacral vertebrae (9th – 12th ribs)
o o. posterior third of the iliac crest
o i. medial lip of the bicipital groove (above) of the humerus (anterior side, very close to i. of m.
teres major)
o movements: adduction of the arm, extension of the arm

2
o innervation: thoracodorsar nerve C6, 7, 8
o attachment sites at arm a bit tricky (from lateral to medial)
m. pectoralis major, clavicular head
m. pectoralis major, sternal head
m. latissimus dorsi
m. teres major
- m. trpezoideus, upper part
o o. external occipital protuberance and third of the nuchal line
o i. medial third of the clavicle and lateral part of the acromial process of the scapula
o movements: elevation and upward rotation of the scapula
o innervation: motory function: cranial nerve XI
sensory function: spinal nerves C2, 3, 4
----- rather ventral muscles
- m. subscapularis
o o. two thirds of the anterior (volar) surface of the scapula
o i. lesser tubercle of the hmerus
o movements: internal/external rotation of the arm
o innervation: subscapular nerves C5, 6
o easy to be mixed up with pectoralis major/minor
o at glenohumeral joint: quite board stripe like shape
- m. brachialis
o o. middle aspect of the anterior humerus
inferior to previously mentioned four insertions (above)
o i. tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna
o movements: flexion of the foramr at the elbow
o innervation: musculocutaneous nerve C5, 6
o at dissection: lateral to m. biceps brachi
- m. biceps brachii
o o. long head: supraglenoid tubercle and superior glenoiid labrum
o o. short head: lateral part of the coracoid process of the scapula
o i. tuberosity of the radius and aponeurosis of the biceps itself
o movements: flexion of the forearm
o innervation: musculocutaneous nerve C5, 6
o the two heads
the short head (lateral to long head) appears long, because
major parts of the long head are covered by the deltoid muscle
the long head (medial to short head) appears rather short
o most prominent anterior muscle of arm at dissection
o long head is fused with glenoid capsule (labrum)
o strongest action when forarm is supinated
- m. pectoralis minor
o o. anterior surfaces of the ribs 3-5
o i. medial aspect of the coracoid process of the scapula
may also sort of fuse with the coracoacromial ligament
o movements: protraction of the scapula
scapula moves somewhat superiorly and laterally
occurs when one breathes in very deeply or when
demonstratively showing “strength” by “making the
shoulder a bit broader”
o innervation: medial pectoral nerve C7, 8, T1
- m. subclavius
o o. junction of 1st rib and sternum
o i. groove of inferior surface of the clavicula
o movements: pulls the shoulder down and forward
occurs e.g. at sudden disappointment,
e.g. player at basketball match gives away the buzzer beater shot closely
o innervation: subclavian branch of the brachial plexus C5, 6
- m. deltoideus, anterior part
o o. anterior side of the lateral part of the clavicle
o i. deltoid tuberoity at the lteral shaft of the humerus

3
o movements: flexion of the arm at the shoulder
o innervation: axillary nerve (C5, 6)
o covers long head of m. biceps brachii
- m. deltoids, middle part
o o. lateral part of the acromial process of the scapula
after the spinal process “went around the corner” (and its name changed into
acromion)
o i. deltoid tuberosity at the lateral part of the humerus
o movements: abduction of the arm at the shoulder
o innervation: axillary nerve C5, 6
o movements of anterior and middle m. deltoideus perpendicular to each other
- m. deltoideus, posterior part
o o. inferior edge of the scapular spine
before the spinal process “goes around the corner” (and its name changes into
acromion)
o i. deltoid tuberosity at the lateral part of the humerus
o movements: extension of the arm at shoulder
o movements of the anterior and posterior m. deltoideus are contrary to each other (muscles can
act as antagonists)
- m. serratus anterior
o o. roughly: first eight ribs (anterior part at midclavicular line)
o i. posterior (volar) surface of the scapula and (only point like attachment??)
o movements: upward rotation of the scapula
o innervation: long thoracic nerve C5, 6, 7
o covers vulnerable side of human body, not a sophisticated protection
- m. pectoralis major (see also m. latissimus dorsi, above)
o o., clavicular head: anterior surface of the middle part of the clavicula
o i., clavicular head: lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus
(in figure: 1st attachment site from the left)
o o. sternal head:lateral border of the manubrium and body (xiphoid
process) of the sternum
o i. sternal head: lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus (medial
to insertion of clavicular head)
(in figure: 2nd attachment site from the left, rather smaller)
o movements, clavicular head: adduction and flexion of the arm
o movemnts:, sternal head: adduction, internal rotation, extension of the arm
o innervation: medial pectoral nerve, lateral pectoral nerve
o most striking muscle at dissection, must be removed to investigate all other deeper
structures
other relevant structures
axillary fossa (arm pit)

- medial border:
o m. serratus anterior
- lateral border:
o shaft of the humerus
o m. biceps brachii
o m. coracobrachialis
- superior border: (edge of the body)
- inferior border: (edge of the body)
- anterior border: (edge of the body)
- posterior: border:
o m. subscapularis
o m. teres major
o m. teres minor
o m. infraspinatus
quadrangular space

4
- medial border:
o
- lateral border:
o shaft of the humerus
o m. latissimus dorsi
- superior border:
o tendon of
- inferior border:
o m. teres major
- anterior border:
o (m. pectoralis major, sternal head)
o (m. deltoiideus, posterior part)
triangular space
- medial border:
o m. subscapularis
- lateral border:
o m. triceps brachii, long head
- superior border:
o m. subscapularis
- inferior border:
o m. teres major
- anterior border:
o (m. pectoralis major, sternal head)
o (m. deltoiideus, posterior part)
bursae:
- subdeltoid bursa
- subacrimial bursa
o fused with subdeltoid bursa
- m. coracobrachialis bursa
o between m. subscapularis (deep) and m. biceps brachii and m. coracobrachialis (both
superficial)
rotator cuff:
formed by tendon, wrapping the glenoid cavity:
- m. subscapularis
- m. supraspinatus
- m. infraspinatus fused with capsule
- m. teres minor fused with capsule
glenoid cavity
- contains hyaline cartilage
- layers: articular capsule, synovial membrane, glenoid cavity
- labrum: brown rings, stabilizing the joint

5
_elbow and forearm
bones: humerus, ulna, radius,

• relevant carpal bones:
os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetum, os pisiforme, os hamatum, os
capitatum, os trpezoideum
joints: cubital joint
joints:
joint, cubital, (and related structures)

- involved bones: humerus, radius, ulna
- includes three “sub”joints
1. Humeroradial joint
- type of joint: hinge joint; flexion,
extension
- between capitulum of humerus and
head of the radius
2. Humeroulnar joint
- type of joint: hinge joint; flexion,
extension
- between trochlea of the humerus and
trochlea notch of the ulna
3. Proximal Radioulnar joint
- type of joint: pivot joint; pronation,
suppination
- the radio and ulna cross over during Medial view (right arm)
pronation (interchange)
- one common articular capsule for all three joints
- ligaments/tendons
----- anterior and lateral ligaments
o annular ligament
pertaining to the proximal radioulnar joint
between anterior radial notch and posterior radial notch
holds (wraps) the head of the radius like a ring
o radial collateral ligament of elbow
pertaining to humeroradial joint
between lateral epicondyle of humerus and… Semilateral view

annular ligament of radius
(supinator crest of the ulna)
----- posterior and lateral ligaments
o lateral ulnar collateral ligament
pertaining to the humeroulnar joint
between lateral epicondyle of humerus and supinator crest of the ulna
counterpart to radial collateral ligament
----- medial anterior/posterior ligaments
o ulnar collateral ligament, oblique band lateral view
intraossal ligament on the medial side
between olecranon process and coronoid process of ulna
“converts” the depression between these two processes into a foramen
o ulnar collateral ligament, posterior band
between medial epicondyle of the humerus and medial part of the olecranon process
of the ulnar
o ulnar collateral ligament, anterior band

1
between medial epicondyle of the humerus and proximal tubercle
of the coronoid process
o interossus membrane of forearm
not directly pertaining to cubital joint
restricts cross over and positional interchange
medial view
o may look differently when forearm is in flexion
- capsule
o outward appearance of capsule resembles a tendon itself
- bursa
o subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon process
muscles:
-----anteroir muscles (medial to lateral, little finger to thumb, mostly flexors)

- m. flexor digitorum profundus
o o. upper three quarters of the ulna and
interossus membrane
o i. volar surface of the four distal phalanges
o movement: flexion of fingers at proximal
interphalangeal joint
o innervation: ulnar nerve C8, T1
o located rather anteriorly and medially
- m. flexor digitorum superficialis
o o. medial epicondyle of the humerus via common flexor tendon
fused with: o. ulnar head: coronoid process of the ulna
o o. radial head: oblique line at anteriosuperior surface of radius
o i. volar surface of the four distal phalanges
order of list: o movemet: flexion of fingers at proximal interphalangeal joint
anterior medial o innervation: median nerve C7,8 T1
to post. medial
- m. flexor carpi ulnaris
o i. pisohamate ligament
indirect attachment to os hamatum and os pisiforme
o i. pisometacarpal ligament
indirect attachment to thebase of fifth metacarpal bone

2
o movements: flexion of wrist, ulnar derivation of the wrist (abduction of the hand)
- m. flexor digitorum siperficialis
o i. volar surface of the middle phalanges
o movements: flexion of the fingers
o innervation: median nerve C7, 8, T1
o located laterally to m. flexor digitorum profundus
- m. palmaris longus
o. medial epicondyle of the humerus via common flexor tendon
o i. flexor retinaculum
develeops branches distally of flexor retinaculum, attaching
o the palmar fascia, sometimes called palmar aponeurosis
o movement: not important, helps with flexion of the hand
o innervation: median nerve C6, 7
o small venter and long tendon, forming the palmar aponeurosis
- m. flexor carpi radialis
o o. medial epicondyle of the humerus via common
flexor tendon
o i. base of the second (and) third metacarpal bones
o movement: flexion of wrist
o quite eminet muscle at dissection
- m. flexor policis longus
o o. varies: usually middle anterior surface of the radius
and interossus membrane, can have two
o i. palmar aspect of the base of the phalanges of the
pollex
o movement: flexion of the thumb at the interphalangeal joint
o innervation: interossous branch of the median nerve
o hard to find in dissection: venter of the muscle is very close to flexor digitorum superficialis at
the lateral side, deep
- m. pronator quadratus
o o. distal one forth of the anterior medial side of the ulna
o i. distal one forth of the anterior lateral side of the radius
o movements: pronation of the forearm
o innervation: interossus branch of the median nerve C8, T1
o deepest anterior muscle
- m. pronator teres
o o. ulnar head
coronoid process of the ulna
o i. lateral aspect in the middle part of the radial shaft
o movement: pronation of the forarm
o most lateral of all flexion muscles
-----posterior muscles (lateral to medial, thumb to little finger)

- m. brachioradialis
o o. lateral ridge of middle humeral shaft
between m. triceps brachii, lateral head and brachialis
o i. styloid process of the radius
o movement: flexion of the forearm at the elbow
- m. extensor carpi radialis longus
o o. lower lateral ridge of the humeral shaft
o i. base of the dorsal surface of the second metacarpal
o movement: extension of wrist

3
o innervation: radial nerve C5,6
o is quite lateral rather than posterior
- m. extensor carpi radialis brevis
o o. lateral epicondyle of the the humerus, via commom extensor tendon
o i. dorsal surface of the base of the third metacarpal
o movement: extension of the wrist
- m. abductor policis longus
o o. posterior surfaces of ulna, radius and interossus membrane
o i. lateral part of the base of the first metacarpal
that is rather anterioirly
o movement: abduction og the thumb (
o innervation: radial nerve C6, 7, 8
- m. extensor policis brevis
o o. posterior surface of the ulna and interossous membrane
o i. distal phalanx of the pollex
o movements: extension of the thumb at the
- m. extensor policis longus
o o. posterior surface of the ulna and interossous membrane
o i. distal phalanx of the pollex
o movements: extension of the thumb at the
o medial to m. extensor policis brevis
- m. extensor digitorum communis
o o. lateral epicondyle of the humerus, via commom extensor tendon
o i. dorsal parts of the proximal/middle and distal phalanges of the four digits
o i. dorsal part of the middle phalanges of the four digits
distal tendon of muscle divides into two
• one continues to the index finger
• the other divides a little later and attaches to middle finger (twice) and ring
finger
o movements: extension of the fingers at three joints
metacarpophalangeal joints
proximal interphalangeal joint
distal interphalangeal joint
- m. extensor digiti minimi
o i. divides into two slips (running nearly undistinguishable close together)
one attaches to the middle phalanx digiti minimi (little finger)
the other one attaches to the distal phalanx digiti minimi (little finger)
o movement: extension of the little finger
o this muscle misses in some individuals
o is located medially to extensor digitorum communis
- m. extensor digiti indicis
o o. posterior middle surface of the ulna
o i. dorsal surface of the the middle and distal phalanx of the index finger
o movement: extension of the index finger
o innervation: radial nerve
o very, very hard to find, corsses m. extensor digitorum communis and m. extensor minimi
deeply
- m. supinator
o o. lateral epicondyle of the humerus
o o. supinator crest of the ulna

4
o i. anterior lateral surface of the radius
o movements: suppination of the forearm (as name suggests)
o deep layered: superficially invisible (superficial mi.removed)
- m. extensor carpi ulnaris
o i. tubercles on the medial side of the fifth metacarpal
o movements: extension of the wrist
- m. aconeus
- o. posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- i. lateral aspect of the olecranon
o movements: no primary movement, “puuls synovial fliud out of the way during
extension of the forearm
-----systemic concepts
- flexion or extension in the hand including fingers is a matter of agreement about what is what
o raising the hand, e.g. when greeting or waving: extension
o showing somebody the volar (back of the hand) surface of the hand:
flexion
- anterior, posterior, medial and lateral classification
Structures are referred to slightly different atnatomical position
(anterior view)
anatomical position anatomical postion for forearm
flexion extension
in anatomical position:
- structures of the foream will
e.g. medial appear rather anteriorly than
epicondyle of
the humerus
laterally and rather
posteriorly than medially
in anatomical position of forearm

and hand
- structures of the arm will
appear rather anteriorly than
medially and rather
forearm is less forearm is com- posteriorly than laterally
supinated pletely supinated
- flexor muscles of the forearm

o rather located at the anterior side
o all flexor muscles having the common flexor tendon as their origin
all anterior muscles attached to the medial epicondyle
m. palmaris longus
m. flexor carpi radialis
m. flexor digitorum siperficialis
m. flexor carpi ulnaris
o all flexor muscles not having the common flexor tendon as their origin
m. brachioradialis
m. flexor digitorum profundus

5
- extensor muscles of the forearm
o rather located on posterior side
o all extensor muscles having the common extensor tendon as their origin:
all muscles attached to the lateral epicondyle
m. extensor carpi radialis brevis
m. extensor digitorum communis
m. extensor digiti minimi
m. extensor carpi ulnaris
o all extensor muscles not having the common extensor tendon as their origin:
m. extensor carpi radialis longus (attached to supracondyle aspect)
- non extensor and non flexor muscles of the forearm
o m. aconeus
o m. supinator
o m. abductor policis longus
o m. pronator teres
o m. pronator quadratus
- circumnavigation of the arm at all layers and proximal/distal positions
-----anteroir muscles (medial to lateral) -----posterior muscles (lateral to medial)
1. m. flexor digitorum profundus 1. m. extensor carpi radialis longus

2. m. flexor carpi ulnaris 2. m. extensor carpi radialis brevis
3. m. flexor digitorum siperficialis 3. m. abductor policis longus
4. m. palmaris longus 4. m. extensor policis brevis
5. m. flexor carpi radialis 5. m. extensor policis longus
6. m. flexor policis longus 6. m. extensor digitorum communis
7. m. pronator quadratus 7. m. extensor digiti minimi
8. m. pronator teres 8. m. extensor indicis
9. m. brachioradialis 9. m. supinator
10. m. extensor carpi ulnaris
11. m. aconeus
- musculi of the pollex (thumb)

o the pollex has extra four muscles, all located at the very distal part of the antebrachium
o m. flexor policis longus – anterior-
o m. abductor policis longus – posterior -
o m. extensor policis brevis – posterior -
o m. extensor policis longus – posterior -
- order of anterior muscle tendons at forearm (lateral to medial, thumb to little finger)
as seen in dissection
1. Superficial layer
o m. pronator teres
• short muscle
• insertion half way down form cubital joint
• very lateral (could be defined as anterior or posterior)
o m. flexor carpi radialis
• quite eminent muscle of the anterior forearm
• tendon is rather long
• m. flexor carpi radialis
o m. palmaris longus
• relatively small, if existent
• small venter
• palmar aponeurosis attached to it
o m. flexor digitorum superficialis
can also be lateral to m. palmaris longus
rather deep part of superficial layer
four tendons: 2,3,4,5
o m. flexor carpi ulnaris

6
very medial like a collateral shield
2. Deep Layer
o after pulling m. flexor carpi radialis and m. flexor digitorum superficialis away
o m. flexor pollicis longus
the only m. pollicis on the anterior side
large proximal attachment site medial to the one of m. flexor digitorum superficialis
o m. flexor digitorum profundus
very braod band
o m. pronator quadratus
deepest of the anterior forearm muscles
- order of posterior muscle tendons at forearm (lateral to medial, thumb to little finger)
as seen in dissection
1. Superficial layer
o m. brachioradialis
• can be distinguished by looking at distal part of brachialis; the muscel next to it is the
brachioradialis
o m. extensor carpi radialis longus
• at bit deeper to m. brachioradialis
• very close together with brachioradialis
o m. extensor carpi radialis bravis
• another bit deeper than m. extensor carpi radialis longus
• “short, but deep”
o m. extensor digitorum communis
eminent muscle of posterior forearm
@ wrist joint: clearly visible two tendon (2, 3&4), venter quite large
o m. extensor digiti minimi
hard to distinguish between m. extensor digitorum communis
small
o m. extensor carpi ulnaris
most eminet medial mscle of the posterior forearm
2. Deep Layer
-----thumb muscles
o m. abductor pollicis longus
makes a sharp corner
appears short
o m. extensor pollicis brevis
middle of the three m. pollicis of the posterior side
appears long
o m. extensor pollicis longus
most lateral of the three m. pollicis of the posterior side
-----other muscles
o m. extensor indicis
just medial to m. extensor digiti minimi
forms the deeper tendon at the phalanges of the index finger
other relevant structures:
- anatomical snuff box

depressed area when thumb is in extension (visible live, without dissection ☺ )
formed by m. extensor pollicis brevis (medial) and m. extensor pollicis longus (lateral)
- carpal tunnel:
formed by posteriorly:
distal row of carpal bones: os trapezium, os trapezoid, os capitate, os hamate
anteriorly:
flexor retinaculum
constains all

7
tendons of mi. flexor digitorum profunus and superficialis
flexor pollicis longus
median nerve

8
_hand
bones: humerus, ulna, radius,

- os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os
lunatum, os triquetum, os pisiforme, os
hamatum, os capitatum, os trpezoideum
joints:
- distal radioulnar joint
- carpal joint
- intercarpal joints
- carpalometacarpal joints
- intermetacarpal joints
- metacarpalophalangeal joints
- interphalangeal joints
joints:
joint, distal radioulnar

- involved bones: radius, ulna
- type of joint: pivot joint; pronation,
suppination
- between
o head of the ulna and
o ulnar notch of the radius
- has an articular disc, also called transverse ligament (red, hatching)
- ligaments/tendons
o no additional ligaments (apart from articular disc)
----- supplementary ligaments

dot not pertain to any joint, but are located nearby
- palmar ulnocarpal ligament
o between
ulnar styloid process and
palmar side of the bases of os lunate and os triquetrum
o has two slightly separated bands
o can be easily mixed up with the radiocarpal ligament
- ulnar collateral ligament of wrist
o between
apex of ulnar styloid process and
anterior band: medial side of os pisiforme
posterior band: medial side of os triquetrum
o has a mini articular disc at its distal, laterla part (near the carpal bones), serving as the
distal border of the prestyloid process of the synovial capsule
joint, carpal
- involved bones: radius, os scaphoid, os lunate, os triquetrum, os
pisiforme
(ulna is not involved)
- type of joint: condyloid (ellipsoid) joint (complementary convex and
concave surface); flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (the latter
two movements are more restricted)
- ligaments/tendons:
o palmar radiocarpal ligaments
between:
• distal end of the radius and medial radioulnar articular disc
and
anatomy, 1st sct, hand Temmesfeld

e.b.: Temmesfeld‚ 06 '06
1
• proximal row of carpal joints (expect for os pisiforme; os scaphoideum, os lunate, os
triquetrum)
o radial collateral ligament of wrist
between
• apex of styloid process of radius and
• radial side of scaphoideum
very tiny and very lateral
o dorsal radiocarpal ligament
between
• distal end of radius and
• dorsal surfaces of os scaphoideum, os lunate and os triquetrum
• easily visible transverse band, largest band of the dorsal side
joints, intercarpal
- involved bones: all carpal bones
o proximal row: os scaphoideum, os lunate, os triquetrum, os pisiforme
o distal row: os trapezium, os trapezoid, os capitate, os hamate
- type of joints: plane joint; gliding and sliding movements
- includes three classifications of joints:
1. Joints between the bones of the proximal row of the carpus
2. Joints between the bones of the distal row of the carpus
3. Midcarpal joints: between proximal and distal row of the carpus
4. Pisotriquetral joint between os triquetrum and os pisiforme
• because os pisiforme is the only
bone, not located in the coronal
carpal plane
- a common joint capsule for the and carpal metacarpal joints
is formed, the wrist joint has also a separated capsule
- ligaments/tendons
o all bones are attached to each other by
anterior
posterior and
interossous ligaments
joints, carpalmetacarpal and intermetacarpal joints

- involved bones: distal row of carpal bones
os trapezium, os trapezoid, os capitate, os hamate
- type of joints:
all but thumb: plane joint; gliding and sliding movements
thumb: saddle joint, flexion, etension, abduction, adduction
- a common joint capsule for the intercarpal and carpalmetacarpal
joints, with the exception of the articulation carpalmetacarpal pollicis
(thumb)
- special issues with articulation carpalmetacarpal pollicis (thumb)
separated joint capsule
saddle joint
fibrous layer sourrounds synovial membrane
- ligaments/tendons
o all bones are attached to each other by
• anterior (palmer) carpometacarpal ligaments
• posterior (dorsal) carpometacarapl ligaments
• anterior (palmer) intermetacarpal ligaments
• posterior (dorsal) intermetaarpal ligaments
• supplementary more distal intermetacarpal ligaments
joints, metacarpalphalangeal
- involved bones: four metacarpal bones 2,3,4,5; four proximal phalanges
- type of joint: condyloid (ellipsoid) joint (complementary convex and concave surface); flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction (the latter two movements are more restricted)

2
- ligaments/tendons
o palmar metacaralphalangeal ligaments
• anteriorly between
o metacarpals and
o proximal phalanges
o deep transverse metacarpal ligaments
• between metacarpals
o collateral metacarpophalangeal ligaments
• medially and laterally between
o metacarpals and
o proximal phalanges
• consists of two parts
o cord like part beinig stronger
o fan-like part being a little less strong
joints, interphalangeal
- involved bones: proximal, middle and (distal) phalanges
- type of joint: hinge type of joint; flexion and extension
- ligaments/tendons
o collateral interphalangeal ligaments
• medially and laterally between phalanges
• consists of two parts
o cord like part beinig stronger
o fan-like part being a little less strong
muscles:
----- anterior muscles (deep to superficial)

- palmar interossei also called lumbricals (three m.)
o between
medial/lateral aspects of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals, but not the thumb
o movement: flexion of the fingers
- m. adductor policis
o o. transverse head (inferior): palmar third metacarpal
o o. oblique head (superior): palmar side of os capitate
o movement: adduction of the thumb
o innervation: ulnar nerve, C8, T1
- m. opponens pollici
o o. distal retinaculum and os trapezium (most lateral bone of the distal row)
o i. lateral part of the first metacarpal
o movement: opposition of the thumb
o innervation: median nerve, C8, T1
- m. opponens digiti minimi
o o. distal retinaculum and os hamate (most medial bone of the distal row)
o i. medial palmar surface of the digitus minimus
o movement: opposition of the digitus minimus
- m. flexor digiti minimi
o o. flexor retinaculum
o i. medial part of the proximal phalanx of the digitus minimus
o movement: flexion of the digitus minimus
- m. flexor policis brevis
o o. superficial head: retinaculum and os trapezium
o o. deep head: floor of carpal tunnel
o movement: flexion of the thumb
o innervation: median nerve and ulnar nerve (sup. and deep head, respectively)
o runs sort of parallel to m. opponens pollici
- m. abductor digiti minimi

3
o o. tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
o i. middle part of the proximal phalanx
o movement: abduction of the digitus minimus
- m. abductor pollicis brevis
o o. retinaculum
o i. lateral part of the proximal phalanx of the pollex
o movement: abduction of the pollex
o innervation: branch of median nerve C8, T1
o runs superficial to m. opponent pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis
- m. palmaris brevis
o between palmar aponeurosis and skin of ulnar side of palm
o movement: tenses skin
----- posterior muscles
- dorsal interossei
o between medial/lateral side of the digits including the thumb
o movement: flexion of the digits (bringing fingers close together)
other relevant structures:

- commom flexor tendon sheaths (also referred to as bursae):
o wrapping around tendons of m. flexor digitorum superficialis and m. flexor digitorum profundus
o allow grinding less gliding
o begins proximally deep o the flexor retinaculum
o splits up in to the respective…
- digital synovial sheaths
- fibrous digital sheats
o wrapped around digitalsynovial sheaths at the phalanges of 2nd, 3rd and 4th digits only, but not
around the thumb
o also referred to as “pulleys”
- thenar eminence
o the eminence visible close to the thumb
o muscles:
m. abductor pollicis brevis
m. opponens pollicis
m. flexor pollicis
- hypothenar eminence
o the eminence smaller thant the thenar one, located near the digitus minimus
o muscles:
m. abductor digiti minimi
m. opponens digiti minimi
m. flexor digit minimi brevis
- PAD
o Palmar interossei ADduct the metacarpalphalangeal joint
- DAB
o Dorsal interossei Abduct the metacarpalphalangeal joint

4
axillary fossa
- anterior border: pectoralis major
- lateal border: upper third of the humeral shaft
- medial border: serratus anterior and ribs
- posterior border: teres major and latissimus dorsi
axillary artery
- originates from subclavian artery
- begins at the first rib (changes its name there)
- “ends” the lower border of the teres major
- three parts
based on the insertion of the pec. minor
1. above pec. minor
o supreme thoracic artery
2. under pec. minor
o thoracoacromial trunk
to pec. major and pec. minor
to coracoid process
ro acromial process
may have multiple branches
rather superior
o lateral thoracic artery
to serratus anterior
often with long thoracic nerve
3. below pec. minor
o subscapular artery
curly shape
divides into
• thoracodorsal artery, to lat. dorsi and
• circumflex scapular artery
o humeral circumflex branches
may either originate from one branch like trunk or are independently
attached to the axillary artery
circumnavigate the head of the humerus
through quadrangular space
brachial artery
- “begines” below m. teres major
- branches immediately:
o deep radial artery, travelling with the radial nerve
Temmesfeld '06
- four main nerves „leaving“ the brachial plexus
o musculotcutaneous nerve C5, 6
o axillary nerve C5, 6
o radial nerve, C5-T1
o median nerve, C6-8, T1
o ulnar nerve C7,8 T1
- nerves of the arm
o median nerve, running anteriorly to elbow joint
does not innervate anything at the arm, but
supplies articular branches to elbow joint
o ulnar nerve, running posteriorly to elbow joint
does not innervate anything at the arm, but
supplies articular branches to elbow joint
o radial nerve, coming from the posterior side, running anteriorly to elbow joint
o musculocutaneous nerve, not passing the elbow joint
- anterior innervation of the arm:
o musculocutaneous nerve
- posterior innervation of the arm
o radial nerve
- nerves of the forearm
o deep radial nerve, originating from radial nerve, running anteriorly
o median nerve, running anteriorly
o ulnar nerve, running posteriorly to elbow joint, coming on the anterior side
- anterior innervation of forearm
o median nerve
- posterior innervation of forearm
o radial nerve
- nerves of the wrist/hand

o two main nerves entering the hand
ulnar nerve
median nerve (via carpal tunnel)
communication of ulnar and medial nerve at wrist joint
- anterior innervation of the hand
o ulnar nerve:
two main branches
• r. profundus
doing a sharp corner into into the palm (dives away)
• r. superficialis
branching into two communal digital nerve
o one for the little finger, turning into the proper digital nerve
o one for the ring finger
branching into
one proper digital nerve (little finger)
one proper digital nerve (ring finger, medial side)
muscles and cutaneuous areas
• hypothenar muscles
o opponens digiti minimi
o flexor digiti minimi
o abductor digiti mnimi
• interosseous muscles
o all dorsal
o lateral of digits four and five
o medial of digitus minimus
• flexor pollicis brevis; adductor pollicis brevis (thenar space)
• dorsal and palmar aspects of distal 1 ½ digits

Temmesfeld '06
o median nerve
having four subbranches, four communal digital nerves
first one, branching into
• lateral proper nerve of the ring finger
• medial proper nerve of the middle finger
second one, branching into
• lateral proper nerve of the middle finger
• medial proper nerve of the index finger
third one, turning into lateral proper nerve of the index finger
fourth one, turning into medial proper digital nerve of the thumb
the median nerve “itself” turns into the lateral proper nerve of the thumb
• muscles and cutaneuous areas
thenar muscles:
• opponens pollicis
• abductor pollicis brevis
• not: flexor pollicis brevis; adductor pollicis brevis
lateral lumbricales digits 2,3
cutaneous innervation:
• palm
• anterior aspects of 3 ½ fingers
• dorsal distal aspects of 3 ½ fingers
Temmesfeld '06
lower limb
pelvic girdle and adjacent structures:
bones: hip bone (os inomina), including os illium, os ischium and os pubis
joints: symphysis pubica, sacro-illiac joint, lumbosacral joint, sacrococycal joint, hip joint
joints:
joint: symphysis pubica

- involved bones: two pubic bones
- type of joint: secondary cartiliaginous joint
- ligaments:
o superior pubic ligament
between superior surfaces of the pubic tubercles
o arcuate pubic ligament
inferior to interpubic disc
- interpubic disc
o fibrcartilageous disc connecting the two pubic bones at their faciei symphysiali
o has a central cavity
- no direct muscle attachment sites
joint: sacro-illiac joint

- involved bones: tos sacrum, os illium
- type of joint:
o plane joint (anetriorly)
between auricular surfaces of ilium and sacrum
o syndesmosis (posteriorly)
between iliac tuberosity and sacral tuberosity
- ligaments:
o anterior sacroiliac ligaments (two on each sides)
between
• capsular thickeining from the third sacral segment
• lateral side of the iliac fossa
o posterior sacroiliac ligament
two bands
1. short band
o between:
intermediate and lateral crest
posteriosuperio iliac spine
2. long band
o between
third and fourth sacral vertebrae
postereosuperio iliac spine
the short band is much weaker
o supraspinous ligament
connect spinous processes of vertebrae and sacrum from C7 down to the sacrum
o interosseous sacroiliac ligament
between
• sacroauricular surface
• depressions of the iliac tuberosity
joint: lumbosacral
- involved bones: 5. lumbar vertebra, os sacrum
- between
o body of 5. lumbar vertebra
o body of 1. sacral vertebra (the anterior edge of the body of the S1 vertebra is called
promontory, Vorgebirge) ??????
anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

e.b.: Temmesfeld ‚06'06
1
- intervetrebral or articular disc (fibrous cartilage)
- ligaments:
o intertransverse ligament
between
• inferior aspect of the transverse process of the 5. olumbar vertebra (this ligament
connects the transverser processes of all vertebrae)
• (superior tubercle from the sacral bone)
o anterior longitudinal ligament
between
• anterior aspects of the passing vertebrae
• pelvic surface of the anterior sacrum
o supraspinous ligament
connects spinous processes of all vertebrae (including sacral vertebrae)
o ligamentum flavum
connects the laminae of the adjacent vertebrae
enters the sacral canal ??????
broad and thick in lumbar region
joint: sacrococygeal joint

- involved bones: os sacrum, os coccyx
- between
o apex of the sacrum
o base of the cocyx
- type of joint: secondary cartilaginous joint
- articular fibrocartilage disc
- ligaments:
o anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
between
• ventral and dorsal surface of the apex of the sacrum
• ventral and dorsal surface of the coccyx
joint: hip joint

- involved bones: os inomina (all three sub-bones), os femur
- between
o acetabulum of hip bone (acetabulum, lat. = sauce pan)
comprised of four (five) aspects:
1. facies lunate (lunate surface of acetabulum)
o form three quarters of a circle with acetabular rim
2. limbus acetabuli (acetabular rim)
o the edge of the facies lunate
o forms three quarters of the circle with facies lunate
3. labrum acetabuli (acetabular lip)
o fibrcartilaginous rim
o increases the acetabular articular area for about 10%
o attached to acetabular rim
4. incisura acetabuli (acetabular notch)
o constitutes the missing one quarter of the circle of the acetbulum
5. (fossa acetabuli acetabular fossa)
o is niot directly involved in the hip joint
o head of femur
- type of joint: multiaxial ball and socket joint (spheroidal joint)
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation -> circumduction
- femoral head is completely covered with articular cartilage
- the articular capsule is composed of a synovial membrane lining a fibrous cartilage capsule
o orbicular zone
fibers of the fibrous capsule usually follow a spiral path around the head of the femur
however some deeply layered fibers circumfence the capitis femuris strictly orbiculary, thus
forming the orbicular zone
- ligaments
o pubofemoral ligament

2
between
• iliopubic eminence down to the superior pubic ramus
• deep aspect of the iliofemoral ligament and joint capsule
o iliofemoral ligament
two bands
• oblique lateral band
o between
anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular rim
superolateral aspect of the intertrochanteric line of the femur
• vertical medial band
o between
anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular rim
inferiormedial aspect of the intertrochanteric line of the femur
o ischiofemoral igament
between
• ischial part of acetabulum
• medial to the base of the greater trochanter
o ligamentum teres capitis femoris (round ligament of the head of the femur)
between
• acetabular notch and transverse acetabular ligament
• fovea capitis femoris
synovial fold
provides a pathway for the foveal artery, supplying the head of the femur
additional ligaments:
lumbopelvic ligaments
- iliolumbar ligament
o two bands
iliolumbar band
• between
o anterior-inferior surface of transverse process of fifth lumbar vertebra
o iliac crest of the pelvis
lumbosacral band
• between
o inferior surface of transverse process of fifth lumbar vertebra
o anterior-superio-lateral surface of sacrum, blending with anterior sacro-iliac ligament
sacroischial ligaments
- sacrospinous ligament
o between
lateral aspect of os sacrum and os coccyx at their junction (sacrococcycal joint)
ischial spine
ilioischial ligaments
- sacrotuberous ligament
o between
posterior superior iliac spine blending with fibers from the posterior sacroiliac ligament
medial edge if ischial tuberosity
large broad band, most prominent on the dorsal side of the pelvis
ischiopubic ligament
- obtrurator membrane
o closes obtrurate foramen nearly completely
o leaves a tiny canal open, called the obtrurator canal
illiopubic ligaments
- inguinal ligament

3
o between
anterior-superior aspect of iliac spine
pubic tubercle
o provides a bridge for vessels radiating into the pelvic cavitiy
muscles:
- m. gluteus maximus
o o. illium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
site runs parallel to os sacrum
o i. gluteal tuberosity, iliotibial tract
o innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
o movements: lateral extension and rotation
- m. gluteus medius
o o. ilium between iliac crest and anterior and posterior gluteal lines
between insertion sites of m.gluteus maximus and m. gluteus minimus
o i. greater trochanter of femur
o innervation: superior gluteal nerve
o movements: medial abduction and rotation, stabilization of pelvis
o is usually covered by gluteal aponeurosis
- m. gluteus minimus
o o. ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
inferolateral to insertion site of m. gluteus medius
o movements: medial abduction and rotation
o covered by m. gluteus maximus and m. gluteus minimus
- m. tensor fascia lata
o o. iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine
o i. iliotibial tract
o movements: medial abduction, flexion and rotation
- m. piriformis
o o. pelvic surface of sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
o i. superior aspect of greater trochanter
o innervation: sacral nerve
o movement: lateral rotation of thigh
o goes through greater sciatic foramen (foramen ischiadicum) and divides it into three parts
1. superiopisiformal part
2. m. pisiformis itself
3. interiopisiformal part
- m. obturator internus
o o. ischiopubic rami (sometimes just ischial ramus), obturator membrane
o innervation: n. obturator internus
o movements: lateral abduction and rotation
o closes the lesser sciatic formamen posteriorly, then runs anteriorly around the femur to attach
to the greater trochanter
o visible in pposterior dissection as the tendinous part of the hardly visible muscle group,
composed of
m. gemellus superior
m. obturator internus
m. gemellus inferior
- m. gemellus superior
o i. ischial spine
o o. obturator internus tendon
o movement: lateral rotation
o with the tendon of the obturator internus it attaches to the greater trochanter
- m. gemellus inferior

4
o i. ischial tuberosity
o o. obturator internus tendon
o with the tendon of the obturator internus it attaches to the greater trochanter
- m. quadratus femoris
o o. ischial tuberosity
o i. intertrochantic crest
o innervation: n. quadratus femoris
- m. psosas major
o o. sides of T12-L5 vertebrae
o i. lesser trochanter (medial trochanter) of femur
o innervation: anterior rami of lumbar nerve
o movement: flexion of thigh
o m. iliacus and tendon of m. psoas major are called iliopsosas
- m. psosas minor
o o. sides of L12-T5 vertebrae
o i. iliopubic eminence, via iliopectineal arch
o i. iliopectineal line, via iliopectineal arch
o innervation: anterior rami of lumbar nerve
o movement: flexion of tigh
o highly tendinous muscle
o muscle belly rather small
o iliopectineal arch: a fascious tendon dviding into two parts for the two insertions
- m. iliacus
o o. iliac crest, iliac fossa, anterior sacroiliac ligament
o i. tendon of m. psosas major
o innervation: femoral nerve
o movement: flexion of thigh
o m. iliacus and tendon of m. psoas major are called iliopsosas
o attaches to lesser trochanter via tendon of m. psosas major
- m. obturaor externus
o o. margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
o i. trochanteric fossa of femur (near the intertrochaneric line)
o innervation: n. obturator
o movement: lateral rotation, stabilization of femoral head in acetabulum
o small muscle unable to act independently
- m. pectineus
o o. superior ramus of pubis
o i. pectineal line of femur, inferior to lesser trochanter (medial side)
o movement: adduction and flexion
o closes obturator foramen anteriorly
additional structures:
- pelvic inlet
o the virtual line between
intervertebral joint between 4th and 5th lumbar vertebra
pubic symphysis
o froms an oblique plane descending posteriorly to anteriorly
- pelvic brim
o also called linea terminalis
o includes the iliopectineal line
o virtual line in the transverse plane at the level of the sacral promontory
o separates false from true pelvis
- pelvis major
o also called false pelvis, or greater pelvis
o approximately the space between the two wings alae of the hip bone

5
o space between
the virtual transverse plane between the two tips of the ala ilii
pelvic brim
- pelvis minor
o also called true pelvis, or lesser pelvis
o true pelvic cavitiy
o space between
pelvic brim
pelvic diaphragm
- pelvic diaphragm
o muscolufascial floor of the pelvis
o formed by levator ani and coccygeus muscles
o separates true pelivis from perineum
- pelvic outlet
o virtual transverse plane going through
inferiormost tip of coccyx
inferior pubic symphysis
- perineum
o anteriorly: pubic symphysis
o anterolaterally: inferior pubic ramus and ischial ramus
o laterally: ischial tuberosity
o posterolaterllay: sacrotuberous ligament
o most inferior structure of pelvis
- sciatic foramina
o greater sciatic foramen
the closure of the greater sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica major)
laterally: greater sciatic notch
medially:
• sacroiliac ligament (between ilium and sacrum; anastomosis with sacrotuberous
ligament)
• sacrotuberous ligament (between sacrum and ischium; anastomosis with sacroiliac
ligament
inferiorly: sacrospinous ligament and greater sciatic notch
all other borders: the ossal edges of the illium (superiorly) and ischium (inferiorly)
the “door” for all nerves and arteries leaving the pelvis
provides pathway for
• m. piriformis
o divides the greater sciatic formanen into three parts
1. superiopisiformal part
2. m. pisiformis itself
3. interiopisiformal part
• superior and inferior gluteal blod vessels
• internal pudendal vessels
• pudendal nerve
• sciatic nerve (major nerve of the leg)
• posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
• innervating nerves for m. obtrurator internus and m. quadratus femoris
o lesser sciatic foramen
the closure of the lesser sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica minor)
superiorly: sacrospinous ligament (radiates from the ischial spine medially)
inferiorly: sacrotuberous ligament
medially: sacrotuberous ligament
the “door” for all arteries and nerves leaving or entering the perineum
provides pathway for:
• tendon of m. obturator internus
• innervation of m. obturator internus
• internal pudendal vessels
• pudendal nerve
all structures “leaving” the pelvic cavity via the greater sciatic formanen and re-entering it
via the lesser sciatic formanen

6
• internal pudendal vessels and nerves
• innervation of m. obturator internus
- diameters of the pelvis
o conjugate diameter
also called saggital diameter or obstretic diameter
• apex of sacrum
• inferior edge of pubic symphysis
12-13 cm
o transverse diameter
in the mid-coronal plane, which also contains the pelvic axis
12-13cm
o oblique diameter
iliosacral joint
iliopubic eminence
- iliopectineal line
o formed by
arcuate line
over iliopubic eminence
superior pubic ramus
pectin pubis (pectineal line)
o makes up the pelvic brim in this region
- obturator membrane
o closes obturator foramen
o leaves a small gap uncovered, which serves as a pathway for the obturaot artery
o edges of obturator foramen
posterior obturator tubercle
anterior obturator tubercle
obturator crest
inferior pubic ramus
ischial ramus
- iliotibial tract
o aponeurosis thickening of the fascia at the lateral thigh down to the knee joint
o serves as insertion sites for
m. gluteus maximus
m. tensor fascia lata
o forms fibrous capsule of knee joint
- fascia lata
o membraneous deep fascia, wrapping the whole leg
o has internally pointing protrusions, which form
medial intermuscular septum
lateral intermuscular septum
o attachment sites:
pubic symphysis
obturator crest (sometimes called pubic crest)
pubic rami [superior and inferior (to obturator foramen)]
ischial tuberosity
inguinal ligament
sacrotuberous ligament
os sacrum
os coccyx
- fossa ovalis
o alos called saphenous opening
o hole in the fascia lata, for branching of saphenous vein from femoral vein
o lateral border is calles falcifrom margin
o great saphenous vein branches inferiorly to femoral sheath
- femoral sheath
o funnel shaped fascial tube
o located at the subinguenal space
o content is referred to as vascular lacuna
o divided into three compartments:

7
1. lateral compartment
• contains femoral artery
• femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
2. intermediate compartment
• contains femoral vein
3. medial compartment
• mostly called femoral canal
• contains
o loose connective tissue
o lymph nodes
o lymphatic vessels
• abdominal aspect called fermoral ring
• abdominal opening closed by femoral septum
o blends inferiorly with the adventitia of the blood vessels it contains
femoral artery
femoral vein
o inferior to the femoral sheath, the great saphenous vein branches from the femoral vein
through great saphenous opening
- femoral ring, borders
o lateral: vertical septum to the femoral vein (within femoral sheath)
o posterior: superior ramus of pubis covered by the fascia of m. pectineus
o medial: lacunar ligament
o anterior: medial part of the inguinal ligament
- iliopectineal arch
o formed by
tendon of m. psosas minor
inguinal ligament
- muscular lacuna
o formed by
iliopsosas
• m. iliacus and tendon of m. psoas major are called iliopsosas
iliopectineal arch
fascia of iliacus joined with inguinal ligament
o contains the femoral nerve
- synostosis
o the “joints” between the hip bones are formed in scoop of the ossification process and are
called synostosis
- iliopubic tract
o thickened fibers of the transverse fascia
o runs deeply (posteriorly) to the inguineal ligament
- inguinal triangle
o inferior border: inguinal ligament
o medial border: m. rectus abdominis
o lateral and superior border: inferior epigastric vessels
- falciform margin
o the margin of the inguinal opening (for the branching of the great saphenous vein from the
femoral vein)
- subinguinal space
o the space spanned by the flexor retinaculum from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle
- lacunar ligmanent
o some deep fibers of the inguineal ligament
o do not attach to pubic tubercle, but to superior pubic ramus
- pectineal ligament
o some deep fibers of the inguineal ligament
o most lateral para running fibers of inguineal ligament
o attach to pectienal line of os pubis

8
lower limb
thigh:
bones: hip bone (os inomina), including os illium, os ischium and os pubis, os femur, os tibia, os fibula,
os patella
joints: knee joint (articulation genus)
joints:
joint: knee joint, articulatio genu

- involved bones: os femur, os patella, os tibia
- type of joint: hinge type of synovial joint, additional gliding and sliding movements around vertical
longitudinal axis
- articular surfaces
o lateral femorotibial articulation
between lateral condyles of os femur and os tibia
o medial femorotibial articulation
between medial condyles of os femur and os tibia
o femoropatellar articulation
between femur and patella
- joint capsule:
o external fibrous layer
continuous with tendon of m. quadriceps femoris
posterior opening as an exit channel for the tendon of the m. popliteus
o internal synovial membrane
two vertical synovial folds (see p.686, moore)
• lateral and medial alar folds
o in the anterior part of the triangle formed by the two menisci and the patellar
ligament
• infrapatellar folds
o in the medium part of the triangle formed by the two menisci and the patellar
ligament
- infrapatellar fat pad
o pad of adipose tissue inferior to patella
- two menisci
o fibrocartilageous tissue
o lateral meniscus
between lateral condyles of femur and tibia
o medial meniscus
between medial condyles of femur
C shape
- ligaments:
o intracapsular ligaments:
cruciate ligaments
• in joint capsule, but outside of the space enclosed by the synovial membrane
• posterior cruciate ligament
o posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
o anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle
• anterior cruciate ligament
o anterior intercondylar area of the tibia
o posterior part of the medial side of the lateral epicondyle
• cross each other (chiasm) in an x shaped manner
transverse ligaments
• joins the two anterior aspects of the menisci
posterior meniscofemoral ligament
• joins the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament (when it “passes by”)
o extracapsular ligaments:
patellar ligament:
anatomy, 2nd sct, thigh Temmesfeld

1
• formed by the distal part of the tendon of m. quadriceps femoris
• inferiorly to the os patella it attaches to the tibial tuberosity
fibular collateral ligament
• lateral epicondyle of the femur
• lateral surface of fibular head
tibial collateral ligament
• joint with articular capsule, hence intrinsic
• medial epicondyle of the femur
• medial condyle and superior part of the surface of the tibia
oblique popliteal ligament
• located on posterior side
• arises from tendon of m. semimembranosus, as a nearly perpendicular side branch
• runs roughly in the transverse plane
• joins the articular capsule at the lateral femoral condyle
arcuate popliteal ligament
• posterior aspect of fibular head
• passes over the tendon of m. popliteus
• spreads of posterior knee joint and combines with the fibrous layer of the articular
capsule
- bursae
o at least 12 bursae around knee joint
o all of them communicate somewhat with then synovial capsule
o anteriolateral bursae
suprapatellar bursa
subcuntanbeous prepatellar bursa
deep infrapatellar bursa
subcutaneous patellar bursa
o posterior bursae
gastrocnemius bursa
popliteus bursa
anserine bursa
semimembranosus bursa
muscles:
--- anterior compartment---

- m. pectineus
o o. superior ramus of os pubis
o i. pectineal line of femur
- m. sartorius
o o. anterior superior iliac spine
o i. superior part of medial surface of tibia
o movement: flexion, abduction, lateral rotation, flexion at knee joint
o prominent, because it runs very oblique
- m. quadriceps femoris
o composed of four parts
o longest and strongest muscle of the human body
o m. rectus femoris
o. anterior inferior iliac spine
i. base of patella via common quadriceps tendon
innervation: femoral nerve
movements: extension of the crus
o m. vastus medialis
o. greater trochanter and lateral lip of the linea aspera

2
o m. vastus intermedius
o. anteriolateral surface of the shaft of the femur
o m. vastus lateralis
o. greater trochanter and lateral lip of the linea aspera
--- medial compartment---

- m. adductor longus
o o. body of os pubis, inferiomedial to pubic crest
o i. middle third of the linea aspera of the shaft of the femur
o innervation: obturator nerve
o movement: adduction of thigh
- m. adductor brevis
o o. body of os pubis, inferior pubic ramus
inferior to insertion m. adductor longus -> located deeply towards m. adductor longus
o i. pectineal line and proximal part of lateral lip of the linea aspera
o movement: aduction tigh
- m. adductor magnus
o o. adductor part: inferior ramus of os
pubis
o o. hamstring part: ischial tuberosity
o i. adductor part: gluteal tuberosity,
medial lip of linea aspera, far down
pass the popliteal surface
o i. hamstring part: adductor tubercle of
femur
o innervation:
adductor part: obturator nerve
hamstring part: tibial part of sciatic
nerve (n. ischiadicus)
o movement:
adductor part: adduction of thigh
hamstring part: extension of thigh
o hamstring part part also called m.
adductor minimus
o at the insertion site of adductor part
(medial lip of linea aspera) and
hamstring part (adductor tubercle),
the two parts of the tendon form an
arch like structure leaving an opening
between them: the adductor hiatus
- m. gracilis
o o. body and inferior ramus of os pubis
o i. superior part of medial surface of the
shaft of the femur
attachment sites of m. adductor magnus
o tiny muscle (gracilis (lat.) = thin)
- m. obturator externus
o o. margins of obturator foramen
o i. trochanteric fossa
o movement: lateral rotation of tigh

3
--- posterior compartment---

- m. semitendinosus
o i. medial surface of the posterior part of the tibia
o innervation: tibial division of the sciatic nerve (n.
ischiadicus)
o movement: extension of thigh, flexion of crus
o most medial muscle of posterior compartment
o long tendon distally
o seems to be fused with long head of m. biceps femoris
- m. semimembranosus
o i. posterior part of medial condyle of tibia
o innervation: tibial division of the sciatic nerve (n.
ischiadicus)
o movement: extension of thigh, flexion of crus
o tendon very prominent, semimembranous appearance as
name suggests
- m. biceps femoris
o o. long head: ischial tuberosity
o o. short head: linea aspera and (pectineal line)
o i. lateral side of head of fibula
split into two by fibular collateral ligament (see lower
figure)
o innervation:
long head: tibial division of the sciatic nerve (n.
ischiadicus)
short head: common fibular division of sciatic nerve
o movement: flexion and lateral rotation
- adductor canal
o also called subsartorial canal, hunter canal
o borders:
anteriorly: m. vastus medialis
laterally: m. vastus medialis
medially: m. sartorius
posteriorly: m. adductor longus
o longitudinal extensions:
from the apex of the femoral triangle
(cross-over of m. sartorius and m.
adductor longus)
adductor hiatus
two parts of the tendon form an arch
like structure at the insertion site of
adductor part (medial lip of linea
aspera) and hamstring part (adductor
tubercle) leaving an opening between
them: the adductor hiatus
o accommodates:
femoral artery
femoral vein
saphenous nerve
n. vastus medialis
o femoral vessels are guided to the popliteal
fossa, where they turn into popliteal
vessels

4
- femoral triangle
o borders:
superiorly: inguinal ligament
medially: m. adductor longus
laterally: m. sartorius
floor of femoral triangle
• m. iliopsosas (m. psosas major and m. iliacus)
o femoral nerve and vessels enter triangle superiorly at its base
o femoral nerve and vessels exit it at the apex of the triangle inferiorly
- popliteal fossa
o fat filled compartment
o borders:
superolaterlly: m. biceps femoris tendon
superomedially: m. semimembranosus and tendon of m. semitendinosus (which is more
lateral)
inferolaterally: lateral head of m. gastrocnemius
inferomedially: medial head of m. gastrocnemius
posteriorly: popliteal fascia and skin (stratified sqameous keratinizing epithelium, epidermis)
o contents:
blood vessels:
• form genicular anastomosis
• popliteal artery, with perpendicular branches
o superior lateral genicular artery
o superior medial genicular artery
o middle medial genicular artery
o inferior lateral genicular artery
o inferior medial genicular artery
o
• popliteal vein
nerves:
• sciatic nerve (n. ischiadicus) branches at superior aspect of popliteal fossa
• tibial nerve, medially
• common fibular nerve, laterally
• sural nerve, communication between tibial and common fibular nerve
- all muscles acting on the hip joint and their respective movements
o learn figure 5.55 p. 681, “Moore”
- all other remarkable structures of the thigh: see pelvic girdle and adjacent structures
- pes anserinus (geese’s foot)
o tendons of (from deep to superficial)
m. semitendinosus
m. gracilis
m. sartorius
o form the pes anserinus, because the attachment sites of these three tendons resembles the
shape and structure of a geese’s foot
-

5
lower limb
crus:
bones: os femur, os tibia, os fibula, os patella, tarsal bones (os talus, os calcaneus, os naviculare, os
cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme intermediale, os cuneiforme mediale)
joints: proximal tibiofibular joint, distal tibiofibular joint, ankle joint (articulatio talocruralis)
joints:
joint: proximal tibiofibular

- involved bones: os tibia, os fibula
- type of joint: plane joint
- movement: gliding and sliding movements
- articular surfaces:
o facet of fibular head
o facet of lateral tibial condyle
- ligaments:
o anterior ligament of fibular head
o posterior ligament if fibular head
- popliteus bursa
o may communicate with synovial capsule of knee joint
joint: distal tibiofibular

- involved bones: os tibia, os fibula
- type of joint:
o fibrous syndesmosis, at anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
o plane joint, at posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
- movement: gliding and sliding movement
o facet of the inferior end of the fibula
rough triangular surface
o facet of the inferior end of the tibia, lateral
- ligaments:
o interosseous membrane
also called interosseous tibiofibular ligament
between the shafts of the two bones
o anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
o posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
o transverse tibiofibular ligament
essential for stability of ankle joint
medial malleolus (tibia)
lateral malleolus (fibula)
joint: ankle joint, articulatio talocruralis

- involved bones: os tibia, os fibula, os talus
- type of joint: hinge-type of synovial joint
- movements:
o dorsiflexion (dorsal flexion)
produced by the muscles of anterior compartment of the crus
o plantar flexion
produced by the muscles of the posterior compartment of the crus
o inversion
also called tarsal suppination, medial abduction
inferior ankle joint is involved only
o eversion
also called tarsal pronation, lateral abduction
inferior ankle joint is involved only
anatomy, 2nd sct, crus Temmesfeld

1
o tibia and fibular form a mortise (Falz, Fuge)
o roof of the malleolar mortise:
inferior facet of tibia
superior facet of talus
o medial wall of the malleolar mortise:
medial malleolus
medial surface of the talus
- ligaments:
o lateral ligament of the ankle
form sort of inverse T structure
reinforce joint capsule
collateral compound ligament, composed of
1. anterior talofibular ligament
o lateral malleolus (fibula)
o neck of talus
2. posterior talofibular ligament
o malleolar fossa
o lateral tubercle of talus
o runs horizontally (transverse plane)
o fairly strong
1. calcaneofibular ligament
o tip of the lateral malleolus
o lateral surface of the calcaneus
o runs somewhat vertically
o medial ligaments of the ankle
rather strong
also called deltoid ligament
composed of four fused ligaments
1. anterior tibiotalar ligament
2. tibionavicular ligament
3. tibiocalcalcaneal ligament
4. posterior tibiotalar ligament
muscles:
--- anterior compartment---

- m. tibialis anterior
o o. lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface and interosseous membrane of tibia
o i. medial and inferior surface of os cuneiform medialis and base of 1st metatarsal
o innervation: deep fibular nerve
o movement: dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
o most prominent muscle with its belly lateral to the medial facet of the tibia
- m. extensor digitorum longus
o o. lateral condyle of tibia and superior part of medial surface of fibula
o i. middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
o movement: dorsiflexion and extension of digits 2,3,4,5
o tendon splits into four at retinaculum musculorum inferior
- m. extensor hallucis longus
o o. middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
o i. dorsal aspect of the phalanx hallucis distalis
o movement: extension of hallux and dorsiflexion of ankle
o at tendinous part of m. tibialis anterior: m. extensor hallucis longus is in between m. tibialis
anterior and tendinous part of m. extensor digitorum longus
- m. fibularis tertius
o o. inferior third of anterior surface of fibular
o i. dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal bone
o movement: dorsiflexion of ankle and inversion of foot

2
o the muscle is continuous with the m. extensor digitorum longus, however at the level of the
retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferior under the vagina tendium musculi extensoris
digitorum pedis longi it splits into two and the tendon of m. fibularis tertius attaches to the base
of the 5th metatarsal bone
o also acts as an inversor
--- lateral compartment, evetor compartment---

- m. fibularis longus
o o. head and superior two thirds of fibula
o i. os cuneiforme medialis and base of 1st metatarsal bone
o innervation: superficial fibular nerve
o movement: eversion of foot, also called tarsal pronation or lateral abduction
o can be found when following the tendon of m. biceps femoris over the head of the fibula
o helps to prevent “ankle twist”
- m. fibularis brevis
o o. inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
o i. dorsal surface of tuberosity (lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal)
o innervation: superficial fibular nerve
o movement: eversion of foot, also called tarsal pronation or lateral abduction)
--- posterior compartment, superficial---

- m. triceps surae
o composed of tow independent muscels
o m. gastrocnemius
o. lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
o. medial head: medial aspect of medial condyle of femur
i. posterior surface of os calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
innervation: tibial nerve
movement: plantar flexion during extension of knee, raises heel during walking
o m. soleus
o. fibular:caput, facies posterior, margo
posterior of fibula,
o. tibial: facies posterior of tibia, soleal
line of tibia, arcus tendinous between
fibula and tibia
i. posterior surface of os calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
innervation: tibial nerve
movement: plantar flexion
- m. plantaris
o o. inferior end of lateral supracandylar line
of femur
o i. posterior surface of os calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
o innervation: tibial nerve
o movement: weak assists in plantar flexion
o very small muscle belly
o looks like m. palmaris longus in upper limb,
just there is no aponeurosis
--- posterior compartment, deep---

- m. popliteus
o o. lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur
o i. posterior surface of fibula, superior to
soleal line
o innervation: tibial nerve, L4, L5, S1
o movement: unlocking knee by rotating
femur about 5° on fixed tibia
- m. flexor hallucis longus

3
o o. inferior two thirds of posterior surface of fibula
o i. base of phalanx hallucis distalis
o innervation: tibial nerve, S2, S3
o movement: flexion of hallux at all joints
o can be found inferior to origin site of m. soleus
- m. flexor digitorum longus
o o. medial aspect of posterior surface tibia, inferior to soleal line
o i. base of distal phalanges of digits 2,3,4,5
o innervation: tibial nerve, S2, S3
o movement: flexion of toes, plantarflexion
- m. tibialis posterior
o o. interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia and fibula
o i. tuberosity of
os naviculare,
os cuneiforme lateralis,
os cuboid,
bases of metatarsals 2,3,4
o innervation: tibial nerve, L4, L5
o movement: plantarflexion and inversion of foot (also called suppination, medial abduction)
- intermuscular septa
o anterior intermuscular septum & posterior intermuscular septum
o both of the line the lateral compartment
- superior extensor retinaculum
o deep fascia passing from the fibula to the tibia, superiorly to the malleoli
- inferior extensor retinaculum
o deep fascia passing anteriosuperior surface of the calcaneus and forming a loop over the
tendons of m. fibularis tertius and m. extensor digitorum longus
o has a Y-shape
- superior fibular retinaculum
o between lateral malleolus (fibula) and inferioroposteriorly to posterior articular facet of
calcaneal bone
o accommodates
tendon of m. fibularis longus
tendon of m. fibularis brevis
- inferior fibular retinaculum
o intraosseous retinaculum in calcaneal bone
o accommodates
tendon of m. fibularis longus
tendon of m. fibularis brevis

4
lower limb
pes:
bones: os tibia, os fibula, tarsal bones (os talus, os

calcaneus, os naviculare, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme
laterale, os cuneiforme intermediale, os cuneiforme
mediale), ossa metatarsals, ossa phalanges tali
joints:
- subtalar joint (talocalcaneal joint),
- transverse tarsal joint (calcaneocuboid and
calcaneonavicular joints)
- intertarsal joints
o cuboidonavicular joint
o cuboidocuneiforme lateralis joint
o naviculocuneiforme lateral, intermedialis and
medialis
o intercuneiform joints
o tarsometatarsal joints
o intermetatarsal joints
- metatarsophalangeal joint
- interphalangeal joint
joints:
joint: subtalar joint

- involved bones: os talus, os calcaneus
- type of joint: plane type of synovial joint
- movements: inversion and eversion
o inferior surface of body of talus (facies articularis
calcaneo posterior)
o superior surface of calcaneus (facies articularis
talaris posterior)
- joint capsule:
o fibrous outer layer of joint capsule
- ligaments:
o medial talocalcaneal ligament
o posterior talocalcaneal ligament
o lateral talocalcaneal ligament
o interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
lies within the tarsal sinus
joint: talocalcaneonavicular joint

- involved bones: os talus, os calcaneus, os naviculare
- type of joint: synovial joint, spheroid (ball and socket) type of joint
- movements: gliding and rotation
o inversion and eversion of foot
-> circumduction
o head of talus
o os calcaneus
o os naviculare
- joint capsule:
o incomplete enclosement
- ligaments:
plantar calcaneonavicular
ligament
also called spring ligament
anatomy, 2nd sct, pes Temmesfeld

1
tow bands
joint: calcaneocuboid joint

- involved bones: os calcaneus, os cuboid
- movements: inversion and eversion of foot
o anterior end of os calcaneus
o posterior surface of os cuboid
- joint capsule:
o fibrous outer layer of joint capsule
- ligaments:
o dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
o plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
also called short plantar ligament
joint: cuneonavicular joint

- involved bones: os cuneiforme lateralis, intermedialis and medialis
- movements: gliding and sliding movements
o anterior surface of os naviculare
o base of ossa cuneiformes
- joint capsule:
o common joint capsule for all the three joints
- ligaments:
o dorsal cuneinavicular ligament
o plantar cuneinavicular ligament
joint: tarsometatarsal joint and intermetatarsal joints

- involved bones: os cuboid, ossa cuneiforme lateralis, intermedialis and medialis, ossa metatarsi
- movements: gliding and sliding movments
o anterior aspect of os cuboid and ossa cuneiforme
o base of metatarsal bones
- joint capsule
o separate joint capsules
- ligaments:
o four plantar metatarsal ligaments
connect bases of metatarsal bones
o dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments
o plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments
o deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
joint: metatarsophalangeal joints

- involved bones: ossa metatarsi, ossa tarsi phalangealis
- type of joint: condyloid (spheroid joints)
- movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (circumduction)
o heads of metatarsal bones
o bases of phalanges proximales
- joint capsule:
o separate joint capsule for each joint
- ligaments:
o collateral ligaments
o plantar ligaments
joint: interphalangeal joint

- involved bones: ossa phalangeales

2
- type of joint: hinge type of synovial joint
- movements: flexion, extension
o distal end of proximal phalanx with base of distal phalanges, respectively
- joint capsule:
o separate joint capsule for each joint
- ligaments:
o collateral ligaments
o plantar ligaments
muscles:
--- Superficial anterior layer I ---

- m. abductor hallucis
o o. medial tubercle of tuberosity of os calcaneus
o i. medial side of base of 1st proximal phalanx
o innervation: medial plantar nerve
o movement: abduction hallux
- m. flexor digitorum brevis
o o. medial tubercle of tuberosity of os calcaneus
o i. middle phalanges of digits 2,3,4,5
o movement: flexion of toes
- m. abductor digiti minimi
o o. lateral tubercle of tuberosity of os calcaneus
o i. lateral side of 5th proximal phalanx
o movement: abduction of digitus minimus
--- Superficial anterior layer II ---

- m. quadratus plantae
o o. medial surface of plantar surface of os calcaneus
o i. posterolateral side of tendon of m. flexor digitorum longus
o innervation: lateral plantar nerve
o movement: assists m. flexor digitorum longus in flexion
o can be found, just beneath the plantar aponeurosis and the m. flexor digitorum brevis, on the
posterior aspect
- m. lumbricales
o o. tendons of m. flexor digitorum longus
o i. medial aspect of phalangeal bones of digits 2,3,4,5
o innervation:
m. lumbricalis for the 2nd digit: medial plantar nerve
m. lumbricalis for digits 3,4,5: later plantar nerve
o can be founds omewhere between the branches of tendon of m. flexor digitorum longus
--- Deep anterior layer I ---

- m. flexor hallucis brevis
o o. plantar surfaces of os cuboid and ossa cuneiforme intermedialis and lateralis
o i. medial and lateral side of base of proximal phalanx hallucis
o innervation: medial planter nerve
o movement: flexion of hallux
o the tendon splits into two , prior “arriving” at the proximal phalanx
- m. adductor hallucis
o o. transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints (5,4,3,2)
o o. oblique head: bases of ossa metatarsales 2,3,4
o i. lateral side of base of proximal phalanx hallucis
o innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
o movement: adduct 1st digit and assists maintaining the transverse arch of the foot
- m. flexor digiti minimi brevis
o o. base of 5th metatarsal bone

3
o i. base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
o innervation: superficial branch lateral plantar nerve
o movement: flexion digitus minimus
--- Deep anterior layer II---

- m. interosseosus plantaris
o three muscles
between 5,4 metatarsals
o o. bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
o i. medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of digits 5,4,3
o movement: adduction of digits 4,3,2 (PAD – Plantar ADduction)
- m. interosseous dorsalis
o four muscles
o o. adjacent sides of metatarsal bones
o i. medial side of proximal phalanx of digits 2 and lateral sides of proximal phalanges of digits
3,4,5,
o movement: abduction of digits 2,3,4,5 (DAB – Dorsal ABduction)
--- Dorsal muscles---

- m. extensor digitorum brevis
o o. os calcaneus, floor of tarsal sinus
o i. lateral surfaces of the tendons of m. extensor digitorum longus at the proximal phalanx
o movement: extension digits 2,3,4,5
- m. extensor hallucis brevis
o o. os calcaneus, floor of tarsal sinus, common with origin of m. extensor digitorum brevis
o i. surface of the tendon of m. extensor hallucis longus at the proximal phalanx
o movement: extension of hallux
- tarsal sinus
o the cavity between os talus and calcaneus
- arches of foot
o longitudinal arch of the foot
medial longitudinal arch of the foot
• higher and more important
• involved bones
o os calcaneus
o caput tali
o os naviculare
o ossa cuneiformes
o three ossa metatarsals (1,2,3)
lateral longitudinal arch of the foot
• involved bones
o os calcaneus
o os cuboid
o ossa metatarsals (4,5)
passively strengthened by
• plantar aponeurosis
• long plantar ligament

4
• short plantar ligament (plantar calcaneocuboid ligament)
• spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular ligament)
actively strengthened by
• intrinsic plantar muscles
o m. abductor digiti minimi
o m. flexor digitorum brevis
o m. abductor hallucis
o m. quadratus plantae
• m. flexor hallucis longus
• m. tibialis posterior
• m. tibialis anterior
• m. fibularis longus
o transverse arch of foot
involved bones
• os cuboid
• ossa cuneiformes
• bases of ossa metatarsals
- synovial sheath around muscular tendons in foot
o four synovial sheaths around muscular tendons
o mainly at the passage of the respective tendons below the extensor retinaculum

5
blood_vessels:
- internal iliac artery (all branches and vessels will remain in the pelvic cavitiy)
o relevant posterior branches
superior gluteal artery
inferior gluteal artery
internal pudendal artery (terminal branch)
o relevant anterior branches
obturator artery
• passes through the obturator canal, together with
o obturator nerve
o obturator vein
- external iliac artery
o leaves the pelvic cavity via the femoral sheath,together with
femoral vein
femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
o relevant medial branches
inferior epigastric artery
superior epigastric artery
superficial external pudendal artery
deep external pudendal artery
medial circumflex femoral artery
further down…
descending genicular artery
• articular branch of descending genicular artery
• saphenous branch of descending articular artery
o relevant lateral branches
deep circumflex iliac artery
superficial circumflex iliac artery
lateral circumflex iliac artery
• asecending branch of the lateral circumflex iliac artery
• descending branch of the lateral circumflex iliac artery
deep artery of thigh
• perforating branches
- popliteal artery
o changes name from femoral artery after passing though the adductor hiatus
o relevant medial branches
superior medial genicular artery
middle genicular artery
inferior medial genicular artery
o relevant lateral branches
superior lateral genicular artery
inferior lateral genicular artery
o splits into two inferior to popliteal fossa
anterior tibial artery
• medial malleolar artery
• lateral malleolar artery
o communication with perforating branch of fibular artery
• dorsal artery of foot
o lateral tarsal artery
forms dorsal arch
o medial tarsal artery
posterior tibial artery
• fibular artery (runs on the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane)
o perforating branch (joins the lateral malleolar artery on the anterior side)
o supplies lateral malleolus
• lateral plantar artery
o communal plantae tarsal arteries
o communal plantar digital areteries
perforating branches
o proper plantar digital arteries
• medial plantar artery
o communicates with lateral plantar artery medial to the halluc
- patellar anastomosis
o contributors
descending branch from lateral circumflex iliac artery
superior lateral genicular artery
superior medial genicular artery
inferior lateral genicular artery
inferior medial genicular artery
posterior tibial recurrent artery
Temmesfeld '06
nerves:
- lumbar plexus, terminal branches and contribuations
o T12, L1
subcostal nerve
iliohypogastric nerve
ilioingiuneal nerve
o L1, L2
genotiofemoral nerve
o L2, L3
lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
muscular branches to posas and iliacus muscle (iliopsoas)
femoral nerve, medial branch turns into saphenous nerve at the level of the
knee
o L2, L3, L4
accessory obturator nerve (not important)
obturator nerve
o L4
lumbosacral trunk
- sacral plexus, terminal branches and contribuations
o L4, L5, S1, S2 (anterior divisions)
superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
nerve to m. piriformis
sciatic nerve (nervus ischiadicum)
• tibial nerve
perforating cutaneous nerve
o L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 (posterior divisions)
sciatic nerve (nervus ischiadicum)
• common fibular nerve (peroneal nerve)
nerve to m. quadratus femoris
nerve to m. obturator internus
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
• posterior contribuation
pudendal nerve
- innervation of muscles in gluteal region

o inferior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2 (anterior division))
m. gluteus maximus
o superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2 (anterior division))
m. gluteus medius
m. gluteus minimus
m. tensor fascia lata
o n. m. pitriformis (L4, L5, S1, S2 (anterior division))
m. prirfromis
o n. m. obturator internus (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 (posterior divisions))
m. obturator internus
m. obturator externus
m. gemellus superior
m. gemellus inferior
o femoral nerve
m. pectineus
m. iliacus
o lumbar nerve
m. psosas minor
m. iliacus
- innervation of muscles of thigh

o anterior compartment (extensor compartment)
Temmesfeld '06
femoral nerve
• m. pectineus
• m. quadriceps femoris
o m. vastus medialis
o m. vastus intermedialis
o m. vastus lateralis
o m. rectus femoris
• m. sartorius
o adductor compartment (medial compartment)
obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4, posterior division)
• m. adductor longus
• m. adductor magnus
o adductor part
o !!! hamstring part (also called m. adductor minimus is innervated by
the tibial part of sciatic nerve)
• m. adductor brevis
• m. gracilis
• m. obturator externus
tibial part of sciatic nerve (sacral plexus)
• m. adductor magnus
o hamstring part (m. adductor minimus)
o posterior compartment (hamstring compartment)
tibial part of sciatic nerve (anterior division of sacral plexus)
• m. semitendinosus
• m. semimemnranosus
• m. biceps femoris
o long head
fibular part of sciatic nerve (posteriorn division of sacral plexus)
• m. biceps femoris
o short head
- innervation of crus
o anterior compartment of crus
deep fibular nerve (from the sciatic nerve -> common fibular nerve)
• m. tibialis anterior
• m. extensor digitorum longus
• m. extensor hallucis longus
• m. fibularis tertius
o lateral compartment
superficial fibular nerve
• m. fibularis longus
• m. fibularis brevis
o superficial posterior compartment of crus
tibial nerve
• m. triceps surae
• m. plantaris
o deep posterior compartment of crus
tibial nerve
• m. popliteus
• m. flexor hallucis longus
• m. flexor digitorum longus
• m. tibialis posterior
- innervation of the foot

o superficial plantar compartment I
medial plantar nerve
• m. abductor hallucis
• m. flexor digitorum brevis
Temmesfeld '06
• m. abductor digiti minimi
o superificial plantar compartment II
lateral plantar nerve
• m. quadratus plantae
• m. lumbricales
o m. lumbricali for digits 3,4,5
• m. lumbricales
o m. lumbricali for digit 2
o deep plantar compartment I
• m. flexor hallucis brevis
• m. flexor digiti minimi brevis
• m. adductor hallucis (the muscle with the tow heads)
o deep plantar compartment II
• m. interosseous plantaris
• m. interosseous dorsalis
o dorsal compartment
deep fibular nerve (from common fibular nerve -> sciatic nerve)
• m. extensor digitorum brevis
• m. extensor hallucis brevis
Temmesfeld '06
skull
general:
- bones:
o pneumatized
contains air spaces or sini
os frontale
os sphenoid
os ethmoidale
os temporale
o non-pneumatized
os occipitale
os parietale
maxilla
vomer
mandibula
os palatine
os interparietale
• also called os incae
o accessory bones
inferior nasal concha
zygomatic
nasal
lacrimal bones
- cranium
o neurocranium
roof
• called calvaria
• formed by intramembraneous ossification
base
• called basicranium
• partially formed by endochondral ossification
bones
• frontale, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
• temporal, parietal
o occur in pairs, i.e. they are bilateral
o viscercranium
sparated from neurocramuim by orbitomeatal line
• from inferior margin of orbit to external acoustic meatus
- sutures
o 1° cartliagenous joint
o also called synchondroses
o hyaline cartilage can be found between bones
o pterion
o sutural bone
o sutures of cranium
coronal
• between frontal and parietal bones
lambdoid
• between parietal and occipital bones
frontal
• between frontal bones of newborns
• in some adults:
o remmant may remain
o called metopic suture
o located at midline of gabella
intermaxiallary
anatomy, 3rd SCT, skull e.b.: TemmesfeldTemmesfeld

‚06 '06
1
• also called median palatine suture
• between two maxillary bones
• unclosure results in cleft lip
interpalatine
• between two palatine bones
transverse palatine suture
• between palatine process of maxialla and actual palatine bone
saggital
• between two parietal bones
sqamous suture
• between temporal and parietal bones
major bones
- frontal bone
o parts
squamous part
nasal part
orbital part
o margins
parietal margin
supra-orbital margin
o facies
temporal facet
o processes
zygomatic process
• lateral to supra-orbital margin
o notches (incisurae)
supra-orbital incisura
• can be a foramen in some individuals
incisura ethmoidalis
• attachment site of ethmoid bone
o arci
arcus supercilliaris
o spines
nasal spine
o tubercles
frontal tubercle
• superior to arcus supercilliaris
o foramina
anterior thmoidal formanen
• between incisura ehtmoidale and orbital part
o other
gabella
• depression between two arci supercilliarae
- temporal bone
o lateral view
partes, anterior to posterior
• pars squamosa
• pars typanica
• pars petrosa
fissurae
• fissura petrosquamosa
o between pars squamosa and pars petrosa
• fissura petrotympatica
o between petrosus and tympanic part
• fissura tympanomastoidea
o on posterior side of external acoustic meatus

‚06 '06
2
processes
• zygomatic process
o large anteriorly pointing process
• mastoid process
o postero-inferior to fissure tympanomastoidea
• styloid process
o straight inferior to external acoustic meatus
o vagina processi styloid
anterior to styloid process itself
margins
• margo parietalis
• margo spenoidalis
o faced anteriorly
• margo occipitalis
tuberculi
• tuberculum articulare
o located on inferior aspect of zygomatic process
o contributes to temporomandibular joint
fossae
• mandibular fossa
o located on inferoposterior aspect of zygomatic process
meati
• external acoutstic meatus
incisurae (notches)
• incisura parietalis
• incisura mstoidiea
o located on posteroinderior side of mastoid process
foramina
• foramen mastoideum
o can be located anywhere on mastoid process
o medial view
pori
• porus acoutsticus internus
o the internal opening of ear canal on the temporal bone
fissurae
processes
• processus intrajugularis
o posterior to styloid proces
tuberculi
fossae
• fossa subarcuata
o superior to porus acouticus internus
margins
• margo superior partis petrosae
meati
incisurae, notches
• incisura pareitalis
foramina
aperturae
• aperture externa aquaeductus vestibule
o opening for the canals of the vistubar organ
sulci, grooves
• suclcus sinus sgmoidei
o located on anterior aspect of depression formed by mastoid process
• sulcus arterialis
eminences
• emenentia arcurata
other
• apex partis petrosae
• trigeminal imression

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3
o the medial part of the rim of the pyramide
o posteromedial to arcuate eminence
o inferior view
processes
• processa intrajugularis
o on anterioromedial aspect of jugular fossa
incisurae
• incisura mastoidea
o posterioromedial to mastoid process
sulci
• sulcus arteria occipitalis
o between mastoid process and margo occipitalis
foramina
• foramen stylomastoideum
o posterior and directly adjacent to styloid process
other
• canalis musculotubaris
o anterior to canalis caroticus
• apex partis petrosae
• canalis caroticus
o mostprominent opening on inferior aspect of temporal bone
• fossula petrosae
o between canalis caroticus and jugular fossa
- parietal bone
o lateral view
tuberosity
• parietal tuberosity
o in the middle of parietal boen, hardly visible
margines
• margo saggitalis
o “articulates” with other parietal bone
o forms the saggital suture
• margo squamosus
o on inferior aspect
foramina
• foramen parietale
o on superior portion of bone
o posterior to saggital margin
other
• linea temporalis superior
o forms a secotr of a circle
o larger diameter
• line temproalis inferior
o forms a sector of a circle
o smaller diameter
o medial view
sulci
• sulcus arteria meningae mediae
o forms well visible anastomosing and tree like ascending network of grooves
o inferior view
- occipital bone
o inferior view
partes
• pars lateralis
o lateral part of foramen magnus
o despite of name this part is located rather medially with regard to the whole bone
• pars basalis
o most anterior sheet-like protrusion of bone

‚06 '06
4
processes
• process jugularis
fossae
• fossa condylaris
o lateral to foramen magnum
margines
• margo mastoideus
foramina
• foramen magnum
o the lrgest opening of the skull
other
• squama occipitalis
• linea nucha suprema
o inferior to squama occipitalis
• linea nuch superior
o inferior to linea nuch suprema
o inferior the surface of the bone gets a bit rough
• canalis hypoglossi
o located on inner side of bone
o superior to foramen magnum
• canalis condylaris
o continuation of fossa condylaris
o superior to canalis hypoglossi
o medial to process jugularis
• crista occipitalis externa
o runs perpendicular to muchal lines
o from linea nucha suprema down to foramen magnum
o located in mid-saggital plane
• protuberentia occipitalis externa
o at tip of crist occipitalis externa
o ventral view
partes
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
• tuberculum jugulare
o superior to hypoglossal canal
o located roughly lateral to the middle of the formaen magnum
fossae
• fossa cerebalis
o one on each side, right and left
o for cerebrum (brain)
o superior fossa of the two big occipital fossae
• fossa cerebellaris
o one on each side, right and left
o for cerebellum (little brain)
o inferior fossa of the two big occipital fossae
margines
• margo lambdoideus
o superior border of bone
o forms lambdoid suture
• margo mastoideus
o forms suture with temporal bone
incisurae
sulci
foramina
other
• eminentia cruriformis
o parallel to sulcus sinus transversi
• canalis condylaris

‚06 '06
5
o medial to process jugularis
o superiolateral to canalis hypoglossi
• sulcus sinus sigmoidi
o continuation of sulcus sinus sigmoidi in temporal bone
o posterior to process jugularis
• crista occipitalis interna
o runs in mid-saggital plane
o inferiorly to protuberentia occipitalis interna:
o separates the two aspects (right and left) of the foosa cerebralis and fossa
cerebellaris
• sulcus sinus saggitalis superioris
o counterpart of crist occipitalis interna superior to protuberentia occipitalis interna
o separates the two aspects (right and left) of the foosa cerebralis and fossa
cerebellaris
• sulcus sinus transveri
o between fossa cerebralis and fossa cerebellaris
• protuberentia occipitalis interna
o intersection of sulcus sinus trnasversi and crist occipitalis interna inferiorly and
sulcus sinus saggitalis superioris superiorly
- sphenoid bone
o ventral view
partes
fissurae
• fissure orbitalis superior
o between geater and lesser wing of sphenoid bone
o part of the orbit
processes
• pterygoid process
o plates run in saggital plane (parallel to crista sphenoidalis)
o lateral plate
thicker than medial plate
o incisura pterygoidea
o medial plate
thinner
hamulus pterygoideus
inferiormost tip of medialm plate of pterygoid process
tuberculi
fossae
margines
• margo zygomaticus
o where spenboid bone “articulates” with zygomatic bone
o located in orbit
incisurae
sulci
foramina
• foramen rotundum
o inferior to facies orbitalis
o still cannot be seen from external cranial base
o the only formanen, which can be seen from anterior view of bone
other
• crista sphenoidalis
o in mid-saggital plane
o anterior pointing protrusion on body of the bone
• ala minor
• ala major
o facies orbitalis
contributes to orbit
o facies temporalis
“the other side” of facies orbitalis

‚06 '06
6
• crista infratemporalis
o view of external cranial base:
o at the anterior tip of the temporal bone
• spina sphenoidalis
o in external cranial base:
o at posterior tip of sphenoid bone
• canalis pterygoideus
o at attachmet site of medial plate of pterygoid process
• facies maxillaris
o between canalis pterygoideus and facies orbitalis
• apertura sinus spenoidalis
o leads to spenoidal sinus
o dorsal view
partes
fissurae
• superior orbital fissure
o between tow alae of sphenoid
processes
• posterior clinoid process
o two lateral tips of dorsum sellae, due to its curvature in coronal plane
• anterior clinoid process
o at posteromedial aspect of ala minor of sphenoid
o
tuberculi
• tuberculum sellae
o in mid-saggital plane on anterior portion of sella turcica
fossae
• scaphoid fossa
o at the base of attachment of pterygoid process between lateral and medial plate
• pterygoid fossa
o spanned by the lateral plate of the pterygoid process
• hypophyseal fossa
o the fossa formed by the sella turcica
margines
• squamous margin
o posterior margin of cerebral facet
incisurae
sulci
• sulcus arterialis
o at cerebral (inner) facet
• sulcus tubae auditoriae
o superomedial to spina sphenoidalis
• sulcus caroticus
o lateral to dorsum sellae, but directly adjacent
foramina
• formane ovale
o posterolateral to foramen rotundum
o quite large
• formane spinosum
o posterolateral to formane ovale
other
• dorsum sellae
o the posteriormost portion of the Turkish saddle
• facies cerebralis of ala major
o on posterior side there is only one counterfacet to the two facet of ala major on the
anterior side (facies orbitalis and facies temporalis)
• pterygoid canal
o passes through sphemoid bone anteriorly
• rostrum sphemoidale

‚06 '06
7
o spine like process in mid-saggital plane between the medial plates of the ptergoid
process
• iugum sphenoidale
o groove like structre anterior to hypophyseal fossa
• canalis opticus
o on inner curvature of anterior clinoid process
• sphenoid emissary foramen
o medial to formane ovale
o inconstant
- maxillary bone
o lateral view
partes
fissurae
processes
• frontal process
o forms medial border of orbital fossa
• alveolar process
o attachment site for teeth
• zygomatic process
tuberculi
• tuber maxillare
o on posteriormost aspect of alveolar process
fossae
• fossa canina
o anterior to zygomatic process, inferior to infra-orbital foramen
margines
• margo infraorbitalis
o superior to zygomatic process
incisurae
• incisura nasalis
o superior to anterior nasal spine
• incisura lacrimalis
o on descending posterior margin of frotnal process
sulci
• sulcus infraorbitalis
foramina
• foramen infra-orbitale
o anterior to zygomatic process
• foramina alveolaria
o posterior to zygomatic process
other
• juga alveoli
o the depression of the alveolar process between each tooth
o superior view
partes
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
fossae
margines
incisurae
sulci
foramina
• foramina incisivi
o immerdiately lateral to anterior nasal spine
other
• sinus maxillaris
o connected to nasal cavity via maxillary hiatus
o located on posteroinferior aspect of semilunar hiatus

‚06 '06
8
• canalis nasolacrimalis
o anteromedially to maxillary sinus
o inferior view
partes
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
fossae
margines
incisurae
sulci
• sulci palatini
o medial to molar teeth
foramina
other
• spina palatinae
o somehere in between the sulci palatini
o medial view
partes
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
fossae
margines
incisurae
sulci
foramina
other
• crista conchalis
o anterior attachment site for inferior nasal concha
o recall: inferior nasal concha is mainly attached at the conchal crest of palatine bone
- mandible bone
o lateral view
partes
• pars alveolaris
fissurae
processes
• condylar process
o posterior
• coronoid process
o anterior
tuberculi
fossae
margines
incisurae
• incisura mandibulae
o between coronoid and condylar processes
sulci
foramina
• formamen mentale
other
• caput mandibulae
o head of condylar process
• fovea pterygoidea
• ramus mandibulae
• protuberentia mentalis
o anterior-inferiormost part of mandibula
o medial view
partes

‚06 '06
9
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
fossae
• fossa digstrica
o inferior to spina mentalis
o formed by two mandibular bones
margines
incisurae
sulci
• sulcus mylohyoideus
o runs anteroinferiorly to lingula mandibulae
foramina
• foramen mandibulae
other
• lingua mandibulae
o inferior to incisura mandibulae
o accomodates foramen mandibulae
• linea mylohyoidea
o inferior to torus mandibularis
• spina mentalis
o on medialmost aspect of mandibula
• linea obliqua
o continuation of coronoid process
o runs anteroinferiorly

‚06 '06
10
skull
minor bones
- ethmoidal bone
o cristae
crista galii
• “the crest of the rooster”
• visible in internal cranial base
o laminae, plates
lamina orbitalis
• orbital plate
• contribution to the orbital fossa
lamina perpendicularis
• perpendicular plate
• in the middle of the bone
• contributes to nasal septum in its superior part
ciribrosa plate
• perpendicular to crisgta galii
o foramina
foramen crirobrosa
o bullae
ehtmoidal bulla
• the largest ethmoidal cell
• inferior to orbital plate
o processes
uncinate process
• lateral to concha nasalis media
o other
concha nasalis media
• the posterior continuation of the perpendicular plate
• lateral to perpendicular plate
ehtmoidal lybyrinth
• comprised of ethmoidal cells
sinus ethmoidalis
• visible from superior view
• present holes in superior part orbital plate
ala cristae galii
• anterior-inferior to crista galii
cribrifom plate
• the extensions of alae crista galii
- nasal bone
o on nasal part
o makes a smooth surface out of the nasal part
- vomer
o lateral view
partes
• pars cuneiformis vomeris
o « articulates » with palatine process of maxilla (more anteriorly) and palatine bone
(a bit more posteriorly)
o contributes to ossal nasal septum antero-inferiorly
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
fossae
margines

‚06 '06
1
incisurae
sulci
• sulcus vomeris
o bivalent on both sides of vomer
foramina
other
• crista choanalis vomeris
• alae vomeris
o on superior aspect of vomer
o articulate with sphenoid bone
- concha nasalis inferior

o sits on crista conchalis
o recall : superior concha is part of ethmoid bone
- lacrimar bone
o between orbital plate of ethmoid and …
o frontal process of maxilla
o fossa sacci lacrimalis
fossa of lacrimal sac
o crista lacrimalis posterior
border lacrimal sac posteriorly
anterior border: margo lacrimalis of maxialla (on frontal process)
- palatine bone
o medial view
partes
fissurae
processes
• orbital process
o superiormost structure of palatine bone
• sphenoid process
o on superoposterior aspect
• pyramid process of palatine bone
o inferoposteriormost strucutre of palatine bone
tuberculi
fossae
margines
incisurae
• incisura sphenopalatina
o between orbital process and sphenoidal process
o contributes inferiorly to foramen sphenopalatinum
sulci
foramina
• formane palatinum majus
o anterior to pyramid process
other
o the main « body » of the bone
o form medial view: medial portion faces nasal cavity, hence facies nasalis
• crista conchalis
o inferiormost portion 0f perpendicular plate
o faces into nsal cavity
• facies nasalis
o faces into nasal cavity
• spina nasalis posterior
o faces superioposteriorly
• horizontal plate
o its edge (facies palatine) “articulates” with other palatine bone (palatine is a bivalent
bone)

‚06 '06
2
• facies palatina
o the strucuture which “articulates” with other palatine bone on the medial edge of the
horizontal plate
o lateral view
partes
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
fossae
margines
incisurae
sulci
• sulcus palatinus major
o roughly in coronal plane
o goes all the way up/down posterior to facies maxillaris
foramina
other
o faces the maxillary bone, hence facies maxillaries
o dorsal view
partes
fissurae
processes
tuberculi
fossae
margines
incisurae
sulci
foramina
other
• facies palatine
o faces to palatine process of maxillary bone
• posterior nasal spine
o just before palatine bone “articulates” with other palatine bone
• crista nasalis
o elevation anterior to posterior nasal spine
- zygomatic bone
o lateral view
partes
fissurae
processes
• temporal process
o “articulates” with zygomatic process of squamous part of temporal bone
• frontal process
o contributes to superolateral aspect of orbit
o “articulates” with frontal bone
tuberculi
fossae
margines
• margo infraorbitalis
o medialmost process like structure
incisurae
sulci
foramina
• foramen zygomatico-orbitale
o on lateral side
o located in facies orbitalis
• foramen zygomatico-faciale
o inferolateral to orbit

‚06 '06
3
other
• facies orbitalis
o contributes to lateral aspect of orbit
• facies lateralis
o lateral facet
• eminentia orbitalis
o between frontal and temporal process
structures
- temporal lines
o form oval like rounding
o continuation of curvature spanned by
zygomatic process of temporal bone and
zygomatic bone
- fontanellae
o anterior fontanella
between
two unjoined frontal bones
two parietal bones
in other words: the openend coronal suture
o posterior fontanella
between
occipital bone
two parietal bones
in other words: the opened lambdoid suture
- pterion
o intersection of
parietal
frontal
occipital
spenoidal bone
- jugular foramen
o made up by tow notches
- tegmen tympani
o roof of tympanic cavity
o lateral to arcuate eminence
- porus acousticus internus
o located inside the acoustic meatus
o accommodates aperture of the vestibular aqueduct
- sphenopalatine foramen
o formed by sphenopalatine notch of palatine bone and body of sphenoid
o leads to pterygopalatine fossa
- pterygopalatine fossa
o also called sphenopalatine fossa
o inferior to sphenopalatine foramen
- trigeminal nerve
o 5th cranial nerve
o gives rise to …
o ophthalmic nerve
o maxillary nerve
o mandibular nerve
- fascial nerve
o 7th cranial nerve
o fascila nerve in petrosal pyramide
enters pyramid through internal acoustic meatus of tympanic part of the temporal bone
reaches anterior border of pyramide
turns 90° laterally (genus)

‚06 '06
4
gives branch: greater petrosal nerve
dives down to base of pyramid
reaches lateral border
gives branch: cordotympanic nerve
leaves cranial base via foramen stylomastoideum
- mandibular fossa
o
- internal cranial base
o anterior cranial base
floor:
• anterior: frontal bone
• posterior:
o lesser wing of sphenoid
o ethmoid bone
posterior border: edge of the wing of sphenoid
lateral border: frontal bone
o middle cranial base
anterior border:
lateral border: squamous part of temporal bone
posterior border: petrose crest
o posterior cranial fossa
anterior border:
• laterally: petrosal crest
• middle: dorsum sellae, climus
lateral, posterior: occipital bone
- sella turcica
o structures …
o iugum sphenoid
o climus
o chiasmata groove
o hypophyseal fossa
o dorsum sellae
- filla olfactoria
- inferior nasal meatus
- spheno-ethmoid recess
o where
- nasal septum
o superior part: perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
o inferior part: vomer
o superior border:
anteriorly: nasal bone
posteriorly: spheno-ethmoid recess
o lateral border:
anteriorly: frontal process of maxilla
above:
• nasal bone
• lacrimar bone
a bit inferiorly:
• frontal surface of maxilla
ethmoidal labyrinth
medial plate of pterygoid process
perpendicular plate of palatine bone
o inferior border:
pallatine process of maxilla
pallatine bone
o anterior border: anterior nasal spine
o posterior border:
posterior nasal spine
nasal crest of palatine bone
• the superior margin of the perpendicular plate

‚06 '06
5
- infundibulum
o located in ehtmoidal labyrinth
- middle nasal meatus
- oral cavity
o anterior, lateral and superior border: alveolar process of maxilla
o anterior and inferior border: alveolar process of mandibula
o superior border:
palatine process of maxilla
horizontal plate of palatine bone
- nasal cavity
o anterior border: piriforme aperture
o posterior border: choanae
o superior border: body pf sphenoid bone
o inderior border: palatine bone
o pathway to nasal pharynx
through choana
- temporal fossa
o accommodates temporal muscle and pterion
o superior, posterior border:
superior temporal line
inferior temporal line
o anterior border:
zygomatic process of frontal bone
zygomatic bone
o medial border
facies temporalis of ala major of sphenoid
pars squamosa of temporal bone
- infratemporal fossa
o under infratemporal crest of sphenoid
runs parallely and medially to zygomatic arch
o accommodates
maxillary artery and nerve
venous maxillary plexus
foramina ovale and spinosum
o anterior border: temporal surface of maxilla
o medial border: pterygoid process of sphenoid
o superior border:
infratemproal crest of sphenoid
sphenoidal margin of temporal bone
o posterior border:
mastoid process of temporal bone
styloid process of temporal bone
o lateral border: ramus of mandibula
o inferior border: body of mandibula
- orbital fossa
o anterior border:
orbital part of frontal bone
lesser wing of sphenoid bone
o medial border:
frontal process of maxillary bone
lacrimar bone
orbital part of ethmoid bone (a bit superiorly)
o posterior border:
orbital process of palatine
lesser wing of sphenoid
o lateral border:
anteriorly: zygomatic bone
posteriorly: greater wing of sphenoid
- semilunar hiatus
o between

‚06 '06
6
uncinate process and …
bulla
o leads to maxillary sinus
- scaphoid fossa
o auditory tube
also called tuba auditora, Eustachian tube
between inner ear and pharynx
- para-nasal sini
o sphenoidal sinus
connected to nasal cavity via aperture sinus sphenoidalis
o frontal sinus
connected to nasal cavity via anterior ethmoidal cells
more superiorly: frontonasal duct
o maxiallary sinus
connected to nasal cavity via semilunar hiatus
• more detailed: via maxillary hiatus
o the postero-inferior portion of the semilunar hiatus
o ehtmoidal cells
largest cellum: ethmoidal bulla

‚06 '06
7
skull
cranial nerves
- CN 01: olfactory nerve

- CN 02: optic nerve
- CN 03: oculomotor nerve CN 03
- CN 04: trochlear nerve
- CN 05: trigeminal nerve
o branches:
ophthalmic nerve, CN 05, I
maxillary nerve, CN 05, II
madibular nerve, CN 05, III
o motor root
three branches
o sensory root
one branch
- CN 06: abducent nerve
- CN 07: facial nerve
o motor root
o sensory root
- CN 08: vestibulocochlear nerve
- CN 09: glossopharyngeal nerve
- CN 10: vagus nerve
o motor root
o sensory root
- CN 11: accessory nerve
- CN12: hypoglossal nerve
openings, interna land external cranial base
---scala anterior ---

- cribriform plate
o CN 01, olfactory nerve
o anterior ethmoidal nerve and vessels
- foramen caecum
o emissary vein
---scala media ---

- optic canal
o CN 02, optic nerve
o ophthalmic artery
- superior orbital fissure
o CN 03, oculomotor nerve
o CN 04, trochlear nerve
o CN 06, abducent nerve
o CN 05, branch I, ophthalmic nerve
o superior ophthalmic vein
o internal carotid plexus
o orbital branch of middle meningeal artery
o recurrent branch of lacrimal artery
- foramen rotundum
o CN 05, branch II, maxillary nerve
- formane ovale
o CN 05, branch III, mandibular nerve
o CN 05, branch III, branch, recurrent meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
o accessory meningeal artery
o emissary veins
- formane spinosum

‚06 '06
1
o middle meningeal artery
o meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
- emissaria sphenoidale
o emissary vein
- petrosal foramen
o CN 09, glossopharyngeal nerve, branch, lesser petrosal nerve, if not though f. lacerum
- foramen lacerum
o CN 07, facial nerve, branch, greater petrosal nerve
o CN 09, glossopharyngeal nerve, branch, lesser petrosal nerve
o meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
o emissary vein
o internal carotid artery
- hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
o CN 07, facial nerve, branch, greater petrosal nerve
- hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
o CN 09, glossopharyngeal nerve, branch, lesser petrosal nerve
---scala posterior ---

- internal acoustic meatus
o CN 07, facial nerve
o CN 08, vestibulocochlear nerve
o labyrinthine artery
- aperture of vestibular aqueduct
o endolymphatic duct and sac
- jugular foramen
o anteriorly:
CN 09, glosso pharyngeal nerve
CN 10, vagus nerve
CN 11, accessory nerve
ascending pharyngeal artery
o posteriory:
internal jugular vein
- hypoglossal canal
o CN 12, hypoglossal nerve
o meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
o emissary vein
- condylar canal
o emissary vein
o meningeal branch of occipital artery
- foramen magnum
o medulla oblongata, Rückenmark
o meninges
o CN 09, accessory nerve, spinal part
o vertebral arteries
o anterior and posterior spinal arteries
o meningeal branch of upper cervical nerves
o cervical venous plexus
---external cranial base ---

- pterygoid canal
o CN 07, facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve
o depp petrosal nerve
o vidian artery
- petrosquamous fissure
o petrosquamous vein
- cochlear canaliculus
o perilymphatic duct
o emissary vein
- carotid canal
o internal carotid artery

‚06 '06
2
o internal carotid plexus
o internal carotid venous plexus
- fossula petrosa
o CN 09, glossopharyngeal nerve, sensory ganglion
o CN 09, glossopharyngeal nerve, tympanic nerve
o inferior tympanic artery
- tympanic canaliculus
o CN 09, glossopharyngeal nerve, tympanic nerve
o inferior tympanic branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
- mastoid canaliculus
o auricular branch of vagus nerve
- tympanomastoid fissure
o auricular branch of vagus nerve, exit
- stylomastoid foramen
o stylomastoid branch of posterior auricular artery
- canalis musculotubaris
o auditory tube
also called Eustachian tube, pharyngotympanic tube
o m. tensor tympani
---orbital fossa ---

- frontal foramen or fissure
o CN 04, trochlear nerve, supratrochlear nerve
o supratrochlear vessels
- supraorbital fissure
o CN 05, trigeminal nerve, supraorbital nerve
o supraorbital vessels
- anterior ethmoidal foramen
o CN 05, trigeminal nerve, anterior ethmoidal nerve
- posterior ethmoidal foramen
o CN 05, trigeminal nerve, posterior ethmoidal nerve
o posterior ethmoidal vessels
- zygomatic canal
o zygomatic orbital canal
CN 05, trigeminal nerve, zygomatic nerve
o zygomatic facial canal
CN 05, trigeminal nerve, zygomatic nerve, zygomatic facial nerve
o zygomatic temporal canal
CN 05, trigeminal nerve, zygomatic nerve, zygomatic temporal nerve
- nasolacrimal canal
o nasolacrimal duct
- inferior orbital fissure
o medial part
CN 05, trigeminal nerve, maxillary nerve
CN 05, trigeminal nerve, inferior orbital nerve
orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion
o lateral part
infrorbital vessels
inferior ophthalmic vein
- infraorbital fissure
o CN 05, trigeminal nerve, infraorbital nerve
o infraorbital vessels
---nasal cavity ---

- piriform aperture
o the nasal opening
o passing structures: semmi, air
- choana

‚06 '06
3
o in nasa cavity
o passing structures: semmi, air
o sphenopalatine artery
o posterior nasal nerves
o leads to sphenopalatine fossa inferiorly
- semilunar hiatus
o leads to maxillary sinus via maxillary hiatus
o in posterior part of semilunar hiatus
- ethmolidal infundibulum
o anterior part of semilunar hiatus
o leads to frontal sinus via frontonasal duct
- aperture of sphenoid sinus
- nasolacrimal canal
- nasolacrimal duct
- incisive canal
o medial nasal and nasopalatine nerves
o posterior nasal and nasopalatine arteries
---pterygopalatine fossa ---

- foramen rotundum
o CN 05, trigeminal nerve, maxillary nerve
o posterior nasal nerve
- pterygoid canal
o deep petrosal nerve
o vidian artery
- inferior orbital fissure
o medial part leads to pterygopalatine fossa
CN 05, trigeminal nerve, maxillary nerve
CN 05, trigeminal nerve, inferior orbital nerve
ptherygopalatine ganglion
- major palatine canal and minor palatine canal
o greater palatine nerve
o lesser palatine nerve
o descending palatine artery
- pterygomaxillary fissure
---oral cavity ---

- incisive foramen
o posterior and medial nasal nerve
- greater palatine foramen
o greater palatine nerve
o descending palatine artery
- lesser palatine foramen
o lesser palatine nerves

‚06 '06
4
skull
structures
- temporal lines
o form oval like rounding
o continuation of curvature spanned by
zygomatic process of temporal bone and
zygomatic bone
- fontanellae
o anterior fontanella
between
two unjoined frontal bones
two parietal bones
in other words: the openend coronal suture
o posterior fontanella
between
occipital bone
two parietal bones
in other words: the opened lambdoid suture
- pterion
o intersection of
parietal
frontal
occipital
spenoidal bone
- jugular foramen
o made up by tow notches
- tegmen tympani
o roof of tympanic cavity
o lateral to arcuate eminence
- porus acousticus internus
o located inside the acoustic meatus
o accommodates aperture of the vestibular aqueduct
o formed by sphenopalatine notch of palatine bone and body of sphenoid
o leads to pterygopalatine fossa
- pterygopalatine fossa
o also called sphenopalatine fossa
o inferior to sphenopalatine foramen
o lateral border: pterygomaxillary fissure
o medial border: sphenopalatine foramen
leads through nasal cavity
o anteriosuperior border: inferior orbital fissre
o posterosuperiorly border: foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal
leads to middle cranial fossa
o contents:
maxillary nerve (from foramen rotundum)
ptergopalatine ganglion (through inferior orbital fissure)
terminal third of the maxillary artery (pterygopalatien foramen)
- trigeminal nerve
o 5th cranial nerve
o gives rise to …
o ophthalmic nerve
o maxillary nerve
o mandibular nerve
- fascial nerve

‚06 '06
1
o 7th cranial nerve
o fascila nerve in petrosal pyramide
enters pyramid through internal acoustic meatus of tympanic part of the temporal bone
reaches anterior border of pyramide
turns 90° laterally (genus)
gives branch: greater petrosal nerve
dives down to base of pyramid
reaches lateral border
gives branch: cordotympanic nerve
leaves cranial base via foramen stylomastoideum
- mandibular fossa
o anteriorly to external acoustic meatus
- internal cranial base
o anterior cranial base
floor:
• anterior: frontal bone
• posterior:
o lesser wing of sphenoid
o ethmoid bone
posterior border: edge of the wing of sphenoid
lateral border: frontal bone
o middle cranial base
anterior border:
lateral border: squamous part of temporal bone
posterior border: petrose crest
o posterior cranial fossa
anterior border:
• laterally: petrosal crest
• middle: dorsum sellae, climus
lateral, posterior: occipital bone
- sella turcica
o structures …
o iugum sphenoid
o climus
o chiasmata groove
o hypophyseal fossa
o dorsum sellae
- filla olfactoria
o filaments of olfactory nerve
- piriform aperture
o the nasal opening
- inferior nasal meatus
o inferior to inferior nasal concha
- spheno-ethmoid recess
o where
- nasal septum
o superior part: perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
o inferior part: vomer
o superior border:
anteriorly: nasal bone
posteriorly: spheno-ethmoid recess
o lateral border:
anteriorly: frontal process of maxilla
above:
• nasal bone
• lacrimar bone
a bit inferiorly:
• frontal surface of maxilla
ethmoidal labyrinth
medial plate of pterygoid process

‚06 '06
2
perpendicular plate of palatine bone
o inferior border:
pallatine process of maxilla
pallatine bone
o anterior border: anterior nasal spine
o posterior border:
posterior nasal spine
nasal crest of palatine bone
• the superior margin of the perpendicular plate
- infundibulum
o located in ehtmoidal labyrinth
- middle nasal meatus
- oral cavity
o anterior, lateral and superior border: alveolar process of maxilla
o anterior and inferior border: alveolar process of mandibula
o superior border:
palatine process of maxilla
horizontal plate of palatine bone
- nasal cavity
o anterior border: piriforme aperture
o posterior border: choanae
o superior border: body pf sphenoid bone
o inderior border: palatine bone
o pathway to nasal pharynx
through choana
- temporal fossa
o accommodates temporal muscle and pterion
o superior, posterior border:
superior temporal line
inferior temporal line
o anterior border:
zygomatic process of frontal bone
zygomatic bone
o medial border
facies temporalis of ala major of sphenoid
pars squamosa of temporal bone
- infratemporal fossa
o under infratemporal crest of sphenoid
runs parallely and medially to zygomatic arch
o accommodates
maxillary artery and nerve
venous maxillary plexus
foramina ovale and spinosum
o anterior border: temporal surface of maxilla
o medial border: pterygoid process of sphenoid
o superior border:
infratemproal crest of sphenoid
sphenoidal margin of temporal bone
o posterior border:
mastoid process of temporal bone
styloid process of temporal bone
o lateral border: ramus of mandibula
o inferior border: body of mandibula
- orbital fossa
o anterior border:
orbital part of frontal bone
lesser wing of sphenoid bone
o medial border:
frontal process of maxillary bone
lacrimar bone

‚06 '06
3
orbital part of ethmoid bone (a bit superiorly)
o posterior border:
orbital process of palatine
lesser wing of sphenoid
o lateral border:
anteriorly: zygomatic bone
posteriorly: greater wing of sphenoid
- semilunar hiatus
o between
uncinate process and …
bulla
o leads to maxillary sinus
- scaphoid fossa
o auditory tube
also called tuba auditora, Eustachian tube
between inner ear and pharynx
- para-nasal sini
o sphenoidal sinus
connected to nasal cavity via aperture sinus sphenoidalis
o frontal sinus
connected to nasal cavity via anterior ethmoidal cells
more superiorly: frontonasal duct
o maxiallary sinus
connected to nasal cavity via semilunar hiatus
• more detailed: via maxillary hiatus
o the postero-inferior portion of the semilunar hiatus
o ehtmoidal cells
largest cellum: ethmoidal bulla

‚06 '06
4
back
muscles of the back
- extrinsic
o superficial
trapizius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboideus
• under trapezius
o intermediate
serratus posterior
• superior part
o attaches to 1st three ribs
• inferior part
o also three parts
- intrinsic
o superficial
splenius muscles
• splenius cervices
• splenius capitis
o intermediate
erector spinae
• iliocostalis
o lateral
o three parts
thoracis
lumbaris
cervicalis
• longissimus
o intermediate
• spinalis
o medial
o deep
transversospinal muscles
• semispinalis
o attach one spinous process with a transverse process of a vertebra, three four
vertebrae further down
o semispinalis capitis
o semispinalis thoracis
o semispinalis cervicis
• rotatores
o from transverse process to junction of lamina arch and transverse process of
adjacent vertebra
• multifidus
o attach one spinous process with a transverse process of a vertebra, three four
vertebrae further down
interspinal
intertrasnverse
elevators of ribs
• from transverse process to superior tubercle of the rib
- fascia thoracolumbaris
o under rhomboideus and latissimus dorsi
anatomy, 3rd SCT, skull Temmesfeld

Temmesfeld ‚06 '06
1
back
ribs
- true ribs: 1st to 7th rib

- flase ribs: 8th to 10th
- floating ribs: 11th and 12th
- typical ribs, 3rd to 10th rib
o head
o neck
o tubercle
o body
- atypical ribs, 1st, 2nd, 10th, 11th, 12th ribs
o 1st rib: scalene tubercle
articulates with one vertebra only
o 2nd rib: tuberosity for m. serratus anterior
o 10th – 12th ribs
articulate with one only one vertebra, respectively
o 11th and 12th
short
no neck
no tubercle
joints
- zygopophysial joints
o joints of the vertebral arches
o involved bones: vertebral bones
o type of joint: plant type of joint
o movements: gliding movement
o articular surfaces:
between superior and inferior articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae
o joint capsule:
thin loos joint capsule
o ligaments:
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligaments
supraspinous ligament
- atlonato-occipital joint
o involved bones: os occipitale, atlas
o type of joint: condyloid type of joint
o movements:
nodding the head, flexion
lateral bending
little rotation
occipital condyles
superior articular surfaces of the lateral aspect of the atlas
o joint capsule:
thin loos joint capsule
o ligaments:
o anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes
help to prevent excessive movement
- atlanto-axial joint
o involved bones: atlas, axis
o type of joint:

1
lateral joint: plane type
medial joint: pivot type
o movements: rotation
lateral (2):
• inferior facets of lateral aspects
medial (1):
• dens of axis
• anterior arch of atlas
o joint capsule:
thin loose joint capsule
o ligaments:
transverse ligament of the atlas
• holds the dens in place in foramen vertebrale
longitudinal ligaments
• anterior
• posterior
- costovertebral joints, typical

o includes two joint
joints of the head of the rib
costotransverse joint
o involved bones: rib, two vertebrae
o type of joint:
joints of the head of the rib: gliding and sliding
costotransverse joint: gliding movements
o movements:
pump-handle movement
bucket-handle movement
• two costal joints are involved
o costovertebral joint
o costosternal joint
joint of head of the rib
• costal facet of two adjacent vertebrae
• head of the rib
• tubercle of rib
• transverse costal facet
o joint capsule:
joints of the head of the rib
• two synovial cavities
• separated by intra-articular ligament
• strong fibrous capsules
• thin, loose joint capsule
o ligaments:
- costochonral joints
o the joints between two ribs at their sternal end
o hyaline cartilaginous joints
o no movement
- intechondral joints
o between ribs: 6, 7, 8, 9
o plane type of synovial joints
o strengthened by interchondral ligaments
- sternocostal joints
o involved bones: stermum, costae 1 - 7

2
o type of joint:
joints of the head of the rib: gliding and sliding
costotransverse joint: gliding movements
o movements:
pump-handle movement
bucket-handle movement
• two costal joints are involved
o costovertebral joint
o costosternal joint
1st rib
• chondral cartilage
• manubrium of sternum
2nd rib
• manubrium of sternum
• body of sternum
3rd to 6th rib
• body of sternum
7th rib
• xiphoid process
o ligaments:
radiate sternocostal ligament
- temporomandibular joint
o involved bones: os mandibula, os tempora
o type of joint: modified hinge joint
o movements:
elevation
depression
protrusion
retrusion
lateral movements
condyle of mandible
articular tubercle of temporal bone
mandibular fossa
o joint capsule:
articular disc
thin loose joint capsule
two synovial membranes
• superior synovial membrane
• inferior synovial membrane
o ligaments:
lateral ligament
stylomandibular ligament
sphenomandibular ligament
• from spine of sphenoid to
• lingua of mandible

3
skull
vertebral column
- vertebrae
o 7 cervical
o 12 thoracic
o 5 lumbar
o 5 sacral
o 4 coccygeal
varies
o altogether: 33 vertebrae
- 1st cervical vertebra: atlas

o articulates with occipital bone superiorly
o articular suface on occipital bone: condylar process
o articular surface on atlas: facies articularis superior
o foramen transversarium
in transverse process
- 2nd cervical vertebra: axis
o dens axis
superior pointing process articulating with the fovea dentis of atlas
o foramen transversion
in transverse process
- 7th cervical vertebra
o also clled vertebra promines
o prominent spinous process
- cervical vertebra, general
o foramen vertebrale
o laminar arch
more posterior
o pedical arch
closer to body
- ligaments
o ligamentum longitudinale anterius
o ligamentum longitudinal posterius
lines anterior surface of foramen vertebrale
o tectorial membrane
runs in foramen vertebrale
on bosa of spinal cord
o ligamentum intertransversarium
connects spinous processes with each other
o ligament um flavum
lines posterior surface of foramen vertebrale
- curvatures
o cervical
convex, hence lordosis
o thoracic
concave, hence kyphosis
o lumbar
convex, hence lordosis
o sacral
concave, hence kyphosis


Anatomy

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Anatomy

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Anatomy

- Bony structures of the skull, muscles of the back, vertebrae-

1st Self Control

2nd Self Control

3rd Self Control

cranium, major bones

2.) Condyle or Epicondyle

bones: clavicula, scapula, sternum, costus primus

_shoulder and arm

bones: clavicula, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius

joint, glenohumeral (and related struchtures)

- involved bones: clavicula, scapula, humerus

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

----- rather dorsal muscles

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

other relevant structures

axillary fossa (arm pit)

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

bones: humerus, ulna, radius,

joints: cubital joint

joint, cubital, (and related structures)

between lateral epicondyle of humerus and… Semilateral view

o ulnar collateral ligament, anterior band

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

-----anteroir muscles (medial to lateral, little finger to thumb, mostly flexors)

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

-----posterior muscles (lateral to medial, thumb to little finger)

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

in anatomical position of forearm

- flexor muscles of the forearm

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

1. m. flexor digitorum profundus 1. m. extensor carpi radialis longus

- musculi of the pollex (thumb)

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

other relevant structures:

- anatomical snuff box

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

anatomy, 1st sct, elbow and forearm Temmesfeld

bones: humerus, ulna, radius,

joint, distal radioulnar

----- supplementary ligaments

anatomy, 1st sct, hand Temmesfeld

joints, carpalmetacarpal and intermetacarpal joints

anatomy, 1st sct, hand Temmesfeld

----- anterior muscles (deep to superficial)

anatomy, 1st sct, hand Temmesfeld

other relevant structures:

anatomy, 1st sct, hand Temmesfeld

- nerves of the wrist/hand

joint: symphysis pubica

joint: sacro-illiac joint

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

joint: sacrococygeal joint

joint: hip joint

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld

anatomy, 2nd sct, pelvic girdle and adjacent structures Temmesfeld