George L. England, Neil C. M. Tsang and David I. Bush ae Me oun ee ous Peay een tationContents Foreword v Preface vii Acknowledgements ix Executive summary a Notation xili Part1 The integral bridge 1 1___Introduction 3 1.1 Objectives 3 1.2 Scopeofthe investigation 4 1.3. Thesoil-structure interaction problem 4 2___ Bridge form and temperature 7 2.1 Background ¢ 2.2 Daily and seasonal changes in bridge temperature 7 2.3 Type of bridge deck construction. 7 3 Granular flow behind abutment un 3.1 Soilelement behaviour n 3.2 _Three-element model: creation of granular flow 12 3.3__Influence ofthe ‘active’ shearband 4 Model retaining wall test results 7 4.1 Casesstudied 7 4.2 Results fora 60 m bridge, d/2H = +0.125% 19 4.3 Influence of bridge length 2B 4.4 Influence of daily temperature changes 24 5 Numerical simulations 29 5.1 Input data for soil andetructure 29Integral bridges: a fundamental approach to the time-temperature problem 5.2. Resultsfora60 mbridge 33 5.3 __ Wallstress escalation 38 5.4 Soil settlement 40 5.5 _ Influence of daily temperature changes 40 5.6 Iniluence of different daily EBT variations 44 5.7 Influence of the bridge completion date 44 5.8 Influence ofa stifferbackfill material a4 5.9 Heave of soil surface 48 5.10. Closing remarks 48 6 Settlement of abutment foundation 49 6.1 Rigid abutment-footing on granular soil 49 6.2 Arigidbridge on granular soil 59 6.3 Arigidbridge on clay soil 59 64 Anon-tigid bridge on clay soil 59 A cantileversheet pile abutment wall 60 7 Conclusions and recommendations 63 7.1 Major findings 63 7.2. Bounding limits for design 65 7.3. Comparison with the current Highways Agency standard 66 7.4 Recommendations 68 1.5__Furtherstudies u Appendix 1.1 Validation of the retaining wall analysis B Appendix 1.2 Additional results from model retaining wall tests 79 Part2 Granular soil 89 8 Cyclic behaviour of granular material o1 8.1 General description and identification of influential parameters 91 8.2 Strain cycling: stress ratio drifting to shakedown 92 8.3 Stress cycling: ratcheting displacements 93 84 Cyclically changing stresses and strains 100 8.5 Cyclic rotation of the principal stress direction 104 9 Numerical soil model 105 9.1 Background 105 9.2 Underlying philosophy for thenew model 105 9.3. Identification of model parameters 106 9.4 Analysis using the soil model: soil element in plane strain 10 9.5 Predictive capacity of the model M1 10 Validation of the soll model in planestrain 113 10.1 Soil model parameters 4 10.2. Monotonic loading 4 10.3. Constant-amplitude cyclic strain fluctuations 4