Tense Affirmative/Negative/Question
Present Simple A: He speaks. • action in the present taking place once,
N: He does not speak.
Q: Does he speak?
Present Continuous A: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
Q: Is he speaking?
Past Simple A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak?
Past Continuous A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking?
Present Perfect Simple A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken?
Present Perfect Continuous A: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking?
Past Perfect Simple A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Use Signal Words
always, every …, never,
never or several times normally, often, seldom,
• facts sometimes, usually
• actions taking place one after another if sentences type I (If I
talk, …)
• action set by a timetable or schedule
• action taking place in the moment of at the moment, just, just now,
speaking Listen!, Look!, now, right now
• action taking place only for a limited
period of time
• action arranged for the future
• action in the past taking place once, never yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in
or several times 1990, the other day, last Friday
• actions taking place one after another if sentence type II (If I
• action taking place in the middle of another talked, …)
action
• action going on at a certain time in the past when, while, as long as
• actions taking place at the same time
• action in the past that is interrupted by
another action
• putting emphasis on the result already, ever, just, never, not
• action that is still going on yet, so far, till now, up to now
• action that stopped recently
• finished action that has an influence on the
present
• action that has taken place once, never or
several times before the moment of
speaking
• putting emphasis on the course or duration all day, for 4 years, since 1993,
(not the result) how long?, the whole week
• action that recently stopped or is still going
on
• finished action that influenced the present
• action taking place before a certain time in already, just, never, not yet,
the past once, until that day
 Q: Had he spoken?
Past Perfect Continuous A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking?
Future Simple A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak?
Future Simple (going to) A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak?
Future Continuous A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking?
Future Perfect Simple A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken?
Future Perfect Continuous A: He will have been speaking.
N: He will not have been speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking?
• sometimes interchangeable with past if sentence type III (If I had
perfect progressive talked, …)
• putting emphasis only on the fact (not the
duration)
• action taking place before a certain time in for, since, the whole day, all
the past day
• sometimes interchangeable with past
perfect simple
• putting emphasis on the duration or course
of an action
• action in the future that cannot be in a year, next …, tomorrow
influenced If-sentence Type I (If you ask
• spontaneous decision her, she will help you.)
assumption: I think, probably,
• assumption with regard to the future perhaps
• decision made for the future in one year, next week,
tomorrow
• conclusion with regard to the future
• action that is going on at a certain time in in one year, next week,
the future tomorrow
• action that is sure to happen in the near
future
• action that will be finished at a certain time by Monday, in a week
in the future
• action taking place before a certain time in for …, the last couple of hours,
the future all day long
• putting emphasis on the course of an action