Chapter 1

Objective
1.To verify the analog and digital modulation techniques
2.To acquire knowledge about analog and digital modulation
3.To implement and observe the analog and digital modulation circuits
4.To demonstrate how to generate analog and digital modulated signal

Methodology

1.To draw the circuit diagram of various modulation process.

2. To study the working process

3.equipment collection and practically implementation

4.Analize the sequence of practical implementation

5. To design a demo of the actual working process

Introductory Concept

Background

In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-

frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating
signal (which typically contains information to be transmitted). This is done in a similar
fashion to a musician modulating a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument
by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parameters of a periodic
waveform are its amplitude, its phase and its frequency, all of which can be modified in
accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal. Typically a high-
frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may
also occur.

In telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for

example a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be
physically transmitted. Modulation of a sine waveform is used to transform a base band
message signal into a pass band signal, for example low-frequency audio signal into a
radio-frequency signal (RF signal). In radio communications, cable TV systems or the
public switched telephone network for instance, electrical signals can only be transferred
over a limited pass band frequency spectrum, with specific (non-zero) lower and upper
cutoff frequencies. Modulating a sine-wave carrier makes it possible to keep the
frequency content of the transferred signal as close as possible to the centre frequency
(typically the carrier frequency) of the pass band
Advantages of this project
1. To send the information or message at the large distance as we can.
2. The whole system is cost effective.

3. For this project, much labor is not required.

4. Low maintenance cost.

5. This circuit does not require any complex IC, so any one with little knowledge of
electronics can construct this circuit.

6. It gives noiseless operation.

Block Diagram of basic modulation Process

Carrier
Signal e(c)
Modulated
Process Output Oscilloscope

Message
Signal e(s)

Carrier signal
A carrier wave, or carrier is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated with an
input signal for the purpose of conveying information.[1] This carrier wave is usually of
much higher frequency than the input signal .

Message signal
The signal which convey information is called message signal.

Process
Modulated output

Oscilloscope

Chapter 2

Modulation

The process of changing some characteristic(amplitude,frequency,phase) of

a carrier wave in accordance with the intensity of the signal is known as
modulation.