THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • ALBANY, NY 12234

2002 Edition • Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry

Table A Table D
Standard Temperature and Pressure Selected Units

Name Value Unit Symbol Name Quantity

Standard Pressure 101.3 kPa kilopascal m meter length
1 atm atmosphere
kg kilogram mass
Standard Temperature 273 K kelvin
Pa pascal pressure
0°C degree Celsius
K kelvin temperature

mol mole amount

of substance
Table B energy, work,
J joule
Physical Constants for Water quantity of heat
s second time
Heat of Fusion 333.6 J/g
L liter volume
Heat of Vaporization 2259 J/g
ppm part per million concentration
Specific Heat Capacity of H2O () 4.2 J/g•K
solution
M molarity
concentration

Table C
Selected Prefixes
Table E
Selected Polyatomic Ions
Factor Prefix Symbol
103 kilo- k H3O+ hydronium CrO42– chromate
10 –1 deci- d Hg22+ dimercury (I) Cr2O72– dichromate
10 –2 centi- c NH4+ ammonium MnO4– permanganate
10 –3 milli- m C2H3O2– NO2– nitrite
10 –6 micro- µ CH3COO– } acetate
NO3– nitrate
10 –9 nano- n CN– cyanide
O22– peroxide
CO3 2– carbonate
10 –12 pico- p OH– hydroxide
HCO3 – hydrogen
carbonate PO43– phosphate

C2O42– oxalate SCN– thiocyanate

ClO– hypochlorite SO32– sulfite

ClO2– chlorite SO42– sulfate
ClO3– chlorate HSO4– hydrogen sulfate
ClO4– perchlorate S2O32– thiosulfate

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry 1

 Table F
Solubility Guidelines

Ions That Form Ions That Form

Soluble Compounds Exceptions Insoluble Compounds Exceptions
Group 1 ions carbonate (CO32–) when combined with Group 1
(Li+, Na+, etc.) ions or ammonium (NH4+)
ammonium (NH4+) chromate (CrO42–) when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
nitrate (NO3–)
phosphate (PO43–) when combined with Group 1
acetate (C2H3O2– or
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
CH3COO–)
sulfide (S2–) when combined with Group 1
hydrogen carbonate
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
(HCO3–)
hydroxide (OH–) when combined with Group 1
chlorate (ClO3–)
ions, Ca2+, Ba2+, or Sr2+
perchlorate (ClO4–)
halides (Cl–, Br–, I–) when combined with
Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
sulfates (SO42–) when combined with Ag+,
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+

Table G Solubility Curves

KI NaNO3
140

130
KNO3
120

110
Solute per 100 g of H2O (g)

100

90

80
NH4Cl
70
HCl
60
KCl
50

40
NaCl
30
KClO3
20
NH3
10 SO2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)
2 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
 Table H
Vapor Pressure of Four Liquids

200
propanone

ethanol

water
150
Vapor Pressure (kPa)

ethanoic
acid

101.3 kPa
100

50

0
0 25 50 75 100 125
Temperature (°C)

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry 3

 Table I Table J
Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K Activity Series**

Reaction ∆H (kJ)* Most Metals Nonmetals Most

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O() –890.4 Li F2
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O() –2219.2 Rb Cl2
2C8H18() + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O() –10943 K Br2
2CH3OH() + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O() –1452 Cs I2
C2H5OH() + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O() –1367 Ba
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O() –2804 Sr
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) –566.0 Ca
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) –393.5 Na
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) –3351 Mg
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) +182.6 Al
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) +66.4 Ti
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) –483.6 Mn
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O() –571.6 Zn
N2 (g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) –91.8 Cr
2C(s) + 3H2(g) C2H6(g) –84.0 Fe
2C(s) + 2H2(g) C2H4(g) +52.4 Co
2C(s) + H2(g) C2H2(g) +227.4 Ni
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) +53.0 Sn
H2O
KNO3(s) K+(aq) + NO3–(aq) +34.89 Pb
H2O
NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) –44.51 **H2
H2O
NH4Cl(s) NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq) +14.78 Cu
H2O
NH4NO3(s) NH4+(aq) + NO3–(aq) +25.69 Ag
H2O
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) +3.88 Au
H2O
LiBr(s) Li+(aq) + Br–(aq) –48.83 Least Least
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) H2O() –55.8 **Activity Series based on hydrogen standard

*Minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.

4 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry

 Table K Table N
Common Acids Selected Radioisotopes

Formula Name Nuclide Half-Life Decay Nuclide

Mode Name
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
198Au 2.69 d β– gold-198
HNO3(aq) nitric acid
14C 5730 y β– carbon-14
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid
37Ca 175 ms β+ calcium-37
H3PO4(aq) phosphoric acid
60Co 5.26 y β– cobalt-60
H2CO3(aq)
137Cs 30.23 y β– cesium-137
or carbonic acid
CO2(aq) 53Fe 8.51 min β+ iron-53
CH3COOH(aq) ethanoic acid 220Fr 27.5 s α francium-220
or
HC2H3O2(aq) (acetic acid) 3H 12.26 y β– hydrogen-3
131I 8.07 d β– iodine-131
37K 1.23 s β+ potassium-37
42K 12.4 h β– potassium-42
Table L 85Kr 10.76 y β– krypton-85
Common Bases
16N 7.2 s β– nitrogen-16
Formula Name 19Ne 17.2 s β+ neon-19
NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide 32P 14.3 d β– phosphorus-32
KOH(aq) potassium hydroxide 239Pu 2.44 × 104 y α plutonium-239
Ca(OH)2(aq) calcium hydroxide 226Ra 1600 y α radium-226
NH3(aq) aqueous ammonia 222Rn 3.82 d α radon-222
90Sr 28.1 y β– strontium-90
99Tc 2.13 × 105 y β– technetium-99
232Th 1.4 × 1010 y α thorium-232
Table M
233U 1.62 × 105 y
Common Acid–Base Indicators α uranium-233
235U 7.1 × 108 y α uranium-235
Approximate
238U 4.51 × 109 y α uranium-238
Indicator pH Range for Color Change
Color Change
ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; min = minutes;
methyl orange 3.2–4.4 red to yellow h = hours; d = days; y = years
bromthymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow to blue
phenolphthalein 8.2–10 colorless to pink
litmus 5.5–8.2 red to blue
bromcresol green 3.8–5.4 yellow to blue
thymol blue 8.0–9.6 yellow to blue

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry 5

 Table O
Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Name Notation Symbol

alpha particle 4 He or 42α α

2

beta particle (electron) 0 or –10 β β–

–1 e

gamma radiation 0γ γ
0

neutron 1
0n n

proton 1H or 11p p
1

positron 0 or +10 β β+
+1e

Table P
Organic Prefixes
Prefix Number of
Carbon Atoms
meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
dec- 10

Table Q
Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons
General Examples
Name
Formula Name Structural Formula
H H
alkanes CnH2n+2 ethane H C C H
H H
H H
alkenes CnH2n ethene C C
H H
alkynes CnH2n–2 ethyne H C C H

n = number of carbon atoms

6 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
 Table R
Organic Functional Groups
Class of Functional General
Compound Group Formula Example

F (fluoro-) R X
halide Cl (chloro-) (X represents CH3CHClCH3
(halocarbon) Br (bromo-) any halogen) 2-chloropropane
I (iodo-)
CH3CH2CH2OH
alcohol OH R OH
1-propanol

CH3OCH2CH3
ether O R O R′
methyl ethyl ether
O
O O
aldehyde CH3CH2C H
C H R C H
propanal

O O O
ketone CH3CCH2CH2CH3
C R C R′
2-pentanone

O O O
organic acid CH3CH2C OH
C OH R C OH
propanoic acid

O
O O
ester CH3CH2COCH3
C O R C O R′
methyl propanoate

R′ CH3CH2CH2NH2
amine
N R N R′′ 1-propanamine

O
O O R′
amide CH3CH2C NH2
C NH R C NH
propanamide

R represents a bonded atom or group

of atoms.

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry 7

 Period Periodic Table o
1
1.00794 +1
–1 KEY
1
1
H Atomic Mass 12.0111 –4 Selected O
1 +2

C
Symbol Relative at
+4 on 12C = 1
Group
1 2 Note: Mas
6.941 +1 9.01218 +2
Atomic Number
6 are mass n
Electron Configuration 2-4 stable or co
2
3
Li 4
Be
2-1 2-2
22.98977 +1 24.305 +2

3
11
Na Mg 12
Group
2-8-1 2-8-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
39.0983 +1 40.08 +2 44.9559 +3 47.88 +2 50.9415 +2 51.996 +2 54.9380 +2 55.847 +2 58.9332 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
4
19
K 20
Ca Sc 21 22
Ti +4

23
V +4
+5
24
Cr Mn Fe +6

25
+4
+7
26 27
Co
2-8-8-1 2-8-8-2 2-8-9-2 2-8-10-2 2-8-11-2 2-8-13-1 2-8-13-2 2-8-14-2 2-8-15-2
85.4678 +1 87.62 +2 88.9059 +3 91.224 +4 92.9064 +3 95.94 +3 (98) +4 101.07 +3 102.906 +3
+5 +6 +6

5
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh42 43
+7

44 45
2-8-18-8-1 2-8-18-8-2 2-8-18-9-2 2-8-18-10-2 2-8-18-12-1 2-8-18-13-1 2-8-18-14-1 2-8-18-15-1 2-8-18-16-1
132.905 +1 137.33 +2 138.906 +3 178.49 +4 180.948 +5 183.85 +6 186.207 +4 190.2 +3 192.22 +3
+6 +4 +4
6
55
Cs Ba La 56 57 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re Os +7

76 77
Ir
2-8-18-18-8-1 2-8-18-18-8-2 2-8-18-18-9-2 **18-32-10-2 -18-32-11-2 -18-32-12-2 -18-32-13-2 -18-32-14-2 -18-32-15-2
(223) +1 226.025 +2 227.028 +3 (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (268)

7
87
Fr 88
Ra Ac 89 104
Rf 105
Db Sg Bh Hs 106 107 108 109
Mt
-18-32-18-8-1 -18-32-18-8-2 -18-32-18-9-2

**Denotes the presence of (2-8-)

for elements 72 and above
140.12 +3 140.908 +3 144.24 +3 (145) +3 150.36 +2
+4 +3

58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd Pm Sm 61 62

232.038 +4 231.036 +4 238.029 +3 237.048 +3 (244) +3

+5 +4 +4 +4

90
Th Pa 91 92
U +5
+6
93
Np Pu +5
+6
94
+5
+6

8 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry

of the Elements
18
4.00260 0

xidation States
2
He
2
omic masses are based
2.000
Group
s numbers in parentheses 13 14 15 16 17 18
umbers of the most 10.81 +3 12.0111 –4 14.0067 –3 15.9994 –2 18.998403 –1 20.179 0
+2 –2
ommon isotope.

5
B 6
C +4

7
N –1
+1
+2
+3
8
O 9
F 10
Ne
+4
2-3 2-4 2-5 +5 2-6 2-7 2-8
26.98154 +3 28.0855 –4 30.97376 –3 32.06 –2 35.453 –1 39.948 0
+2 +3 +4 +1

13
Al 14
Si +4

15
P +5

16
S +6

17
Cl +3
+5
+7 18
Ar
10 11 12 2-8-3 2-8-4 2-8-5 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8
8.69 +2 63.546 +1 65.39 +2 69.72 +3 72.59 –4 74.9216 –3 78.96 –2 79.904 –1 83.80 0
+3 +2 +2 +3 +4 +1 +2

28
Ni 29
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
30 31 32
+4

33
+5

34
+6

35
Br +5

36
Kr
-8-16-2 2-8-18-1 2-8-18-2 2-8-18-3 2-8-18-4 2-8-18-5 2-8-18-6 2-8-18-7 2-8-18-8
06.42 +2 107.868 +1 112.41 +2 114.82 +3 118.71 +2 121.75 –3 127.60 –2 126.905 –1 131.29 0
+4 +4 +3 +4 +1 +2

46
Pd Ag Cd 47 48 49
In 50
Sn Sb 51
+5

52
Te +6

53
l +5
+7
54
Xe +4
+6

-8-18-18 2-8-18-18-1 2-8-18-18-2 2-8-18-18-3 2-8-18-18-4 2-8-18-18-5 2-8-18-18-6 2-8-18-18-7 2-8-18-18-8

95.08 +2 196.967 +1 200.59 +1 204.383 +1 207.2 +2 208.980 +3 (209) +2 (210) (222) 0
+4 +3 +2 +3 +4 +5 +4

78
Pt 79
Au Hg 80 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At Rn 86
18-32-17-1 -18-32-18-1 -18-32-18-2 -18-32-18-3 -18-32-18-4 -18-32-18-5 -18-32-18-6 -18-32-18-7 -18-32-18-8
269) (272) (277) (285)

Uun* Uuu Uub

110 111 112
Uuq
114

*The systematic names and symbols for elements of atomic numbers above 109
will be used until the approval of trivial names by IUPAC.

51.96 +2 157.25 +3 158.925 +3 162.50 +3 164.930 +3 167.26 +3 168.934 +3 173.04 +2 174.967 +3

+3 +3

63
Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho
64 65 66 67 68
Er Tm Yb Lu
69 70 71

243) +3 (247) +3 (247) +3 (251) +3 (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)

+4 +4

95
Am Cm Bk +5
+6
96 97 98
Cf 99
Es Fm Md No100 101 102 103
Lr
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry 9
 Table S

10
Properties of Selected Elements
Atomic Symbol Name Ionization Electro- Melting Boiling Density** Atomic
Number Energy negativity Point Point (g/cm3) Radius
(kJ/mol) (K) (K) (pm)
1 H hydrogen 1312 2.1 14 20 0.00009 208
2 He helium 2372 — 1 4 0.000179 50
3 Li lithium 520 1.0 454 1620 0.534 155
4 Be beryllium 900 1.6 1551 3243 1.8477 112
5 B boron 801 2.0 2573 3931 2.340 98
6 C carbon 1086 2.6 3820 5100 3.513 91
7 N nitrogen 1402 3.0 63 77 0.00125 92
8 O oxygen 1314 3.4 55 90 0.001429 65
9 F fluorine 1681 4.0 54 85 0.001696 57
10 Ne neon 2081 — 24 27 0.0009 51
11 Na sodium 496 0.9 371 1156 0.971 190
12 Mg magnesium 736 1.3 922 1363 1.738 160
13 Al aluminum 578 1.6 934 2740 2.698 143
14 Si silicon 787 1.9 1683 2628 2.329 132
15 P phosphorus 1012 2.2 44 553 1.820 128
16 S sulfur 1000 2.6 386 718 2.070 127
17 Cl chlorine 1251 3.2 172 239 0.003214 97
18 Ar argon 1521 — 84 87 0.001783 88
19 K potassium 419 0.8 337 1047 0.862 235
20 Ca calcium 590 1.0 1112 1757 1.550 197
21 Sc scandium 633 1.4 1814 3104 2.989 162
22 Ti titanium 659 1.5 1933 3580 4.540 145
23 V vanadium 651 1.6 2160 3650 6.100 134
24 Cr chromium 653 1.7 2130 2945 7.190 130
25 Mn manganese 717 1.6 1517 2235 7.440 135
26 Fe iron 762 1.8 1808 3023 7.874 126
27 Co cobalt 760 1.9 1768 3143 8.900 125
28 Ni nickel 737 1.9 1726 3005 8.902 124
29 Cu copper 745 1.9 1357 2840 8.960 128
30 Zn zinc 906 1.7 693 1180 7.133 138
31 Ga gallium 579 1.8 303 2676 5.907 141
32 Ge germanium 762 2.0 1211 3103 5.323 137
33 As arsenic 944 2.2 1090 889 5.780 139
34 Se selenium 941 2.6 490 958 4.790 140
35 Br bromine 1140 3.0 266 332 3.122 112
36 Kr krypton 1351 — 117 121 0.00375 103
37 Rb rubidium 403 0.8 312 961 1.532 248
38 Sr strontium 549 1.0 1042 1657 2.540 215
39 Y yttrium 600 1.2 1795 3611 4.469 178

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry

40 Zr zirconium 640 1.3 2125 4650 6.506 160
 Atomic Symbol Name Ionization Electro- Melting Boiling Density** Atomic
Number Energy negativity Point Point (g/cm3) Radius
(kJ/mol) (K) (K) (pm)
41 Nb niobium 652 1.6 2741 5015 8.570 146
42 Mo molybdenum 684 2.2 2890 4885 10.220 139
43 Tc technetium 702 1.9 2445 5150 11.500 136
44 Ru ruthenium 710 2.2 2583 4173 12.370 134
45 Rh rhodium 720 2.3 2239 4000 12.410 134
46 Pd palladium 804 2.2 1825 3413 12.020 137
47 Ag silver 731 1.9 1235 2485 10.500 144
48 Cd cadmium 868 1.7 594 1038 8.650 171
49 In indium 558 1.8 429 2353 7.310 166
50 Sn tin 709 2.0 505 2543 7.310 162
51 Sb antimony 831 2.1 904 1908 6.691 159
52 Te tellurium 869 2.1 723 1263 6.240 142
53 I iodine 1008 2.7 387 458 4.930 132
54 Xe xenon 1170 2.6 161 166 0.0059 124

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry

55 Cs cesium 376 0.8 302 952 1.873 267
56 Ba barium 503 0.9 1002 1910 3.594 222
57 La lanthanum 538 1.1 1194 3730 6.145 138
Elements 58–71 have been omitted.
72 Hf hafnium 659 1.3 2503 5470 13.310 167
73 Ta tantalum 728 1.5 3269 5698 16.654 149
74 W tungsten 759 2.4 3680 5930 19.300 141
75 Re rhenium 756 1.9 3453 5900 21.020 137
76 Os osmium 814 2.2 3327 5300 22.590 135
77 Ir iridium 865 2.2 2683 4403 22.560 136
78 Pt platinum 864 2.3 2045 4100 21.450 139
79 Au gold 890 2.5 1338 3080 19.320 146
80 Hg mercury 1007 2.0 234 630 13.546 160
81 Tl thallium 589 2.0 577 1730 11.850 171
82 Pb lead 716 2.3 601 2013 11.350 175
83 Bi bismuth 703 2.0 545 1833 9.747 170
84 Po polonium 812 2.0 527 1235 9.320 167
85 At astatine — 2.2 575 610 — 145
86 Rn radon 1037 — 202 211 0.00973 134
87 Fr francium 393 0.7 300 950 — 270
88 Ra radium — 0.9 973 1413 5.000 233
89 Ac actinium 499 1.1 1320 3470 10.060 —
Elements 90 and above have been omitted.
*Boiling point at standard pressure
**Density at STP

11
 Table T
Important Formulas and Equations
d = density
m
Density d= m = mass
V
V = volume

given mass (g)

Mole Calculations number of moles =
gram-formula mass

measured value – accepted value

Percent Error % error = × 100
accepted value

mass of part
Percent Composition % composition by mass = × 100
mass of whole

grams of solute
parts per million = × 1 000 000
grams of solution

Concentration
moles of solute
molarity =
liters of solution

P1V1 P2V2 P = pressure

Combined Gas Law = V = volume
T1 T2
T = temperature (K)

MA = molarity of H+ MB = molarity of OH–

Titration MAVA = MBVB
VA = volume of acid VB = volume of base

q = mC∆T q = heat Hf = heat of fusion

Heat q = mHf m = mass Hv = heat of vaporization
q = mHv C = specific heat capacity
∆T = change in temperature

K = °C + 273 K = kelvin
Temperature
°C = degrees Celsius

t
1
fraction remaining =
2 ( ) T
t = total time elapsed
Radioactive Decay
T = half-life
number of half-life periods = t
T

DET (7–01-450,000)
91-80515 91-109 CDC

12 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry

 • PV = nRT
DRT
• M=
P
D = density; M = molar mass
Gas Laws
Constants
R = 0.0821 mol
L⋅atm
⋅K

S . P = 1 atm = 1013
. kPa = 760. torr = 760. mm Hg
GMV = 22.4 L mol
 U

V
W STANDARD ENERGIES OF FORMATION
OF COMPOUNDS AT 1 atm AND 298 K
Heat Free Energy
(Enthalpy) of of Formation
Compound
Formation * kJ/mol (∆GfE)
kJ/mol (∆HfE)
Aluminum oxide Al2O3(s) –1674.1 –1580.9
Ammonia NH3(g) –46.0 –16.3
Barium sulfate BaSO4(s) –1471.8 –1361.0
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) –985.2 –897.9
Carbon dioxide CO2(g) –393.3 –394.2
Carbon monoxide CO(g) –110.4 –137.1
Copper (II) sulfate CuSO4(s) –770.8 –661.3
Ethane C2H6 (g) –84.4 –33.0
Ethene (ethylene) C2H4(g) 52.3 68.1
Ethyne (acetylene) C2H2(g) 226.6 209.0
Hydrogen fluoride HF(g) –270.9 –273.0
Hydrogen iodide HI(g) 26.3 1.7
Iodine chloride ICl(g) 18.0 –5.4
Lead (II) oxide PbO(s) –215.3 –188.1
Magnesium oxide MgO(s) –601.1 –568.9
Nitrogen monoxide NO(g) 90.3 86.5
Nitrogen dioxide NO2(g) 33.0 51.4
Potassium chloride KCl(s) –436.4 –408.8
Sodium chloride NaCl(s) –410.9 –383.7
Sulfur dioxide SO2(g) –296.4 –299.7
Water H2O(g) –241.6 –228.2
Water H2O(R) –285.5 –237.0
* Minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.
Sample equations:
2AI(s) + 3/2 O2(g) ÿ Al2O3(s) + 1674.1 kJ
2AI(s) + 3/2 O2(g) ÿ Al2O3(s) ∆H = –1674.1 kJ/mol

∆G = ∆H – T∆S
 Period Periodic Table of the Elements
1 18
1.00794 +1 4.00260 0
–1 KEY
1
1
H Atomic Mass 12.011 –4 Selected Oxidation States
2
He
1 +2 2

C
Symbol Relative atomic masses are based
+4 on 12C = 12.000
Group Group
1 2 Note: Mass numbers in parentheses 13 14 15 16 17 18
6.941 +1 9.01218 +2
Atomic Number
6 are mass numbers of the most 10.81 +3 12.0111 –4 14.0067 –3 15.9994
–2
–2 18.998403 –1 20.179 0
Electron Configuration 2-4 +2

2
3
Li 4
Be stable or common isotope.

5
B 6
C +4

7
N –1
+1
+2
+3
8
O 9
F 10
Ne
+4
2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 +5 2-6 2-7 2-8
22.98977 +1 24.305 +2 26.98154 +3 28.0855 –4 30.97376 –3 32.06 –2 35.453 –1 39.948 0

Al
+2 +3 +1

Na Mg Si P Cl Ar
+4
3
11 12
Group
13 14
+4

15
+5

16
S +6

17
+3
+5
+7 18
2-8-1 2-8-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2-8-3 2-8-4 2-8-5 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8
39.0983 +1 40.08 +2 44.9559 +3 47.88 +2 50.9415 +2 51.996 +2 54.9380 +2 55.847 +2 58.9332 +2 58.69 +2 63.546 +1 65.39 +2 69.72 +3 72.59 –4 74.9216 –3 78.96 –2 79.904 –1 83.80 0
+2 +4 +2

K Ca Sc Ti
+3 +3 +3 +1

Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Kr
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2
4
19 20 21 22
+4

23
V +4
+5
24
Cr Mn Fe +6

25
+4
+7
26 27
Co 28
Ni 29 30 31 32
+4

33
+5

34
+6

35
Br +5

36
2-8-8-1 2-8-8-2 2-8-9-2 2-8-10-2 2-8-11-2 2-8-13-1 2-8-13-2 2-8-14-2 2-8-15-2 2-8-16-2 2-8-18-1 2-8-18-2 2-8-18-3 2-8-18-4 2-8-18-5 2-8-18-6 2-8-18-7 2-8-18-8
85.4678 +1 87.62 +2 88.9059 +3 91.224 +4 92.9064 +3 95.94 +3 (98) +4 101.07 +3 102.906 +3 106.42 +2 107.868 +1 112.41 +2 114.82 +3 118.71 +2 121.75 –3 127.60 –2 126.905 –1 131.29 0
+5 +6 +4 +3 +4

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Te
+4

In Sn Sb
+6 +1 +2

5
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40 41 42 43
+7

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
+5

52
+6

53
l +5
+7
54
Xe +4
+6

2-8-18-8-1 2-8-18-8-2 2-8-18-9-2 2-8-18-10-2 2-8-18-12-1 2-8-18-13-1 2-8-18-14-1 2-8-18-15-1 2-8-18-16-1 2-8-18-18 2-8-18-18-1 2-8-18-18-2 2-8-18-18-3 2-8-18-18-4 2-8-18-18-5 2-8-18-18-6 2-8-18-18-7 2-8-18-18-8
132.905 +1 137.33 +2 138.906 +3 178.49 +4 180.948 +5 183.85 +6 186.207 +4 190.2 +3 192.22 +3 195.08 +2 196.967 +1 200.59 +1 204.383 +1 207.2 +2 208.980 +3 (209) +2 (210) (222) 0
+6 +4 +4 +4 +3 +2 +3

Cs Ba La Ta At Rn
+4 +5

Hf W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl
+4
6
55 56 57 72 73 74 75
+7

76 77 78 79 80 81 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85 86
2-8-18-18-8-1 2-8-18-18-8-2 2-8-18-18-9-2 **18-32-10-2 -18-32-11-2 -18-32-12-2 -18-32-13-2 -18-32-14-2 -18-32-15-2 -18-32-17-1 -18-32-18-1 -18-32-18-2 -18-32-18-3 -18-32-18-4 -18-32-18-5 -18-32-18-6 -18-32-18-7 -18-32-18-8
(223) +1 226.025 +2 227.028 +3 (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (268) (269) (272) (277) (285)

7
87
Fr 88
Ra Ac 89 104
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
105 106 107 108 109 111 112
Uuq
114
-18-32-18-8-1 -18-32-18-8-2 -18-32-18-9-2

*The systematic names and symbols for elements of atomic numbers above 109
**Denotes the presence of (2-8-) will be used until the approval of trivial names by IUPAC.
for elements 72 and above
140.12 +3 140.908 +3 144.24 +3 (145) +3 150.36 +2 151.96 +2 157.25 +3 158.925 +3 162.50 +3 164.930 +3 167.26 +3 168.934 +3 173.04 +2 174.967 +3
+3

Er Tm Yb Lu
+3

Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho
+4 +3

58
Ce 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

232.038 +4 231.036 +4 238.029 +3 237.048 +3 (244) +3 (243) +3 (247) +3 (247) +3 (251) +3 (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
+5 +4 +4 +4 +4

Es Fm Md No
+4

90
Th Pa 91 92
U +5
+6
93
Np Pu Am Cm Bk
+5
+6
94
+5
+6
95
+5
+6
96 97 98
Cf 99 100 101 102 103
Lr
8 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY 9