Ee Practical in PDF

Vidharbha Youth Welfare Society’s
Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management
New Express Highway, Badnera – Amravati
First Year Engineering Department
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that Mr./Miss______________________________________________________________
Class Roll No.________________ Section__________________ has attended the practical classes and
completed the practical work satisfactorily in ________________________________________________
for __________________semester and __________________group as prescribed by Sant Gadge baba
Amravati University, Amravati during the year ____________________ with grade__________________
Head of Department Prof. Incharge
Date:
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICAL GROUP B
Vidharbha Youth Welfare Society’s
Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management
New Express Highway, Badnera – Amravati
INDEX
Sr.No. Name of Experiment Date Remarks
1 ___________________________________________________
2 ___________________________________________________
3 ___________________________________________________
4 ___________________________________________________
5 ___________________________________________________
6 ___________________________________________________
7 ___________________________________________________
8 ___________________________________________________
9 ___________________________________________________
10 ___________________________________________________
11 ___________________________________________________
12 ___________________________________________________
13 ___________________________________________________
14 ___________________________________________________
PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 2

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws.
SIGNIFICANCE: These laws are applicable in the analysis of almost all the electrical and electronic circuits.
APPRATUS: 1) Connecting wires,

2) 4mm patch cords,
3) Kirchhoff’s laws kit,
4) Digital Multimeter – 3 nos.
5) Regulated DC power supplies
THEORY:
THE KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
It states that “the algebric Sum of all the voltages aroud closed loop is zero”.
IR DROP:- Whenever we move in the direction of current there is a drop in voltage, since
the current always flows from point at higher potential to the point at lower potential. Hence Voltage
drop in the current direction is taken as negative and vice- versa.
SIGN CONVENTIONS:
If we move from negative terminal of source to positive terminal, there is a voltage rise. Therefore it is
to be considered positive. If we move from +ve terminal to –ve terminal of voltage source, there is
voltage drop. Therefore it is to be considered as –ve.
B) THE KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

It states that “At any instant the algebraic sum of all the currents entering or leaving a
node is zero”.
A node is a common point in a circuit where more than one elements are connected. If we are
going to assign negative sign to the incoming current then we will have to assign positive sign to the outgoing
current and vice-versa.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

SPACE FOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (IF THERE IS CHANGE IN DIAGRAM GIVEN ABOVE):
PROCEDURE:
A) For Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
1) Connect the power supply cord of the kit to the socket.
2) Connect variable dc source in the circuit 1 of Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
3) Switch on the supply and measure voltage across all the three resistances i.e R1, R2, and R3 with
the help of multimeter of figure 1. Also find out the polarity across each resistor i.e whether
there is a voltage rise or voltage drop and mark the positive and negative sign sign across each
resistor. This you can done with the help of multimeter, if the meter displays reading without any
sign that means the point at which red wire has been connected is positive and point at which
black wire has been connected is negative. And if the meter displays reading with negative sign
before it that means, the point at which red wire has been connected is at negative and the point
at which black wire has been connected is at positive. So, now mark the positive and negative
signs across each resistors in the circuit diagram.
4) Note down the readings of voltages across all the resistors in the observation table.
5) Note down 3 more readings in the same manner as described above by varying the supply
voltage level.
6) Verify kirchhoff’s voltage law for one or two readings, by writing down KVL equation and verify it
in the space provided for calculations.

B) For Kirchhoff’s Current law:

1) Connect the power supply cord of the kit to the socket.
2) Connect variable dc source in the circuit 2 of Kirchhoff’s current law.
3) Switch on the supply and measure current through all the three resistances i.e R1, R2, and R3 or
through all the three branches with the help of multimeter(for this set multimeter on 10A range).
Also find out the direction of current through each resistors. This you can done with the help of
multimeter, if the meter displays reading without any sign that means that the current is flowing
from red to black wire or in the direction of red to black. And if the meter displays reading with
negative sign before it that means, the current is flowing from black to red wire or in the
direction of black to red. Mark the direction of current in the figure 2 by arrow in that branch in
the direction of current
4) Note down the readings of current through all the resistors in the observation table.
5) Note down 3 more readings in the same manner as described above by varying the supply
voltage level.
6) Verify kirchhoff’s current law for one or two readings, by writing down KCL equation and verify it
in the space provided for calculations.
OBSERVATIONS:
For KVL:
Voltage across Voltage across R1, V1 Voltage across R2, Voltage across R3,
S.N
source, Vs (V) (V) V2 (V) V3 (V)

For KCL:
Current through R1, I1 Current through R2, Current through

S.N
(A) I2 (A) R3, I3 (A)
SPACE FOR OBSERVATIONS (IF THERE IS CHANGE IN OBSERVATIONS GIVEN ABOVE):

CALCULATIONS:
RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM: Verification of Superposition Theorem.
SIGNIFICANCE: Network theorems are used to speed up the analysis of circuits. This theorem is very
useful in the analysis of electric circuits containing more than one source.
APPRATUS: 1) 2mm Patch cords,

2) Digital Multimeter,
3) Superposition Theorem Kit.
THEORY:
Statement: Superposition theorem states that "In any linear bilateral network containing two or more
sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual
sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative i.e., while considering the effect of individual
sources, other ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit
and open circuit across their terminals”.
EXPLANATION:
1. Select only one source and replace all other sources by there internal resistances. (If the source is the ideal
current source replace it by open ckt. if the source is the ideal voltage source replaces it by short ckt.)
2. Find the current and its direction through the desired branch.
3. Add all the branch currents according to their direction to obtain the actual branch current.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FOR BRANCH c-d:

FOR BRANCH e-f:

PROCEDURE:
For branch c-d:
1) Connect the power supply cord of the kit in the socket.

2) Connect 12 V source in branch a-b i.e +12V at upper point and ground at the lower point in
branch a-b with the help of 2mm patch cords.
3) Connect 5 V source in branch g-h i.e +5V at upper point and ground at the lower point in branch
g-h with the help of 2mm patch cords.
4) Now short the open path in branch e-f with the help of patch cord.
5) Connect milliammeter in branch c-d.
6) Switch on the supply and note down the value and direction of the current in branch c-d. Mark
this direction in the diagram. This current will be Icd
7) Now replace 12 V source with a short with patch cord and keep only 5 V source active. Again
measure the value and note down direction of current in the branch c-d. this current will be Icd’.
If the direction of current changes mark the direction same as before but note down reading with
negative sign (draw another diagram for this condition).
8) Now connect 12 V source in the circuit replace 5 V source with a short. Again measure the value
and note down direction of current in the branch c-d. this current will be Icd’’. If the direction of
current changes mark the direction same as before but note down reading with negative sign
(draw another diagram for this condition).
9) Take the algebraic summation of Icd’ and Icd’’ and compare it with Icd, both the values should
come same. Do the calculation and verify superposition theorem.

For branch e-f:
Repeat the procedure as written above for branch e-f. for this connect milliammeter in the
branch e-f and short the branch c-d.
OBSERVATIONS:
Current flowing through Current flowing through

Condition
branch c-d branch e-f
When both the sources

Icd = _______ Ief =_______
are acting
When only 5V source is

Icd’ =_______ Ief’ =_______
acting
When only 12V source

Icd’’ =_______ Ief’’ =_______
is acting

CALCULATIONS:
RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.
SIGNIFICANCE: Network theorems are used to speed up the analysis of circuits. This is very
important theorem for analyzing circuits.

2) Digital Multimeters,
THEORY:
STATEMENT:
It states that any linear active two terminal network containing resistance and voltage sources and /or
current sources can be replaced by single voltage source VTH in series with a single resistance RTH. The
thevenin equivalent voltage VTH is the open circuit voltage at the network terminals, and thevenin
resistance RTH is the resistance between the network terminals when all the sources are replaced by their
internal resistances.
EXPLANATION:
a) Steps to find the RTH
• Open circuit current sources and short circuit voltage sources.
• Open circuit the load resistance
• Find out the equivalent resistance which is RTH across the open circuit terminals.
b) Steps to find the VTH
• Open circuit the load resistance
• Find out the open circuit voltage VTH across the open circuit terminals by using
mesh analysis.
c) Find out the load current IL by connecting the load resistance to the given circuit.
d) Draw the equivalent circuit. Connect the voltage source VTH in series with RTH and RL .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Set the value of RL at one fixed value in both original and thevenin’s equivalent network same
and equal.
2) Connect +12V, DC power supplies at their indicated position using patch cords.
3) Measure voltage between terminals 2 & 4 using voltmeter, for this connect terminal 2 to the +
terminal of DC Voltmeter and 4 to –ve terminal. It is the required practical value of Thevenin's
equivalent voltage (VTH).
4) Disconnect the patch cord between terminals 1 to +12V and Gnd to Gnd.
5) Connect test point 1 & Gnd (of circuit) so as to replace source by its internal resistance
(assuming it negligible).
6) Measure resistance between terminals 2 & 4 using multimeter. It is the required practical value
of Thevenin's equivalent resistance RTH.
7) Connect a 2mm patch cord between terminals 1 and supply and Gnd to Gnd socket.
8) Connect an ammeter between terminals 2 and 3 to measure load current IL flowing
through load resistance of original circuit.
9) Now connect 2 mm patch cords between +5v supply and terminal 5 of thevenin’s equivalent
network and ground to ground.
10) Connect milliammeter between terminals 6 and 7 of equivalent network and measure the load
current IL flowing through load resistance RL of thevenin’s equivalent network.
11) Compare load current (IL) flowing through both of the load resistances and also with the
theoretical values of IL calculated.
OBSERVATIONS:
1) Value of RL set in original and thevenin’s equivalent network = ________

2) Practical measured value of VTH = __________
3) Practically measured value of RTH = __________
4) Practical value of IL measured from original network = ___________
5) Practical value of IL measured from thevenin’s equivalent network = ___________
6) Theoretically calculated value of RTH = ________
7) Theoretical calculated value of VTH = ________
8) RL set (this same value should be used in theoretical calculations) = _______
9) Theoretically calculated value of IL = ________

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
SIGNIFICANCE: Network theorems are used to speed up the analysis of circuits. This is very
important theorem for analyzing amplifier electronic circuits.

2) Digital Multimeters,
THEORY:
DC Circuit:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that “maximum power is delivered from a source
resistance to a load resistance when the load resistance is equal to the thevenin’s resistance as seen
from load terminals.”
RTH = RL is the condition required for maximum power transfer.
AC Circuit:
a. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a
source impedance to load impedance when the load impedance is equal to the complex
conjugate of the thevenin’s impedance as seen from load terminals.
b. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a
source impedance to load resistance when the load resistance is equal to the magnitude of
the thevenin’s resistance as seen from load terminals.”

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect +12V, DC power supplies at their indicated position using patch cords.
2) Measure voltage between terminals 2 & 4 using voltmeter, for this connect terminal 2 to
the + terminal of DC Voltmeter and 4 to –ve terminal. It is the required value of Thevenin's
equivalent voltage (VTH).
3) Disconnect the patch cord between terminals 1 to +12V and Gnd to Gnd.

4) Connect test point 1 & Gnd (of circuit) so as to replace source by its internal
resistance (assuming it negligible).
5) Measure resistance between terminals 2 & 4 using multimeter. It is the required value of
Thevenin's equivalent resistance RTH.
6) Switch off the kit and set the value of RL less than RTH by connecting ohmmeter (multimeter)
between terminals 2 and 3.
7) Now connect ammeter (multimeter) between terminals 2 and 3, voltmeter between
terminals 3 and 4 and measure value of IL and VL. Also calculate RL and power for this
reading.
8) Now increase RL such that it should become more than what we calculated in step 7 but less
than RTH, this is going to be second reading. Once again read values of VL and IL from
multimeter and calculate RL and power.
9) Now set RL = RTH with the help of multimeter. And measure value of VL and IL and also
calculate power for this reading.
10) Increase RL now it will become greater than RTH, note down reading of VL and IL and calculate
RL and power for this reading.
11) Further Increase RL , note down reading of VL and IL and calculate RL and power for this
reading.
12) Find out value of RL at which maximum power is getting transferred to load.
OBSERVATIONS:
Load
Voltage across Current through
S.N resistance Power PL (mW)
load VL (V) load IL (mA)
RL (kΩ)
1
RL < RTH
2
3 RL = RTH
4
RL > RTH
5

CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS: Draw graph between load resistance RL on X-axis and power on Y-axis

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: Verification of line and phase relationship of current and voltage in a balanced Star connected
load.
SIGNIFICANCE:

2) A.C Voltmeter (0-600V) – 3no.
4) Ammeter MI (0-5A) – 3no.
5) Three phase autotransformer – 1no.
6) Rheostat (5A, 100Ω) – 3nos.
THEORY:
The three phases of the three phase system can be used independent of each other supplying
power to different loads. Each load gets power from a single phase. This system is adopted for domestic
power supply.
The loads are connected to form a three phase system. The loads (i.e., impedances Z1, Z2 and
Z3) can then be either star-connected or delta-connected. Such a load is called a three phase load. In a three
phase load, if all the three impedances are equal (both in resistive as well as reactive parts), the load is said to
be a balanced load. An example of such a balanced three-phase load is a three-phase motor, which has three
identical windings. To such a load, if a balanced three phase supply is applied, the currents will also be
balanced. Conversely, if it is carrying balanced currents, the voltages across the circuit will also be balanced.
In a three phase system, there are two sets of voltages: (i) line voltages, and (ii)
phase voltages. Similarly, there two sets of currents: (i) line currents, and (ii) phase currents.
Star Connected System:

In figure 1, VRN is the r.m.s value of the voltage drop from R to N. That is, this is the
phase voltage of phase R. Thus, VRN, VYN and VBN denote the set of three phase voltages. The term, line
voltage is used to denote the voltage between two lines. Thus VRY represents line voltage between the lines
R and Y. The other line voltages are VYB and VBR. To determine the relation between phase voltages and line
voltages, we analyse the phasor diagram, shown in figure 2


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2) Connect the meters of proper ratings.
3) Initially keep the autotransformer at zero position. Then gradually increase the voltage and look at
reading of current in all the three ammeters. If current is different change the load in each phase
accordingly and bring current in all the three meters equal. This is the balanced condition means now
load is balanced. Now don’t change the position of load throughout the experiment.
4) Note down the readings of all the meters in observation table.
5) Now change the voltage level by changing autotransformer position and again note down reading of
all the meters.
6) Take 5 to 6 readings like this.
7) Do the calculations and verify relationship between line and phase voltages and current in star
connected load.
8) Draw the graph for at least two readings.
OBSERVATIONS:
Ratio between line and phase
S.N Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading
voltages
VRN VYN VBN VRY VYB VYB IR IY IB

VRY/ VRN VYB/ VBN VYB/ VRY
(V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (A) (A) (A)

CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS:

ii)

iii)

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM: Verification of line and phase relationship of current and voltage in a balanced Delta connected
load.
SIGNIFICANCE:

3) Ammeter MI (0-10V) – 3no.
4) Ammeter MI (0-5A) – 3no.
5) Three phase autotransformer – 1no.
6) Rheostat (5A, 100Ω) – 3nos.
THEORY:
The three phases of the three phase system can be used independent of each other supplying
power to different loads. Each load gets power from a single phase. This system is adopted for domestic
power supply.
The loads are connected to form a three phase system. The loads (i.e., impedances Z1, Z2 and
Z3) can then be either star-connected or delta-connected. Such a load is called a three phase load. In a three
phase load, if all the three impedances are equal (both in resistive as well as reactive parts), the load is said to
be a balanced load. An example of such a balanced three-phase load is a three-phase motor, which has three
identical windings. To such a load, if a balanced three phase supply is applied, the currents will also be
balanced. Conversely, if it is carrying balanced currents, the voltages across the circuit will also be balanced.
In a three phase system, there are two sets of voltages: (i) line voltages, and (ii)
phase voltages. Similarly, there two sets of currents: (i) line currents, and (ii) phase currents.
Delta connected System:

Let IR’R, IB’B, IY’Y, be the r.m.s values of the phase currents in the three windings of
the generator. Their assumed posistive directions are indicated by arrows in figure 1. Since the load is
assumed balances, these currents are equal in magnitude and differ in phase by 120˚, as shown in the phasor
diagram of figure 2, therefore we can write
|IR’R| = |IY’Y| = |IB’B| = Iph
From figure 1, it can be seen that the phase current IR’R flows towards the line conductor R, whereas the
phase current IB’B flows away from it. Applying KCL at the terminal R, we can write
IR = IR’R - IB’B
Above vector addition of IR’R and -IB’B is shown in the phasor diagram. From the symmetrical geometry of the
diagram, it is evident that the linne currents are equal in magnitude and differ in phase by 120˚, Also
IR = 2(Iphcos30˚) = √3Iph

Hence, for a delta connected system with balanced load, the magnitude of line currentand of phase current
are related as
IL = √3Iph
From figure, it is obvious that the line voltage VRY is same as the phase voltage VR’R. hence, for a delta
connected system, we have
VL = Vph

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

2) Connect the meters of proper ratings.
3) Initially keep the autotransformer at zero position. Then gradually increase the voltage and look at
reading of current in all the three ammeters connected in three phases of delta connected load. If
current is different change the load in each phase accordingly and bring current in all the three
meters equal. This is the balanced condition means now load is balanced. Now don’t change the
position of load throughout the experiment.
4) Note down the readings of all the meters in observation table.
5) Now change the voltage level by changing autotransformer position and again note down reading of
all the meters.
6) Take 5 to 6 readings like this.
7) Do the calculations and verify relationship between line and phase voltages and current in delta
connected load.
8) Draw the graph for at least two readings.
OBSERVATIONS:
Ratio between line and phase

S.N Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading
voltages
IR IY IB IRY IYB IYB
VRY VYB VBR IRY / IR IYB / IY IYB / IB
(V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (V)

CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS:
i)

ii)

iii)

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
AIM: Study of series R-L-C circuit.
SIGNIFICANCE:

2) A.C Voltmeters (0-300V) – 1 no.
3) A.C Ammeter (0-5A) – 1 no.
4) Wattmeter (10A, 300V) – 1 no.
5) A.C Voltmeters (0-300V) – 3 no.
THEORY:
An a.c voltage of r.m.s value ‘V’ when applied to a R-L-C series circuit establishes an r.m.s current
‘I’ given by
I = V/Z, where Z = √R² + (XL - XC)²
The circuit is as shown in figure 1 and the phasor diagram in figure 2, for the case when XL > XC. The effect of
XL > XC is a lagging power factor, since the current I lags behind voltage V by an angle Ф,
Where Ф = tan^-1 ((XL –XC/R))
If XC > XL then the power factor of the circuit is leading and current I leads the voltage V by an angle Ф.
In an inductor, the copper losses take place due to resistance of its coil, and the core losses take place in the
magnetic core (in case of ‘ironed cored’ inductors).
In the capacitor, the losses take place in the dielectric medium used for making it.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Connect resistor, inductor and capacitor in series. Keep the
resistor, inductor and capacitor at one position.
2) Initially keep the autotransformer at zero position. Now gradually increase the voltage and bring it
upto one level.
3) Note down the readings of current, voltages across resistor, inductor and capacitor, applied voltage
and also note down power.
4) Now change the value of resistance or inductance or capacitance or all in the circuit and again note
down the readings of all the meters.
5) Do the calculations as given in the calculation table and write down the result.
6) Draw the graph for at least three set of readings.
7) Calculate power factor of the circuit from the graph also.

OBSERVATIONS:
Voltage Voltage Voltage

Applied
Current I across across across Total Power
S.N Voltage V
(A) resistor VR inductor VL capacitor VC P (W)
(V)
(V) (V) (V)

CALCULATIONS:
p.f from
S.N R = VR/I XL = VL/I XC = VC/I Z = √R² + (XL - XC)² p.f, cosФ = R/Z phasor
diagram
1
S.N V = √VR² + (VL – VC)² S =VI p.f, cosФ = P/VI R = P/I² Z = V/I

GRAPHS:
i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
AIM: Study of Parallel R-L-C circuit.
SIGNIFICANCE:

2) A.C Voltmeters (0-300V) – 1 no,
3) A.C Ammeter (0-2A) – 3 no,
4) Wattmeter (10A, 300V) – 1 no.
5) A.C Ammeter (0-5A) – 1 no.
THEORY:
Figure 1 shows the parallel RLC circuit. Writing KCL equation, we get total current I supplied by
the applied voltage as
I = IR + IL + IC = + V/jXL + V/-jXC = VG + V(-jYL) + (jYC)
Or I = V[G + j(Yc - YL)] = VY
Where, y is the complex admittance of the given circuit. Obviously,

G = ; Y = 1/XL = 1/ωL and YC = 1/XC = ωC/1 = ωC
Note that +j is associated with YC (and not with XL) and –j with YL. The complexadmittance of the circuit can
be written as
Y = G + j(Yc - YL) = √ G² + (Yc - YL)² ∠tan^-1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Connect resistor, inductor and capacitor in parallel. Keep the
resistor, inductor and capacitor at one position.
2) Initially keep the autotransformer at zero position. Now gradually increase the voltage and bring it
upto one level.
3) Note down the readings of applied voltage, total current and current through resistor, inductor and
capacitor and also note down power.
4) Now change the value of resistance or inductance or capacitance or all in the circuit and again note
down the readings of all the meters.
5) Do the calculations as given in the calculation table and write down the result.
6) Draw the graph for at least three set of readings.
7) Calculate power factor of the circuit from the graph also.
OBSERVATIONS:
Current Current Current

Applied Total
through through through Total Power
S.N Voltage V Current I
resistor IR inductor IL capacitor IC P (W)
(V) (A)
(V) (V) (V)

CALCULATIONS:
p.f from
R= XL = XC =
S.N Y = √G² + (YC - YL)² Y = I/V phasor
VR/IR VL/IL VC/IC
diagram
1

S.N I = √IR² + (IL – IC)² S =VI p.f, cosФ = G/Y R = P/I² p.f, cosФ = P/VI

GRAPHS:
i)

ii)

iii)

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
AIM: Study of Resonance in R-L-C series circuit.
SIGNIFICANCE:

2) Function Generator – 1no.
3) A. C Voltmeter (0 – 150V) – 1no.
4) Digital Multimeters.
5) A.C Ammeter (0 – 5A) – 1no.
6) A. C Voltmeter (0 – 50V) – 3no.
THEORY:
A RLC series network is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and current are
in phase and the frequency at which this phenomena occurs is known as resonance frequency fr. Resonance
occurs when inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance i.e. XL = XC.
Resonant frequency fr =
∏√
At resonance the impedance is pure resistance .At resonance frequency the current in
the circuit is maximum which is given by Imax.
BAND WIDTH: A band of frequencies at which the current is 1 times its maximum value. At that
√2
instant the power delivered to the circuit is half of the power at resonance. Hence they are called as
half power frequencies f1 and f2. The frequency f1 is termed as lower cut off frequency and f2 is termed as
upper cut off frequency. And hence the difference between the two half power frequencies is known as
Band-width.
B.W = f2 - f1
QUALITY FACTOR: The ratio between resonance frequency fr to bandwidth B.W. It is also given as the ratio of
capacitor or inductor voltage at resonance to supply voltage.
Q factor = or
Q factor =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

2) Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 5V.
3) Vary the frequency of the signal from 100 Hz to 1KHz in steps and note down the corresponding ammeter
readings.
4) Observe that the current first increases & then decreases in case of series resonant circuit & the value of
frequency corresponding to maximum current is equal to resonant frequency.

5) Note down this frequency and also value of current at resonant frequency. Also note down voltage
across inductor, capacitor and resistor at every instant.
6) Draw a graph between frequency and current & calculate the values of bandwidth & quality factor.
OBSERVATIONS:
Current Voltage
Frequency Voltage across Voltage across
S. No. across
(Hz) inductor VL (V) capacitor VC (V)
(mA) resistor VR (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

CALCULATIONS:
1) Resonant frequency fr =
∏√
2) B.W = f2 - f1
3) Q factor = or
4) Q factor =


GRAPHS:
i)

ii)

iii)

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
AIM: Measurement of power and power factor in a single phase ac circuit.
SIGNIFICANCE: i) Active power can be measured for any type of load.

ii) Power factor and Reactive power can be calculated if we
also measure voltage across and current flowing through
the load.

2) Ammeter (0-5A) – 1nos.
3) Voltmeter (0-300V) – 1nos.
4) Wattmeter (10A, 300V) – 1 nos.
5) Load bank.
6) Decade resistance, capacitance, inductance box – 1 each.
7) Autotransformer.
THEORY:
The active power or average power or real power in any single phase load can be
measured with the help of dynamometer type wattmeter. The wattmeter contains two coils current
coil and pressure or voltage coil. Current coil (CC) is connected in series with the load and pressure
coil (PC) is connected in parallel with the load. Wattmeter has four terminals M, L, C, V. The terminal
M is connected to mains supply, terminal L is connected on the load side, terminal V is connected to
the other end of the load and terminals M and C are short circuited. If we also connect the ammeter
and voltmeter along with the wattmeter, we can also measure the voltage across the load and
current through it and the product of voltage and current will give apparent power (VI). After
knowing active and apparent power we can easily calculate power factor of the load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram using connecting wires and the measuring
instruments.
2) Keep the dimmerstat at minimum position and gradually increase the value of voltage at one
level by looking at voltmeter.
3) Initially keep the switch of load bank open, at this time current and power will be zero. Take
the reading of all the three meters.
4) Now close the switch of load bank, and increase the load gradually by closing one switch at a
time.
5) Every time when you increase the load, adjust the voltage to its initial value using
autotransformer, if it gets changed.
6) Note down the reading of all the meters, every time when you increase the load by closing
one or two switch at a time.
7) Calculate power and power factor using above given formula.
OBSERVATIONS:
Voltage Current Active Apparent Power Factor,

S.N
(V) (A) Power,P (W) Power S = VI cosФ
1

CALCULATIONS:
Active Power, P = VIcosФ,

Apparent Power, S = VI,
Power Factor, cosФ = (Active Power/Apparent Power) = P/S.

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
AIM: To study starting of dc shunt motor using three point starter and reversing of dc shunt motor.
SIGNIFICANCE: i) Need of starter at the time of starting.

ii) Reversing of DC shunt motor.

2) DC shunt motor,
3) Three point starter,
4) Variable DC power supply (30A)
THEORY:
DC shunt motor is widely used motor in industrial applications. It is a constant speed motor
idealy but there some drop in speed from no-load to full-load practically. The dc shunt motor is started with
the help of three point starter. Starter consists of resistances in series with armature which limits the starting
current of motor and the resistance is gradually cut-out as the motor gains speed. Once the motor is attaining
full speed all resistances of starter has been cut out and motor run at rated speed. Since the back emf of
motor is zero at the time of staring as motor is at rest so the heavy current can flow through armature and to
limit this starter is used.
The direction of dc shunt motor can be reversed or changed either by interchanging
its field terminals or armature terminals but not both, because changing both the field and armature
terminals will not change the direction of motor and the motor will continue to run in same direction.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. Positive of supply is connected to field point F of motor
through starter and negative connected to point FF of field.
2) Now switch on the dc supply source and move the starter arm gradually. The motor will pick up the
speed slowly and finally runs at rated speed.
3) Note the direction of motor.
4) Now switch off the supply and interchange the field winding terminals F-FF as shown in figure 2,
negative of supply connected to F of field and positive now connected to FF of field through starter.
5) Again move the starter arm gradually. The motor will pick up the speed slowly and finally runs at
rated speed.
6) And again note down the direction of motor.
7) Now switch off the supply and interchange the armature winding terminals A-AA as shown in figure
3, negative of supply connected to A of armature and positive now connected to AA of armature
through starter.
8) Again move the starter arm gradually. The motor will pick up the speed slowly and finally runs at
rated speed.
9) And again note down the direction of motor.
10) Disconnect the circuit after finishing experiment.
OBSERVATIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
AIM: Determination of voltage and current ratio of single phase transformer.
SIGNIFICANCE:

2) A.C Ammeter (0-5A) – 2nos.
3) Voltmeter (0-300V) – 2nos.
4) Load bank.
5) Autotransformer.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram using connecting wires and the measuring
instruments.
2) Gradually increase the voltage applied to primary using autotransformer and set it to one level by
looking at voltmeter.
3) Initially keep the switch of load bank open, at this time current will be zero. Take the reading of all
the three meters.
4) Now close the switch of load bank, and increase the load gradually by closing one switch at a time.
5) Every time when you increase the load, ajdust the primary side voltage to its initial value using
autotransformer.
6) Note down the reading of all the meters, every time when you increase the load.
7) Calculate the voltage and current ratios.

OBSERVATIONS:
Voltage
SR Current
PRIMARY SIDE SECONDARY SIDE Ratio,
NO. Ratio, I2/I1
V1/V2
Voltage Current I1 Voltage Current I2
V1 (V) (A) V2 (V) (A)

CALCULATIONS:
VOLTAGE RATIO = V1/V2,
CURRENT RATIO = I1/I2,
RELATIONSHIP: =
RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO. 13
AIM: Determination of Efficiency and Regulation of single phase Transformer by direct loading.
SIGNIFICANCE: From this test we can find out at which load transformer has maximum efficiency and by
how much amount secondary side voltage changes on loading a transformer.

2) A.C Ammeter (0-5A) – 1nos.
3) A. C Ammeter (0-10A) – 1nos.
4) A.C Voltmeter (0-300V) – 2nos.
5) Load bank.
6) Autotransformer.
7) Wattmeter (10A, 300V) – 2nos.
THEORY: In a practical transformer there are two types of losses:

(1) Cu loss
(2) Core/Iron loss.
Therefore output of a transformer is always less than input of the transformer.
Here transformer is loaded with a variable resistive load. Input to the transformer can be found out by using
a wattmeter and output can also be measured by a wattmeter or with the help of voltmeter and ammeter.
Input power to transformer = Reading of wattmeter W1
Output power from transformer = Reading of wattmeter W2
% efficiency η = (Output Power / Input Power) × 100%

= (W2 / W1) × 100%
Voltage regulation(V.R) is the change in the magnitude of secondary voltage from no load to desired load.
This change is expressed as a percentage of the full load voltage.
( )
% V.R = ( )
X 100 %

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

2) Initially keep the dimmerstat or autotransformer at zero position. And also keep the switch of the
load bank open. Now, gradually increase the voltage and bring it upto rated voltage. Note down this
reading of voltage on both the side of transformer. This reading of voltage on secondary side is open
circuit secondary voltage.
3) Now close the switch of the load bank and gradually increase the load. Every time when load is
increased, note down the readings of voltage, current and power on both the sides of the
transformer in observation table.
4) Calculate percent voltage regulation and percent efficiency by formula as given in calaculations.
OBSERVATIONS:
Open circuit secondary voltage V20 = ___________
Primary Side Secondary Side

Power P1
Power P2
(wattmeter
S.N (wattmeter
Voltage Current I1 reading x Voltage Current I2
reading x
V1 (V) (A) multiplying V2 (V) (A)
multiplying
factor)
factor) (W)
(W)
1

CALCULATIONS:
S.N % Voltage Regulation = X 100 % Efficiency = X 100

GRAPHS: i) Plot graph between output power P2 on X-axis and % Voltage Regulation on Y-axis.

ii) Plot graph between output power P2 on X-axis and % efficiency on Y-axis.

RESULTS/CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

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Vidharbha Youth Welfare Society’s

Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management

New Express Highway, Badnera – Amravati

First Year Engineering Department

completed the practical work satisfactorily in ________________________________________________

for __________________semester and __________________group as prescribed by Sant Gadge baba

Amravati University, Amravati during the year ____________________ with grade__________________

Head of Department Prof. Incharge

Vidharbha Youth Welfare Society’s

Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management

New Express Highway, Badnera – Amravati

Sr.No. Name of Experiment Date Remarks

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 2

AIM: Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws.

APPRATUS: 1) Connecting wires,

B) THE KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 3

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 4

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 5

B) For Kirchhoff’s Current law:

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 6

Current through R1, I1 Current through R2, Current through

SPACE FOR OBSERVATIONS (IF THERE IS CHANGE IN OBSERVATIONS GIVEN ABOVE):

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 7

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 8

AIM: Verification of Superposition Theorem.

APPRATUS: 1) 2mm Patch cords,

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 9

FOR BRANCH c-d:

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 10

FOR BRANCH e-f:

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 11

For branch c-d:

1) Connect the power supply cord of the kit in the socket.

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 12

For branch e-f:

Current flowing through Current flowing through

When both the sources

When only 5V source is

When only 12V source

SPACE FOR OBSERVATIONS (IF THERE IS CHANGE IN OBSERVATIONS GIVEN ABOVE):

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 13

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 14

AIM: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.

APPRATUS: 1) 2mm Patch cords,

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 15

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM:

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 16

1) Value of RL set in original and thevenin’s equivalent network = ________

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 17

SPACE FOR OBSERVATIONS (IF THERE IS CHANGE IN OBSERVATIONS GIVEN ABOVE):

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 18

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 19

AIM: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

APPRATUS: 1) 2mm Patch cords,

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 20

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 21

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 22

SPACE FOR OBSERVATIONS (IF THERE IS CHANGE IN OBSERVATIONS GIVEN ABOVE):

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 23

PROF. RAM MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENGT Page 24

for semester and group as prescribed by Sant Gadge baba

Amravati University, Amravati during the year __ with grade