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H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E
E X A M I N AT I O N
Chemistry
115
Section I
75 marks
Part A – 15 marks
Attempt Questions 1–15
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
(A) Ethanol
(B) Uranium
(C) Petroleum
(D) Aluminium
(A) Addition
(B) Hydrolysis
(C) Substitution
(D) Condensation
Direction Medium
(A) anode to cathode salt bridge
(B) anode to cathode external wire
(C) cathode to anode salt bridge
(D) cathode to anode external wire
– 2 –
H H H
C H H H H H
H C C C C C C H
H H H OH H H
(A) Hexan-3-ol
(B) Hexan-4-ol
(C) Heptan-3-ol
(D) Heptan-5-ol
5 The diagram represents a cell in which two metals have been placed in a solution
containing their respective metallic ions. The metals are connected to a voltmeter.
Which of the following combinations of metals would produce the highest reading on the
voltmeter?
(A) HCl
(B) NaCl
(C) NaOH
(D) CH3OH
– 3 –
7 Which graph represents the enthalpy change for an acid-base neutralisation reaction?
(A) (B)
Enthalpy
Enthalpy
Reaction progress Reaction progress
(C) (D)
Enthalpy
Enthalpy
Reaction progress Reaction progress
8 Acid X and acid Y are both monoprotic weak acids of equal concentration. Acid X is a
stronger acid than acid Y.
– 4 –
(A) 10 mL
(B) 180 mL
(C) 810 mL
(D) 900 mL
11 What is the consequence of having large concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in
waterways?
(A) Turbidity
(B) Hardness
(C) Eutrophication
(D) Heavy metal contamination
(A) Water
(B) Carbon (soot)
(C) Sulfur dioxide
(D) Carbon dioxide
– 5 –
(A) AAS is an effective qualitative technique but it cannot be used for quantitative
analysis.
(B) AAS measures the wavelengths of light emitted when electrons fall back to their
ground state.
(C) In AAS, white light is shone through a vaporised sample in order to observe which
wavelengths are absorbed.
(D) The wavelength of light used in AAS matches one of the spectral lines produced
when the sample is analysed by a flame test.
15 The following equations show the overall effect of the presence of chlorine free radicals
(•Cl) on ozone in the stratosphere.
•Cl + O3 → •ClO + O2
•ClO + •O → •Cl + O2
Which term best describes the role of the chlorine free radical in this process?
(A) Anion
(B) Catalyst
(C) Initiator
(D) Oxidant
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BLANK PAGE
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BLANK PAGE
– 8 –
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I (continued)
Marks
Question 16 (5 marks)
Y 35 km
X 15 km
Earth
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116 – 9 –
Marks
Question 17 (4 marks)
A student mixed pairs of these solutions together and obtained the following results.
Reactants Observation
solution 1 and solution 2 bubbles
solution 2 and solution 3 white precipitate
solution 2 and solution 4 no reaction
solution 1 and solution 3 white precipitate
solution 1 and solution 4 white precipitate
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– 10 –
Marks
Question 17 (continued)
Solution Identity
(c) Why would it be inappropriate to use flame tests to identify these solutions? 1
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Question 18 (3 marks)
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BLANK PAGE
– 12 –
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I – Part B (continued)
Student Number
Marks
Question 19 (7 marks)
There are many benefits and problems associated with the use of radioisotopes in 7
industry and medicine.
Evaluate the impact on society of the use of radioisotopes in both industry and
medicine. In your answer, give examples of specific radioisotopes, making reference
to their chemical properties.
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117 – 13 –
Marks
Question 20 (4 marks)
4 (aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2e
Pb(s) + SO2– –
PbO2(s) + SO2–
4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
+ –
(a) Identify the anode, then write the equation that represents the overall chemical 2
reaction.
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© Board of Studies NSW 2007
2007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I – Part B (continued)
Student Number
Marks
Question 21 (5 marks)
(a) State what colour the red cabbage indicator would be in a 0.005 mol L–1 solution 1
of H2SO4. Show your working.
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(b) Using the red cabbage indicator, what colour would the solution be if 10 mL of 1
0.005 mol L–1 H2SO4 was diluted to 100 mL?
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(c) What volume of 0.005 mol L–1 KOH is required to neutralise 15 mL of the 3
diluted solution of H2SO4?
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118 – 15 –
Marks
Question 22 (7 marks)
In 2004, Australia’s Minister for the Environment announced that the allowable
amounts of sulfur in unleaded petrol and diesel would be reduced over the next 5
years.
Currently sulfur in diesel is 500 parts per million (ppm) but it will be cut to 50
ppm on 1 January 2006 and capped at 10 ppm from January 2009.
(a) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide produced when a full tank 3
(capacity 60 kg) of diesel is consumed at 25°C and 100 kPa in November 2007.
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(b) Evaluate the effect of the sulfur reduction policy on the environment. 4
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© Board of Studies NSW 2007
2007 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I – Part B (continued)
Student Number
Marks
Question 23 (3 marks)
When hexanoic acid and ethanol are mixed together under certain conditions, 3
esterification occurs.
Describe the conditions necessary for this reaction and give the structural formulae
and names of the products.
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118a – 17 –
Marks
Question 24 (5 marks)
(a) Plot a graph of the heat of combustion versus the molecular weight for the three 3
alkanols.
Molecular weight
– 18 –
Marks
Question 24 (continued)
(b) (i) Use the graph to estimate the heat of combustion of propan-1-ol. 1
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(ii) The theoretical value for the heat of combustion of propan-1-ol is more 1
than 2000 kJ mol–1.
Suggest a chemical reason, other than heat loss, for the difference
between this value and the estimated value from part (b) (i).
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End of Question 24
– 19 –
Marks
Question 25 (5 marks)
Assess the effectiveness of NaHCO3 in this role, with reference to its chemical
properties.
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Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I – Part B (continued)
Student Number
Marks
Question 26 (4 marks)
Explain how the structure and properties of polyethylene and polystyrene relate to the
4
way each is used.
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119 – 21 –
Marks
Question 27 (8 marks)
Sintered
glass filter
AgNO3
solution Precipitate
Vacuum
Water
pump
sample
Filtrate
Figure 1 Figure 2
Reproduced by Permission of Macmillan Education Australia
(a) Describe how you could, using the equipment in the diagram, determine the 3
chloride ion concentration in a water sample. Include a balanced equation.
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Marks
Question 27 (continued)
(b) If the volume of the water sample being tested is 50.0 mL and the mass of the 3
dried precipitate obtained is 3.65 g, calculate the chloride ion concentration in
the water sample in ppm.
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End of Question 27
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BLANK PAGE
– 24 –
Chemistry
Section II
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 28–32
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Pages
120 – 25 –
Marks
Question 28 — Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)
NaCl(aq)
brine
purification
ammonia NH3(g)
absorber
NaCl(aq) NH3(aq)
water lime Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCl2(aq)
heat
dissolver
NH4Cl
CaO(s) NH4Cl
tower filter
NaHCO3
NaHCO3
CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) water
furnace heat
Na2CO3(s)
(i) Identify this industrial process and write a balanced equation to represent 2
the overall chemical reaction that occurs.
(ii) The products of the reaction formed in the tower are sodium hydrogen 2
carbonate and ammonium chloride.
– 26 –
Marks
Question 28 (continued)
(b) Over the past century the production of sodium hydroxide has evolved from the 6
mercury process, to the diaphragm process, to the membrane process.
Analyse the factors that contributed to each of the changes in the production
process.
(c) Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas via the following process.
(ii) Calculate the equilibrium constant, when 1.00 mol of H2S and 1.00 mol 2
of SO2 react in a 1.00 L vessel at 373 K to give 0.50 mol of water vapour
under equilibrium conditions.
(iii) Identify FOUR factors that would maximise the removal of H2S(g) in 2
this reaction.
(d) Describe the impact that saponification products have had on society and the 4
environment.
(i) Outline the procedure used and the results you obtained. 2
(iii) Describe how this procedure models equilibrium and state a limitation of 3
the model.
End of Question 28
– 27 –
Marks
Question 29 — Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)
Graphite rods
(ii) Describe, with the use of half equations, the processes that occur at the 2
anode and cathode.
(b) Corrosion is a major problem for vessels that have to operate in a variety of 6
aquatic environments.
Analyse how the factors in aquatic environments have impacted on the choice of
metals used in the construction of vessels over time.
– 28 –
Marks
Question 29 (continued)
(c) The diagram represents three separate petri dishes each containing a mixture of
agar, sodium chloride solution, phenolphthalein and an indicator which turns
blue in the presence of Fe2+. Nails are added to each dish.
Cu Mg
(ii) Write two half equations to explain the presence of the blue and pink 2
colours in dish B.
(iii) In which dish would the nail be protected from corrosion? Explain your 2
answer.
(d) The work of early scientists has increased our understanding of electron transfer 4
reactions. Describe the impact of this work on society.
(e) You performed a first-hand investigation to compare and describe the rate of
corrosion of metals in different acidic and neutral solutions.
(i) Outline the procedure used and the results you obtained. 2
(iii) Use your results to explain why shipwrecks at great depth experience 3
accelerated corrosion.
End of Question 29
– 29 –
Marks
Question 30 — The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)
Glycolysis
CO2
W
Acetyl-CoA
(i) Identify substance W and the site where it undergoes oxidation to form 2
acetyl-CoA.
(ii) Identify the form in which energy is captured, and account for the overall 2
number of these molecules produced per glucose molecule during
glycolysis.
(b) In the study of chemistry, scientists use models to test and relate ideas. 6
– 30 –
Marks
Question 30 (continued)
(c) (i) State an IUPAC name for the substance with the common name, lactic 1
acid, C3H6O3.
(ii) Using structural formulae, write the balanced equation for the formation 2
of lactic acid in anaerobic respiration.
(d) Describe how knowledge of aerobic respiration has increased our understanding 4
of muscle activity during gentle exercise.
(i) Outline the procedure used and the results you obtained. 2
(iii) Enzymes will only function at a specific pH. Explain this in terms of 3
their structure.
End of Question 30
– 31 –
Marks
Question 31 — The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)
(a) The electron spin orbital diagram represents the 3d and 4s electrons for an
element in the first transition series.
3d 4s
(i) Identify this element and explain the arrangement of electrons in these 3
sub-shells in terms of the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule.
(ii) This element can form an ion with an oxidation state of +3. In your 1
writing booklet, draw an electron spin orbital diagram to represent this
ion.
(b) In the study of chemistry, scientists use models to test and relate ideas. 6
(ii) Explain which of these two species would be the stronger oxidising 2
agent.
(d) Describe how our understanding of the chemistry of specific pigments used by 4
an ancient culture has influenced our choice of pigments used today.
– 32 –
Marks
Question 31 (continued)
(e) You have performed a first-hand investigation to observe the flame colour of a
number of different cations.
(i) Outline the procedure you used to identify the Sr2+ ion. 2
(iii) Explain how the flame colour of the Sr2+ ion relates to electron 3
excitation and emission spectra.
End of Question 31
– 33 –
Marks
Question 32 — Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)
HO C H
C
C
H OH H
OH
C C C OH
OH H H
(b) Evaluate the implications of the use of DNA as an identification molecule for 6
society.
– 34 –
Marks
Question 32 (continued)
(c) (i) What is the general structural formula for an amino acid? 1
H H O H C H O
H C C C N C C
H N H H H OH
(iii) Outline how proteins can be broken into different lengths in the chain. 2
(d) Describe how the results of some forensic investigations are improved by the use 4
of mass spectrometry.
End of paper
– 35 –
BLANK PAGE
– 36 –
Chemistry
DATA SHEET
Avogadro constant, NA .................................................................. 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Ionisation constant for water at 25°C (298.15 K), Kw ................. 1.0 × 10–14
Cu + e Cu(s) 0.52 V
1 (s) + e–
–I I –
0.54 V
2
2
–12
I2(aq) + e–
I –
0.62 V
3+ –
2+
Fe +e Fe 0.77 V
Ag+ + e– Ag(s) 0.80 V
–12
Br2(l) + e– Br– 1.08 V
–
–
–12
Br2(aq) +e Br 1.10 V
1
(g) + + –
–O2
2
2H + 2e H2O 1.23 V
–12 Cl2(g) + e–
Cl –
1.36 V
–12 Cr2O72– + 7H+ + 3e– Cr 3+
+ –72 H2O 1.36 V
1
–Cl
2
2
(aq) + e– Cl –
1.40 V
MnO4–
+ 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O 1.51 V
–12 F2(g) + e– F– 2.89 V
Aylward and Findlay, SI Chemical Data (5th Edition) is the principal source of data for
120a this examination paper. Some data may have been modified for examination purposes.
– 37 –
3 4 Atomic Number 79 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Au Symbol of element B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 Atomic Weight 197.0 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
Lithium Beryllium Gold Name of element Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 [97.91] 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 [209.0] [210.0] [222.0]
– 38 –
Caesium Barium Lanthanoids Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Lanthanoids
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 [145] 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Actinoids
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
[227] 232.0 231.0 238.0 [237] [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [262]
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
For elements that have no stable or long-lived nuclides, the mass number of the nuclide with the longest confirmed half-life is listed between square brackets.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements (October 2005 version) is the principal source of data. Some data may have been modified.