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[G.R. No. 118295. May 2, 1997]

WIGBERTO E. TAÑADA and ANNA DOMINIQUE COSETENG,


as members of the Philippine Senate and as taxpayers;
GREGORIO ANDOLANA and JOKER ARROYO as
members of the House of Representatives and as
taxpayers; NICANOR P. PERLAS and HORACIO R.
MORALES, both as taxpayers; CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION,
NATIONAL ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM
ASSOCIATION, CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVE
DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES, LIKAS-KAYANG
KAUNLARAN FOUNDATION, INC., PHILIPPINE RURAL
RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENT, DEMOKRATIKONG
KILUSAN NG MAGBUBUKID NG PILIPINAS, INC., and
PHILIPPINE PEASANT INSTITUTE, in representation of
various taxpayers and as non-governmental
organizations, Ä   
EDGARDO ANGARA,
ALBERTO ROMULO, LETICIA RAMOS-SHAHANI,
HEHERSON ALVAREZ, AGAPITO AQUINO, RODOLFO
BIAZON, NEPTALI GONZALES, ERNESTO HERRERA,
JOSE LINA, GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, ORLANDO
MERCADO, BLAS OPLE, JOHN OSMEÑA, SANTANINA
RASUL, RAMON REVILLA, RAUL ROCO, FRANCISCO
TATAD and FREDDIE WEBB, in their respective
capacities as members of the Philippine Senate who
concurred in the ratification by the President of the
Philippines of the Agreement Establishing the World
Trade Organization; SALVADOR ENRIQUEZ, in his
capacity as Secretary of Budget and Management;
CARIDAD VALDEHUESA, in her capacity as National
Treasurer; RIZALINO NAVARRO, in his capacity as
Secretary of Trade and Industry; ROBERTO
SEBASTIAN, in his capacity as Secretary of Agriculture;
ROBERTO DE OCAMPO, in his capacity as Secretary of
Finance; ROBERTO ROMULO, in his capacity as
Secretary of Foreign Affairs; and TEOFISTO T.
GUINGONA, in his capacity as Executive
Secretary, Ä .

DECISION
PANGANIBAN,
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The First Issue:


       
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goods (TRIMS, for brevity):

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TRIMS that are inconsistent with the obligation of
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III of GATT 1994 include those which are mandatory or
enforceable under domestic law or under administrative
rulings, or compliance with which is necessary to obtain
an advantage, and which require

       


  

    
     
 
      
     
   
       
      
 

            




   
    
   
    
     

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       shall be accorded
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(c) In the area of the General Agreement on Trade in
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Declaration of Principles Not Self-Executing

          


   
    
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Economic Nationalism Should Be Read with Other


Constitutional Mandates to Attain Balanced Development of
Economy

    
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WTO Recognizes Need to Protect Weak Economies

   


 
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Specific WTO Provisos Protect Developing Countries

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Constitution Does Not Rule Out Foreign Competition

                  





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Constitution Designed to Meet Future Events and


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