Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Liberty University
HSER 509
Rothenberg, P. (2010), Race, Class, and Gender in the United States. New York: Worth
Publishers.
Abstract
Rothenberg paints an oppressive picture for women, the financially oppressed and minority
members of society. The author presents compelling essays of race, gender and class which
examine the social construct of each issue. Race has been defined as the primary determinant of
human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a
particular race. This has produced the view that Euro-Americans’ social, cultural, and economic
advantaged position must be maintained at the expense of others as the normal life. The
influential power of race, gender and class are explained and illustrated through the collection of
essays. The dynamics of power are divided based on different social classifications.
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Concrete Responses
The essays included present a compelling but biased study within the context of class,
race and gender. History shows racism has been clearly practiced in the past; however much has
been done to correct the unbridgeable and immutable differences in race, gender and class status
in the United States. Rothenberg emphasizes, in the collection of essays, past views of Euro-
Americans’ superiority in intelligence and abilities over darker skinned races. Throughout the
history of the United States, discrimination against race and gender has been documented thus
creating various classes according to race and gender. Racism has been defined as “a belief that
race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce
discrimination is described as being “the process by which two stimuli differing in some aspect
People v. Hall, 1854, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857, and Bradwell v. Illinois, 1873 created
a class difference in the ruling of each case between Euro-American males, Indians, Negroes,
Skin color differences have been thought to explain intellectual, physical and artistic
differences, thus justifying varying treatment between racially different individuals (Rothenberg,
2010, p. 17). A person of property was considered of superior intelligence and character
(Rothenberg, 2010, p. 8). The claim that race is a social construction takes issue with the once
popular belief that people were born into different races with innate, biologically based
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differences in intellect, temperament, and character (Rothenberg, 2010, p.10). Michael Omi and
Howard Winant maintain that “Race is more a political categorization that a biological or
scientific category” (Rothenberg, 2010, p.10). Racial distinctions can be correlated with
In California, 1854, the state Supreme Court ruled in the case, People v. Hall that
Chinese Americans should be barred from testifying against whites as Indians and Negroes had
previously been barred with a California statue. The judges “marked [Chinese-Americans] as
inferior, and ...are incapable of progress or intellectual development beyond a certain point”
(Rothenberg, 2010, p. 495). Orientals and Hispanics were regarded to be naturally suited to
perform brutal, sometimes crippling, farm labor which whites were physically unsuited to
perform. In 1857, the United States Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford stated that
“Negroes were never considered a part of the people of the United States (Rothenberg, 2010,
495).
Gender refers to the particular set of socially constructed meanings associated with each
sex (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010). Men and women have been portrayed as polar
opposites with different abilities. The notion of difference itself is constructed and suggests that
the claim that women and men are naturally and profoundly different reflects a political and
social decision rather than a distinction given in nature. In 1873, the Supreme Court ruled in
Bradwell v. Illinois that women could not practice law and added further degradation arguing
“that women belong in the “domestic sphere”” (Rothenberg, 2010, 495). Every society has
different options on what constitutes a woman’s gender role verses a man’s role. While Roe v.
Wade, 1973, is considered a significant stride forward in women’s rights, the after effects of the
abortion rights given have for open debate on the benefits this case has brought to the women’s
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movement. Spiritually, man and wife should be as one flesh (Genesis 2:24) and a helpmate to
each other (Genesis 2:18), not in competition with each other for power.
In the past, attitudes against races and gender other than Euro-American males have
restricted the right to vote, own property, and even extended to the forced evacuation of
Japanese-Americans into relocation camps. Clearly, discrimination has existed in this country;
however, “the twentieth century has seen the growth of large and diverse movements for race
and gender justice” (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 497). However, Rothenberg’s emphasis on race and
gender portray differences as unbridgeable and immutable, regardless of any social programs or
education.
Reflection
opinions of a number of authors; however, there are two sides to every story. Rothenberg has
presented only one side of the race, class, and gender issues in an angry fashion. All evil has not
been created by Euro-Americans. Pem Davidson Buck states that northern Whites looked down
their noses at the Irish in the same manner they looked at free Blacks (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35).
This created a “psychological wage” (Buck as quoted by Rothenberg, 2010, p. 35), instead of
monetary gain, such as the employee of the month or assigned parking places (Rothenberg, 2010,
p. 35). Calvinism taught being poor was a punishment from God while success was a sign of
being righteous with God. This further created differences in class among the American society,
including discrimination of women, people of color, and homophobia. Differences between rich
and poor, white and black, men and women are socially constructed as innate differences among
people. Then they are used to rationalize or justify the unequal distribution of wealth and power
that results from economic decisions made to perpetuate privilege. The status of various
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occupations and class positions they imply often changes depending on whether the occupation
This particular discrimination also led to more domestication of women. Status began to
be calculated if a woman could “stay home” (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). If a woman was forced
into the labor force, the family didn’t meet the cultural requirements for white privilege
(Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). The categories of gender, race and class reflect culturally constructed
differences that maintain the prevailing distribution of power and privilege in a society.
Constructed differences are altered in relation to social, political and economic changes.
The argument seems to fluxuate between racism and culturism. If cultural status is lost
due to a woman working, that has very little to do with to which race she belongs. As stated in
Buck’s essay (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36), native men redefined themselves by” their class position
as skilled mechanics working for better wages under better conditions” (p. 36) due to the
ownership of their trade tools and their hard work ethic (Rothenberg, 2010, p. 36). Again this is
cultural rather than racial. Any craftsmen, no matter what color his skin, can buy the tools of his
trade to better his position. Rothenberg tends to be angry at this country’s struggles against
racism, class and gender. She has collected many angry essays to support her racial and feminist
opinions but has not shown more than a minimal reference to how far this country has progressed
for all races and genders to be “We the People of the United States” (U.S. Constitution, 1776)
Action
This book has given me much food for thought. During the reading of this book, I have
been more consciously aware of the different races and cultures in my workplace. While I don’t
agree with Rothenberg’s apparent view that racial and gender discrimination continues in our
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7
society today as it has throughout our country’s history, I do see a tendency towards a reverse
discrimination. Since my husband joined corporate America almost two years ago, I’ve watched
him miss promotions, even though he is very productive and conscientious in his work, so that a
minority, usually a woman, could have the position, even though her employee record is full of
criticism of her work ethic. White males continue to be punished today for the actions and
attitudes of their forefathers even though most do not hold those same discriminatory beliefs.
race in my first impression or description of them. As I have illustrated with my students, no two
people whether light or dark skinned are the same color. The biggest wish I have for my
students is for them to be able to unzip their skin so that color is not visible to each other at all.
As future medical assistants, surgical technicians, pharmacy technicians and nursing assistants,
these students need to see past race, gender and even class. As a teacher, I strive not to make
decisions based on race or gender. Class is not an issue for me in the class room since all
Lao Tzu said, “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish and
you feed him for a lifetime”(n.d.). I am a firm believer that regardless of race, gender or class
that our country was founded to give everyone an equal opportunity to pursue life, liberty and
happiness with hard work and education. If I can give my students a sense of work ethic along
with the academic and technical skills they need, I will have given them the tools to succeed
References
discrimination. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discrimination
gender. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gender
Lao Tzu. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from BrainyQuote.com Web site:
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/l/laotzu121559.html
http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/racism
Rothenberg, P. (2010), Race, Class, and Gender in the United States. New York: Worth
Publishers.