C O M U N ID A D E E V A N G É L IC A L U T E R A N A “ S Ã O P A U L O ”

C R E D E N C I A D O P E L O D E C R E T O D E 2 6 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1 - D .O .U . D E 2 7 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1

OPERAÇÕES UNTÁRIAS C
AULA 5 – Exercícios de fixação sobre torres de resfriamento
PROFESSOR: Nazareno Braga

1. Uma água quente gerada no resfriamento de uma planta de energia nuclear entra em
uma torre de resfriamento a 40 ºC e 90 kg/s. A água é resfriada para 25 ºC na torre de
resfriamento por um ar que entra na torre a 1 atm, 23 ºC e 60% de umidade relativa e
deixa a torre saturado a 32 ºC. Determine: (a) o fluxo de massa do ar na entrada da torre
e (b) taxa de escoamento da água de reposição requerida.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist and thus mass flow rate of dry air
remains constant during the entire process. 2 Dry air and water vapor are ideal gases. 3
The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 The cooling tower is
adiabatic.
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of dry air through the tower remains constant
(m a1  m a 2  m a ) , but the mass flow rate of liquid water decreases by an amount equal to
the amount of water that vaporizes in the tower during the cooling process. The water
lost through evaporation must be made up later in the cycle to maintain steady
operation. Applying the mass and energy balances yields
Dry Air Mass Balance:
32C
2
100%
m
 a ,i   m
 a ,e 
 m
 a1  m
 a2  m
a

Water Mass Balance:

3
m
 w,i   m
 w, e  m  a11  m
3 m  a 22
4 m WATER

3 m
m  a (2  1 )  m
4 m  makeup 40C
90 kg/s
Energy Balance:
System
E in  E out  E system0 (steady)  0 boundary

1 AIR
E in  E out
4 1 atm
 m i hi   m e he since Q = W = 0 23C
25C 60%
0   m e he   m i hi
0  m a 2 h2  m 4 h4  m a1h1  m 3h3 Makeup water

0  m a (h2  h1 )  ( m 3  m makeup ) h4  m 3h3

Solving for m
a,

m 3 (h3  h4 )
m a 
(h2  h1 )  (2  1 )h4
From the psychometric chart (Figure A-33),
 C O M U N ID A D E E V A N G É L IC A L U T E R A N A “ S Ã O P A U L O ”
C R E D E N C I A D O P E L O D E C R E T O D E 2 6 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1 - D .O .U . D E 2 7 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1
h1  50.3 kJ/kg dry air
1  0.0106 kg H 2 O/kg dry air
v1  0.854 m 3 /kg dry air
and
h2  110 .8 kJ/kg dry air
2  0.0307 kg H 2O/kg dry air
From Table A-4,
h3  h f @ 40C  167.57 kJ/kg H 2 O
h4  h f @ 25C  104.89 kJ/kg H 2 O

Substituting,
(90 kg/s)(167.57  104.89)kJ/kg
a 
m  96.6 kg/s
(110.8  50.3) kJ/kg  (0.0307  0.0106)(104.89) kJ/kg
Then the volume flow rate of air into the cooling tower becomes
 a v1  (96.6 kg/s)(0.854 m 3 / kg )  82.5 m 3 /s
V1  m
(b) The mass flow rate of the required makeup water is determined from
 a (2  1 )  (96.6 kg/s)(0.0307  0.0106)  1.942 kg/s
 makeup  m
m

2. Uma água quente proveniente de uma planta de resfriamento entre em uma torre de
resfriamento a 43 ºC a uma velocidade de alimentação de 45 kg/s. A água é resfriada a
27 ºC por um ar que entra na torre a 1 atm, 24 ºC e 60% de umidade relativa e deixa
 C O M U N ID A D E E V A N G É L IC A L U T E R A N A “ S Ã O P A U L O ”
C R E D E N C I A D O P E L O D E C R E T O D E 2 6 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1 - D .O .U . D E 2 7 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1
saturado a 35 ºC. Determine: (a) a vazão volumétrica do ar que entra na torre e (b)
vazão mássica requerida para a água de reposição.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist and thus mass flow rate of dry air
remains constant during the entire process. 2 Dry air and water vapor are ideal gases. 3
The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 The cooling tower is
adiabatic.
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of dry air through the tower remains constant
(m a1  m a 2  m a ) , but the mass flow rate of liquid water decreases by an amount equal
to the amount of water that vaporizes in the tower during the cooling process. The
water lost through evaporation must be made up later in the cycle to maintain steady
operation. Applying the mass balance and the energy balance equations yields
Dry Air Mass Balance:
m
 a ,i   m
 a ,e 
 m
 a1  m
 a2  m
a

Water Mass Balance:

m
 w,i   m
 w, e  m  a11  m
3 m  a 22
4 m
3 m
m  a (2  1 )  m
4 m  makeup

Energy Balance:

 in
E   ou t
E   s yste m0
E (s tea d y)
 0

E in  
E out
 m
 i hi   m  e he (sin ce Q  = W =
0   m  e he   m  i hi
0  m
 a 2 h2  m 4 h4  m  a1h1  m
0  m
 a ( h2  h 1 )  (m 3  m
 ma k

Solving for m
a,
m 3 (h3  h4 )
m a 
(h2  h1 )  (2  1 )h4 2
95F
100%
From the psychometric chart (Figure A-33),
h1  30.9 Btu/lbm dry air
1  0.0115 lbm H 2 O/lbm dry air 3
WATER
3
v1  13.76 ft /lbm dry air 110F
and 100 lbm/s
h2  63.2 Btu/lbm dry air
2  0.0366 lbm H 2O/lbm dry air System
boundary
From Table A-4E,
1 AIR
h3  h f @ 110  F  78.02 Btu/lbm H 2 O
h4  h f @ 80 F  48.09 Btu/lbm H 2 O 4 1 atm
76F
Substituting, 60%
80F

(100 lbm/s)(78.02  48.09)Btu/lbm

a 
m  96.3 lbm/s
Makeup water
(63.2  30.9) Btu/lbm  (0.0366  0.0115)(48.09) Btu/lbm
Then the volume flow rate of air into the cooling tower becomes
 a v1  (96.3 lbm/s)(13.76 ft 3 /lbm)  1325 ft 3 /s
V1  m
 C O M U N ID A D E E V A N G É L IC A L U T E R A N A “ S Ã O P A U L O ”
C R E D E N C I A D O P E L O D E C R E T O D E 2 6 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1 - D .O .U . D E 2 7 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1
(b) The mass flow rate of the required makeup water is determined from
 a (2  1 )  (96.3 lbm/s)(0.0366  0.0115)  2.42 lbm/s
 makeup  m
m

3. Uma torre está resfriamento uma corrente de água quente de 40 ºC para 25 ºC onde a
pressão atmosférica é 96 kPa. Ar entra na torre a 20 ºC e 70% de umidade e deixa
saturado a 35 ºC. Determine: a vazão volumétrica do ar que entra na torre e (b) vazão
mássica da água de reposição.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist and thus mass flow rate of dry air
remains constant during the entire process. 2 Dry air and water vapor are ideal gases. 3
The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 The cooling tower is
adiabatic.
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of dry air through the tower remains constant
(m a1  m a 2  m a ) , but the mass flow rate of liquid water decreases by an amount equal to
the amount of water that vaporizes in the tower during the cooling process. The water
lost through evaporation must be made up later in the cycle to maintain steady
operation. Applying the mass and energy balances yields
Dry Air Mass Balance:
m
 a ,i   m
 a ,e 
 m
 a1  m
 a2  m
a

Water Mass Balance:

 m w,i   m w, e  m 3  m a11  m 4  m a 22
m 3  m 4  m a (2  1 )  m makeup

35C
2
100%

3
WATER
40C
50 kg/s

System
boundary

1 AIR

4 96 kPa
20 ºC
70%
25C

Energy Balance:
Makeup water
 C O M U N ID A D E E V A N G É L IC A L U T E R A N A “ S Ã O P A U L O ”
C R E D E N C I A D O P E L O D E C R E T O D E 2 6 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1 - D .O .U . D E 2 7 /0 3 / 2 0 0 1

 in
E   ou t
E   s yste m0
E (s tea d y)
 0

E in  
E out
 m
 i hi   m  e he (sin ce Q  = W =
0   m  e he   m  i hi
0  m
 a 2 h2  m 4 h4  m  a1h1  m
0  m
 a ( h2  h 1 )  (m 3  m
 ma k

Solving for m a ,
m 3 (h3  h4 )
m a 
(h2  h1 )  (2  1 )h4
The properties of air at the inlet and the exit of the tower are calculated to be
Pv1  1Pg1   1Psat @ 2 0 C  ( 0.70 )( 2. 33 9 kPa)  1 .63 7 kPa
Pa1  P1  Pv1  96  1.6 3 7  9 4.36 3 kPa
Ra T ( 0.28 7 k Pa  m3 / kg  K) ( 29 3 K)
v1  1
  0 .8 91 m 3 / kg d ry ai r
Pa1 94 .36 3 kPa

 1 
0. 6 22
P  P
Pv1

0.62 2(
( 96
1.6 3 7 k Pa)
 1.6 37 ) k Pa
 0.0 10 8 kg H 2 O /k g dr y air


1 v1
h1  C pT1  1h g 1  (1.00 5 k J/k g  C) (2 0 C ) + ( 0.0 10 8) ( 25 3 8.1 k J/k g)
 4 7.5 kJ/ kg d ry ai r

and

Pv2   2 Pg 2   2 Psat @ 3 5 C  (1.00)(5.62 8 kPa)  5.6 28 k Pa

2 
0.62 2 P
P  P
v2

0.6 22(5.6 28 k Pa)
(96  5.628) k Pa
 0 .0 387 kg H 2 O/k g dr
2 v2

h2  C p T2   2 hg 2  (1.005 kJ/kg  C)(3 5C) + (0.03 87 )(2

 1 34.5 kJ/kg d ry air

From Table A-4,

h3  h f @ 40C  167.57 kJ/kg H 2 O
h4  h f @ 25C  104.89 kJ/kg H 2 O

Substituting,
(50 kg/s)(167.57  104.89)kJ/kg
a 
m  37.3 kg/s
(134.5  47.5) kJ/kg  (0.0387  0.0108)(104.89) kJ/kg

Then the volume flow rate of air into the cooling tower becomes
 a v1  (37.3 kg/s)(0.891 m3 / kg)  33.2 m 3 /s
V1  m
(b) The mass flow rate of the required makeup water is determined from
 a ( 2  1 )  (33.2 kg/s)(0.0387  0.0108)  1.04 kg/s
 makeup  m
m